颗粒级配与孔隙比对粗粒土渗透系数的影响
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摘要
颗粒级配、孔隙比是决定粗粒土渗透系数的关键因素。收集并整理得到93组粗粒土全级配(d_(10)～d_(100))、孔隙比数据,采用遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)优化的BP(back propagation)神经网络分析和预测粗粒土渗透系数,通过平均影响值法和试验验证,评价各级配粒径对渗透系数的影响大小,探讨孔隙比对粗粒土渗透系数的影响。结果表明:d_(50)为界限粒径,在其他粒径不变,若增大d_(50)及以下粒径,渗透系数就增大,而增大d_(50)以上粒径,渗透系数减小; d_(50)及以下粒径的"细颗粒"对渗透系数的影响大于d_(50)以上粒径的"粗颗粒";按相对权重,d_(20)、d_(80)、d_(40)属于高敏感度粒径,d_(10)、d_(50)、d_(100)、d_(70)为中敏感度粒径,d_(30)、d_(90)、d_(60)为低敏感度粒径。孔隙比对渗透系数的影响大于任一特征粒径,渗透系数与孔隙比呈正相关关系;相同颗粒级配的粗粒土,随孔隙比变化可使渗透系数产生数量级跨越。采用GA-BP神经网络方法,由全级配和孔隙比能较好地预测粗粒土渗透系数。
Grain grade and void ratio are the crucial factors affecting the coefficient of permeability for coarsegrained soil. In this paper,93 sample data of full grain grades( d_(10)～ d_(100)) and void ratio are collected to analyze and predict the coefficient of permeability by applying the BP neural network optimized by genetic algorithm. By means of the mean impact value( MIV) method and verification test,the influential extents of each grain size and void ratio on the coefficient of permeability are evaluated and discussed. The results reveal that d_(50) is the critical particle size of coarse-grained soil,indicating that if the others grain sizes keep constant,the coefficient of permeability will increase with the increasing grain size below d_(50) and decreasing grain sizes over d_(50). The influential extent of the fine particles smaller than d_(50) is much more than these coarse particles bigger than d_(50). According to the relative influential weights,d_(20),d_(80),d_(40) belong to the high-sensitivity grain sizes,d_(10),d_(50),d_(100),and d_(70) are medium-sensitivity grain sizes,and d_(30),d_(90),and d_(60) are low-sensitivity grain sizes. Moreover,the effect of void ratio on the coefficient of permeability is greater than that of each grain size,and the coefficient of permeability is positively correlated with the void ratio. As for the coarse-grained soils with the same grain size,the variation in void ratio will result in the change in the coefficient of permeability by order of magnitude. It is concluded that the coefficient of permeability of coarse-grained soil can be well predicted by applying the GA-BP Neural Network taking full grain grades and void ratio into account.
Grain grade and void ratio are the crucial factors affecting the coefficient of permeability for coarsegrained soil. In this paper,93 sample data of full grain grades( d_(10)～ d_(100)) and void ratio are collected to analyze and predict the coefficient of permeability by applying the BP neural network optimized by genetic algorithm. By means of the mean impact value( MIV) method and verification test,the influential extents of each grain size and void ratio on the coefficient of permeability are evaluated and discussed. The results reveal that d_(50) is the critical particle size of coarse-grained soil,indicating that if the others grain sizes keep constant,the coefficient of permeability will increase with the increasing grain size below d_(50) and decreasing grain sizes over d_(50). The influential extent of the fine particles smaller than d_(50) is much more than these coarse particles bigger than d_(50). According to the relative influential weights,d_(20),d_(80),d_(40) belong to the high-sensitivity grain sizes,d_(10),d_(50),d_(100),and d_(70) are medium-sensitivity grain sizes,and d_(30),d_(90),and d_(60) are low-sensitivity grain sizes. Moreover,the effect of void ratio on the coefficient of permeability is greater than that of each grain size,and the coefficient of permeability is positively correlated with the void ratio. As for the coarse-grained soils with the same grain size,the variation in void ratio will result in the change in the coefficient of permeability by order of magnitude. It is concluded that the coefficient of permeability of coarse-grained soil can be well predicted by applying the GA-BP Neural Network taking full grain grades and void ratio into account.
