北极能源共同开发:现状、特点与中国的参与
|
摘要
在以《海洋法公约》为主要基础性法律规范的北极海域,"共同开发制度"存在广阔的适用空间,并已得到检验。已有"英国与挪威共同开发案"、"冰岛与挪威共同开发案"和"俄罗斯与挪威共同开发案",虽然经济属性强弱不同、开发效果各异,但其共同开发管理模式、参与各方的权利义务关系和争端解决机制等制度设计已表现出趋同性,很可能为日后的北极共同开发方案沿用。从我国能源企业参与北极地区共同开发的进程看,扬马延岛、巴伦支海的项目未进入商业开发阶段,阿拉斯加和波弗特海是一块值得考虑的开发区块,但若想在斯瓦尔巴群岛获取实际的资源开发收益,尚存在诸多障碍。
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the sea provided the fundamental legal framework for most area of the Arctic Ocean. Against this background,joint development system could be much widely used in most countries around Arctic while there had some cases. By far,there were some convergence in the three existing joint development cases. Namely,there were joint development case between British and Norway in the North Sea,joint development case between Iceland and Norway around Jan Mayen and joint development case between Russia and Norway in Barents Sea. Although the purpose and effect of each were different,the arrangement for operation model,the relationship of rights and obligations and dispute settlement might be taken as example for future cases.For the process of participation by Chinese energy firms,projects around Jan Mayen and Barents Sea had not profitable yet while Alaska and Beaufort Sea might be a commercial exploration area. However,it was difficult to acquire energy exploitation benefits according to the Svalbard Treaty.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the sea provided the fundamental legal framework for most area of the Arctic Ocean. Against this background,joint development system could be much widely used in most countries around Arctic while there had some cases. By far,there were some convergence in the three existing joint development cases. Namely,there were joint development case between British and Norway in the North Sea,joint development case between Iceland and Norway around Jan Mayen and joint development case between Russia and Norway in Barents Sea. Although the purpose and effect of each were different,the arrangement for operation model,the relationship of rights and obligations and dispute settlement might be taken as example for future cases.For the process of participation by Chinese energy firms,projects around Jan Mayen and Barents Sea had not profitable yet while Alaska and Beaufort Sea might be a commercial exploration area. However,it was difficult to acquire energy exploitation benefits according to the Svalbard Treaty.
引文
[1]US.Department of the Interior.Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal:Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle[R].Washington:US Government,2008∶1-4.
[2]杨泽伟.海上共同开发协定汇编(上)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016.
[3]余民才.跨界海洋石油储藏联合开发的法律分析[A].清华法学(第二辑)[C].北京:清华大学出版社,2003∶249-257.
[4]Total E&P Norge As.Frigg Field Cessation Plan[R].Stavanger:Total E&P Norge As,2003∶1-450.
[5]Statoil Petroleum AS.Frigg[EB/OL].http://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/facts/fieldfrigg/,2018-04-20.
[6]Yvonne English.The Past,Present and Future of the North Sea Oil&Gas Industry[EB/OL].https://www.fircroft.com/blogs/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-north-sea-oil-and-gas-71391914124,2018-04-20.
[7]Iceland Ministry of Industry.Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Northern Dreki Area,Icelandic Continental Shelf[R].Reykjavik:Iceland Government,2008∶1-18.
[8]Trude Pettersen,Norway's Minister of Petroleum and Oil Ola Borten Moe Has Given the Petroleum Directorate More Time to Complete Resource Mapping off Jan Mayen[EB/OL].http://barentsobserver.com/en/energy/2013/03/norway-postpones-jan-mayen-oilexploration-26-03,2018-04-20.
[9]匡增军,欧开飞.俄罗斯与挪威的海上共同开发案评析[J].边界与海洋研究,2016,(1)∶88-103.
[10]Norwegian Petroleum Directorate.Licensing Rounds on the Norwegian Continental Shelf[EB/OL].http://www.npd.no/en/Topics/Production-licences/Theme-articles/Licensing-rounds/,2018-04-20.
[11]Atle Staalesen.Moratorium on Offshore Arctic Licenses Will Continue,Says Russian Minister[EB/OL].https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/industry-and-energy/2017/08/moratorium-offshore-arctic-licenses-will-continue-says-russian-minister,2018-04-20.
