《联合国海洋法公约》下的自愿与强制调解
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摘要
谈判、仲裁和司法裁决是和平解决海洋争端的常用方法。实践表明,谈判有很大难度,而仲裁和司法解决有比较大的不可预测性和不可控性。调解居于仲裁(含司法解决)与谈判中间,程序上有像仲裁之处,实质上是谈判的辅助措施,且有可控性,其成果除了双方届时接受以外,不具有约束力。《联合国海洋法公约》鼓励争端各方采用自愿调解,规定排除于有约束力程序管辖外的一些争端可以诉诸强制调解,并且对自愿与强制调解的程序作了一定的规定。
引文
[1]更多相关材料,见http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm。
[2]《联合国海洋法公约》第161条(8)(e)还规定了一个与争端解决体系无关的政治调解委员会。
[3]Shabtai Rosenne&Louis B.Sohn(volume eds),5United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea1982:A Commentary(Myron H.Nordquist,Ed-in-Chief,1989),312.
[4]Tullio Treves,“Compulsory”Conciliation in the U.N.Law of the Sea Convention,in Volkmar Gtz,Peter Selmer&Rüdiger Wol-frum(eds),Liber Amicorum Günther Jaenicke-zum85.Geburtstag(1999),611-629;Roberto Lavalle,Conciliation under the United Na-tions Convention on the Law of the Sea:a Critical Overview,2Austrian review of international and European law(1997),25-48;ShabtaiRosenne&Louis B.Sohn,ibid.,32-34;85-148;309-327;Günther Jaenicke,Dispute Settlement under the Convention on the Law of theSea,43ZaRV(1983),813.
[5]http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf.
[6]http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/5_1_1975.pdf.
[7]同注[3],第311页。
[8]Resolution,International Conciliation,49(II)Annuaire de l’Institut de droit international(1961),386,art.1(http://idi-iil.org/idiE/resolutionsE/1961_salz_02_en.pdf).更多对于调解的一般特性的评论见J.-P.Cot,International Conciliation(1970);Sven M.G.Koopmans,Diplomatic Dispute Settlement:The Use of Inter-State Conciliation(2008);J.G.Merrills,International Dispute Settlement(5th ed.2011),58-82。
[9]例如,扬马延岛调解协议第9条写到:“冰岛和扬马延岛之间的区域的大陆架分界线问题应当继续进行谈判……为此,双方同意任命一个由3名成员组成的调解委员会……”Conciliation Commission on the Continental Shelf Area between Iceland andJan Mayen,Report and Recommendations to the Governments of Iceland and Norway(1981),reprinted in20ILM(1981),797,799.
[10]《联合国海洋法公约》附件五第6条。
J.G.Merrills,International Dispute Settlement(5th eal.2011),81.
Resolution,International Conciliation,49(II)Annuaire de l’Institut de droit international(1961),386.
同注[12],第390～391页。
Conciliation Commission on the Continental Shelf Area between Iceland and Jan Mayen,Report and Recommendations to theGovernments of Iceland and Norway(1981),reprinted in20ILM(1981),797,823.
Sir Ian Sinclair,The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties(2d ed.1984),235.
几种可用的调解示范规则:联合国国家间争端和解示范规则(A/RES/50/50,http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/50/a50r050.htm);常设仲裁法院任择性和解规则(http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/CONCENG.pdf);国际投资争端解决中心调解规则(http://ic-sid.worldbank.org/ICSID/StaticFiles/facility/AFR_English-final.pdf)。
Roberto Lavalle,Conciliation under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea:a Critical Overview,2Austrian reviewof international and European law(1997),33.其中Lavalle认为联合国秘书长不应公开此类报告,而Ugo Villani则持相反意见。
同注[3],第105页。
Belize-Guatemala Territorial Differendum,Proposals from the Facilitators,http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/archives/Inter-StateDisputes/Belize-Guatemala/PanelConciliadoresyMediadores/ProposalsfromFacilitators%20.pdf(30August2002);Report on the Situ-ation of the Belize and Guatemala Territorial Dispute,January-October2010(http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/archives/Inter-StateDis-putes/Belize-Guatemala/Reports/ReportSitutationBelizeGuatemala.pdf).