引文
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[2]罗伟锦,杨兰强,熊署丹.考虑颗粒破碎的无黏性粗粒料的剪胀模型研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2015,42(6):71-79.[LUO W J,YANG L Q,XIONG S D. Dilatancy model including particle breakage for cohesionless coarse aggregates[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2015,42(6):71-79.(in Chinese)]
[3]李涛,付宏渊,周功科,等.降雨入渗条件下粗粒土路堤暂态饱和区发展规律及稳定性研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2013,40(5):74-80.[LI T,FU H Y,ZHOU G K,et al. A study of development law and stability of transient saturated areas of coarsegrained soil embankment under rainfall infiltration[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2013,40(5):74-80.(in Chinese)]
[4]黄文熙.土的工程性质[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1983.[HUANG W X. Engineering properties of soils[M]. Beijing:Water Resources Electric Power Press,1983.(in Chinese)]
[5]邵生俊,李建军,杨扶银.粗粒土孔隙特征及其对泥浆渗透性的影响[J].岩土工程学报,2009,31(1):59-65.[SHAO S J,LI J J,YANG F Y.Pore characteristics of coarse grained soil and their effect on slurry permeability[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2009,31(1):59-65.(in Chinese)]
[6]黄达,曾彬,王庆乐.粗粒土孔隙比及级配参数与渗透系数概率的相关性研究[J].水利学报,2015,46(8):900-907.[HUANG D,ZENG B,WANG Q L. Study on probabilistic relation between permeability coefficient and void ratio and grain composition of coarse grained soils using Copula theory[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,46(8):900-907.(in Chinese)]
[7]李文波.粗粒土物理力学特性研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2015.[LI W B. Study on physical and mechanical properties of coarse grained soil[D].Kunming:Kunming University of Science and Technology,2015.(in Chinese)]
[8]张宜健.不同粒径级砂性土渗透特性试验研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2013.[ZHANG Y J. Investigation on permeability of sands with different particle size[D]. Xi'an:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,2013.(in Chinese)]
[9]张国栋,廖爱明,李泯蒂,等.碎石土渗透特性试验研究[J].水利水运工程学报,2016(5):91-95.[ZHANG G D,LIAO A M,LI M D,et al. Model test studies on permeability of gravel soil[J]. HydroScience and Engineering,2016(5):91-95.(in Chinese)]
[10]王俊杰,卢孝志,邱珍锋,等.粗粒土渗透系数影响因素试验研究[J].水利水运工程学报,2013(6):16-20.[WANG J J,LU X Z,QIU Z F,et al. Experimental studies on influence factors of permeability coefficients of coarse-grained soil[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,2013(6):16-20.(in Chinese)]
[11]朱崇辉,刘俊民,王增红.粗粒土的颗粒级配对渗透系数的影响规律研究[J].人民黄河,2005,27(12):79-81.[ZHU C H,LIU J M,WANG Z H.Experimental study on osmosis of cohesionless soils[J]. Yellow River,2005,27(12):79-81.(in Chinese)]
[12]刘杰.土的渗流稳定与渗流控制[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1992.[LIU J. Seepage stability and seepage control of soil[M]. Beijing:Water Resources and Electric Power Press, 1992.(in Chinese)]
[13] AGUS S S,LEONG E C,RAHARDJO H. Estimating permeability functions of Singapore residual soils[J]. Engineering Geology,2005,78(1):119-133.
[14] SONG J X,CHEN X H,CHENG C,et al. Feasibility of grain-size analysis methods for determination of vertical hydraulic conductivity of streambeds[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,375(3):428-437.
[15]唐晓松,郑颖人,董诚.应用神经网络预估粗颗粒土的渗透系数[J].岩土力学,2007,28(增刊1):133-136.[TANG X S,ZHENG Y R,DONG C.The prediction of seepage coefficient of coarse-grained soil by neurotic network[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(Sup 1):133-136.(in Chinese)]
[16]王双,李小春,王少泉,等.碎石土级配特征对渗透系数的影响研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增刊2):4394-4402.[WANG S,LI X C,WANG S Q,et al. Study of gravel-soil gradation characteristics influence on the permeability coefficient[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(Sup 2):4394-4402.(in Chinese)]
[17]李文波.粗粒土渗透特性影响因素及渗透规律试验研究[J].价值工程,2013(36):105-107.[LI W B. The influence factors of coarse-grained soil permeability characteristics and testing study on seepage law of the coarse-grained soil[J]. Value Engineering,2013(36):105-107.(in Chinese)]
[18]鲁华征.级配碎石设计方法研究[D].西安:长安大学,2006.[LU H Z. Design method of graded grave[D]. Xi’an:Chang’an University,2006.(in Chinese)]
[19]朱崇辉.粗粒土的渗透特性研究[D].西安:西北农林科技大学,2006.[ZHU C H. Study on the coarse-grained soil permeability characteristic[D].Xi'an:Northwest A&F University, 2006.(in Chinese)]
[20]谢定松,蔡红,魏迎奇,等.粗粒土渗透试验缩尺原则与方法探讨[J].岩土工程学报,2015,37(2):369-373.[XIE D S,CAI H,WEI Y Q,et al. Scaling principle and method in seepage tests on coarse materials[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2015, 37(2):369-373.(in Chinese)]
[21]王小川,史峰,郁磊,等. MATLAB神经网络43个案例分析[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2013.[WANG X C,SHI F,YU L,et al. 43 cases of MATLAB neural network analysis[M]. Beijing:Beihang University Press,2013.(in Chinese)]
[22] TERZAGHI K, PECK R B. Soil mechanics in engineering practice[M]. New York:Willey,1948.
[23]党发宁,刘海伟,王学武,等.基于有效孔隙比的黏性土渗透系数经验公式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(9):1909-1917.[DANG F N,LIU H W,WANG X W,et al. Empirical formulas of permeability of clay based on effective pore ratio[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(9):1909-1917.(in Chinese)]