[12]邓妮雅.海上共同开发管理模式比较及中国的选择[J].学术探索,2016,(3)∶59-65.
[13]United Nations.Agreement Between Iceland and Norway Concerning Transboundary Hydrocarbon Deposits[EB/OL].http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/NOR-ISL1997FC.PDF,2018-04-20.
[14]伊万诺夫.北极地区:国际合作问题(第三卷)[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2016.
[15]董跃,王文良.中国参与国际合作开发北极油气资源法律问题研究[A].刘惠荣.北极地区发展报告(2015)[C].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015∶257-288.
[16]盖尔·荷内兰德.北极政治、海洋法与俄罗斯的国家身份——巴伦支海划界协议在俄罗斯的争议[M].北京:海洋出版社,2017.
[17]Rolf Stange,Coal Mining in Sveagruva is History[EB/OL].https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/2017/10/12/coal-mining-in-sveagruva-is-history.html,2018-04-20.
[18]Torbjorn Pedersen.The Svalbard Continental Shelf Controversy:Legal Disputes and Political Rivalries[J].Ocean Development&International Law,2006,37(3-4)∶339-358.
[19]Torbjrn Pedersen.International Law and Politics in US Policymaking:The United States and the Svalbard Dispute[J].Ocean Development&International Law,2011,(1-2)∶120-135.
[20]Beth Gardiner.Iceland Aims to Seize Opportunities in Oil Exploration[EB/OL].http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/02/business/energy-environment/iceland-aims-to-seize-opportunities-in-oil-exploration.html,2018-04-20.
[21]Alaska Oil and Gas Association.Facts and Figures[EB/OL].https://www.aoga.org/facts-and-figures,2018-04-20.
[22]Mc Dowell Group Anchorage Office.The Role of the Oil and Gas Industry in Alaska's Economy[R].Alaska:Alaska Oil and Gas Association,2017∶1-61.
[23]Alaska Department of Natural Resources.Exploration Licensing Program[EB/OL].http://dog.dnr.alaska.gov/services/explorationlicensing,2018-04-20.
[24]马丹.美阿拉斯加州天然气企业寄望中国市场[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/2017-09/03/c_1121595084.htm,2018-04-20.
[25]Andrew Hartsic,Michael Levine,Jayni Foley Hein,et al.Next Steps to Reform the Regulations Governing Offshore Oil and Gas Planning and Leasing[J].Alaska Law Review,2016,33(1)∶1-30.
[26]Samantha Page.Federal Agency Approves More Oil Exploration on Alaska's North Slope[EB/OL].https://thinkprogress.org/moredrilling-north-slope-38f3a94b5833/,2018-04-20.
[27]Matt Egan.Trump Wants to Drill for Oil in Alaska's Fragile Wildlife Refuge[EB/OL].http://money.cnn.com/2017/05/25/investing/alaska-arctic-oil-drilling-trump-anwr/index.html.2018-04-20.
[28]Ryan J Morgan,Steven A Rhodes,Zachary H.Barrett Alaska[J].ONE J:Oil and Gas Natural Resources and Energy Journal,2016,(2)∶649-658.
[29]Center for Strategic and International Studies.Arctic Petroleum:Alaskan Development and International Frameworks[R].Washington:CSIS Energy Program,2011∶1-47.
[30]王淑玲,王铭晗,邵明娟,等.俄罗斯北极大陆架油气资源现状及开发前景[J].中国矿业,25(11)∶28-34.
[31]李洁.北极地区油气资源开发国际合作机制研究[J].武大国际法评论,2015,(2)∶88-107.
[2]杨泽伟.海上共同开发协定汇编(上)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016.
[3]余民才.跨界海洋石油储藏联合开发的法律分析[A].清华法学(第二辑)[C].北京:清华大学出版社,2003∶249-257.
[4]Total E&P Norge As.Frigg Field Cessation Plan[R].Stavanger:Total E&P Norge As,2003∶1-450.
[5]Statoil Petroleum AS.Frigg[EB/OL].http://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/facts/fieldfrigg/,2018-04-20.