See Jan Mayen Conciliation Report,20ILM(1981),799.
同注[22]。主席的评论,参见Elliot L.Richardson,Jan Mayen in Perspective,82American Journal of International Law(1988),443-458。
Agreement on the Continental Shelf between Iceland and Jan Mayen,done Oct.22,1981,Iceland-Norway,reprinted in21ILM(1982),1222.
[2]《联合国海洋法公约》第161条(8)(e)还规定了一个与争端解决体系无关的政治调解委员会。
[3]Shabtai Rosenne&Louis B.Sohn(volume eds),5United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea1982:A Commentary(Myron H.Nordquist,Ed-in-Chief,1989),312.
[4]Tullio Treves,“Compulsory”Conciliation in the U.N.Law of the Sea Convention,in Volkmar Gtz,Peter Selmer&Rüdiger Wol-frum(eds),Liber Amicorum Günther Jaenicke-zum85.Geburtstag(1999),611-629;Roberto Lavalle,Conciliation under the United Na-tions Convention on the Law of the Sea:a Critical Overview,2Austrian review of international and European law(1997),25-48;ShabtaiRosenne&Louis B.Sohn,ibid.,32-34;85-148;309-327;Günther Jaenicke,Dispute Settlement under the Convention on the Law of theSea,43ZaRV(1983),813.
[5]http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf.
[6]http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/5_1_1975.pdf.
[7]同注[3],第311页。
[8]Resolution,International Conciliation,49(II)Annuaire de l’Institut de droit international(1961),386,art.1(http://idi-iil.org/idiE/resolutionsE/1961_salz_02_en.pdf).更多对于调解的一般特性的评论见J.-P.Cot,International Conciliation(1970);Sven M.G.Koopmans,Diplomatic Dispute Settlement:The Use of Inter-State Conciliation(2008);J.G.Merrills,International Dispute Settlement(5th ed.2011),58-82。
[9]例如,扬马延岛调解协议第9条写到:“冰岛和扬马延岛之间的区域的大陆架分界线问题应当继续进行谈判……为此,双方同意任命一个由3名成员组成的调解委员会……”Conciliation Commission on the Continental Shelf Area between Iceland andJan Mayen,Report and Recommendations to the Governments of Iceland and Norway(1981),reprinted in20ILM(1981),797,799.
[10]《联合国海洋法公约》附件五第6条。
J.G.Merrills,International Dispute Settlement(5th eal.2011),81.
Resolution,International Conciliation,49(II)Annuaire de l’Institut de droit international(1961),386.
同注[12],第390～391页。
Conciliation Commission on the Continental Shelf Area between Iceland and Jan Mayen,Report and Recommendations to theGovernments of Iceland and Norway(1981),reprinted in20ILM(1981),797,823.
Sir Ian Sinclair,The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties(2d ed.1984),235.
几种可用的调解示范规则:联合国国家间争端和解示范规则(A/RES/50/50,http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/50/a50r050.htm);常设仲裁法院任择性和解规则(http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/CONCENG.pdf);国际投资争端解决中心调解规则(http://ic-sid.worldbank.org/ICSID/StaticFiles/facility/AFR_English-final.pdf)。
Roberto Lavalle,Conciliation under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea:a Critical Overview,2Austrian reviewof international and European law(1997),33.其中Lavalle认为联合国秘书长不应公开此类报告,而Ugo Villani则持相反意见。
同注[3],第105页。
Belize-Guatemala Territorial Differendum,Proposals from the Facilitators,http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/archives/Inter-StateDisputes/Belize-Guatemala/PanelConciliadoresyMediadores/ProposalsfromFacilitators%20.pdf(30August2002);Report on the Situ-ation of the Belize and Guatemala Territorial Dispute,January-October2010(http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/archives/Inter-StateDis-putes/Belize-Guatemala/Reports/ReportSitutationBelizeGuatemala.pdf).
See Jan Mayen Conciliation Report,20ILM(1981),799.
同注[22]。主席的评论,参见Elliot L.Richardson,Jan Mayen in Perspective,82American Journal of International Law(1988),443-458。
Agreement on the Continental Shelf between Iceland and Jan Mayen,done Oct.22,1981,Iceland-Norway,reprinted in21ILM(1982),1222.