摘要
在以《海洋法公约》为主要基础性法律规范的北极海域,"共同开发制度"存在广阔的适用空间,并已得到检验。已有"英国与挪威共同开发案"、"冰岛与挪威共同开发案"和"俄罗斯与挪威共同开发案",虽然经济属性强弱不同、开发效果各异,但其共同开发管理模式、参与各方的权利义务关系和争端解决机制等制度设计已表现出趋同性,很可能为日后的北极共同开发方案沿用。从我国能源企业参与北极地区共同开发的进程看,扬马延岛、巴伦支海的项目未进入商业开发阶段,阿拉斯加和波弗特海是一块值得考虑的开发区块,但若想在斯瓦尔巴群岛获取实际的资源开发收益,尚存在诸多障碍。
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the sea provided the fundamental legal framework for most area of the Arctic Ocean. Against this background,joint development system could be much widely used in most countries around Arctic while there had some cases. By far,there were some convergence in the three existing joint development cases. Namely,there were joint development case between British and Norway in the North Sea,joint development case between Iceland and Norway around Jan Mayen and joint development case between Russia and Norway in Barents Sea. Although the purpose and effect of each were different,the arrangement for operation model,the relationship of rights and obligations and dispute settlement might be taken as example for future cases.For the process of participation by Chinese energy firms,projects around Jan Mayen and Barents Sea had not profitable yet while Alaska and Beaufort Sea might be a commercial exploration area. However,it was difficult to acquire energy exploitation benefits according to the Svalbard Treaty.
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