[6]Yvonne English.The Past,Present and Future of the North Sea Oil&Gas Industry[EB/OL].https://www.fircroft.com/blogs/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-north-sea-oil-and-gas-71391914124,2018-04-20.
[7]Iceland Ministry of Industry.Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Northern Dreki Area,Icelandic Continental Shelf[R].Reykjavik:Iceland Government,2008∶1-18.
[8]Trude Pettersen,Norway's Minister of Petroleum and Oil Ola Borten Moe Has Given the Petroleum Directorate More Time to Complete Resource Mapping off Jan Mayen[EB/OL].http://barentsobserver.com/en/energy/2013/03/norway-postpones-jan-mayen-oilexploration-26-03,2018-04-20.
[9]匡增军,欧开飞.俄罗斯与挪威的海上共同开发案评析[J].边界与海洋研究,2016,(1)∶88-103.
[10]Norwegian Petroleum Directorate.Licensing Rounds on the Norwegian Continental Shelf[EB/OL].http://www.npd.no/en/Topics/Production-licences/Theme-articles/Licensing-rounds/,2018-04-20.
[11]Atle Staalesen.Moratorium on Offshore Arctic Licenses Will Continue,Says Russian Minister[EB/OL].https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/industry-and-energy/2017/08/moratorium-offshore-arctic-licenses-will-continue-says-russian-minister,2018-04-20.
[12]邓妮雅.海上共同开发管理模式比较及中国的选择[J].学术探索,2016,(3)∶59-65.
[13]United Nations.Agreement Between Iceland and Norway Concerning Transboundary Hydrocarbon Deposits[EB/OL].http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/NOR-ISL1997FC.PDF,2018-04-20.
[14]伊万诺夫.北极地区:国际合作问题(第三卷)[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2016.
[15]董跃,王文良.中国参与国际合作开发北极油气资源法律问题研究[A].刘惠荣.北极地区发展报告(2015)[C].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015∶257-288.
[16]盖尔·荷内兰德.北极政治、海洋法与俄罗斯的国家身份——巴伦支海划界协议在俄罗斯的争议[M].北京:海洋出版社,2017.
[17]Rolf Stange,Coal Mining in Sveagruva is History[EB/OL].https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/2017/10/12/coal-mining-in-sveagruva-is-history.html,2018-04-20.
[18]Torbjorn Pedersen.The Svalbard Continental Shelf Controversy:Legal Disputes and Political Rivalries[J].Ocean Development&International Law,2006,37(3-4)∶339-358.
[19]Torbjrn Pedersen.International Law and Politics in US Policymaking:The United States and the Svalbard Dispute[J].Ocean Development&International Law,2011,(1-2)∶120-135.
[20]Beth Gardiner.Iceland Aims to Seize Opportunities in Oil Exploration[EB/OL].http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/02/business/energy-environment/iceland-aims-to-seize-opportunities-in-oil-exploration.html,2018-04-20.
[21]Alaska Oil and Gas Association.Facts and Figures[EB/OL].https://www.aoga.org/facts-and-figures,2018-04-20.
[22]Mc Dowell Group Anchorage Office.The Role of the Oil and Gas Industry in Alaska's Economy[R].Alaska:Alaska Oil and Gas Association,2017∶1-61.
[23]Alaska Department of Natural Resources.Exploration Licensing Program[EB/OL].http://dog.dnr.alaska.gov/services/explorationlicensing,2018-04-20.
[24]马丹.美阿拉斯加州天然气企业寄望中国市场[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/2017-09/03/c_1121595084.htm,2018-04-20.
[25]Andrew Hartsic,Michael Levine,Jayni Foley Hein,et al.Next Steps to Reform the Regulations Governing Offshore Oil and Gas Planning and Leasing[J].Alaska Law Review,2016,33(1)∶1-30.
[26]Samantha Page.Federal Agency Approves More Oil Exploration on Alaska's North Slope[EB/OL].https://thinkprogress.org/moredrilling-north-slope-38f3a94b5833/,2018-04-20.
[27]Matt Egan.Trump Wants to Drill for Oil in Alaska's Fragile Wildlife Refuge[EB/OL].http://money.cnn.com/2017/05/25/investing/alaska-arctic-oil-drilling-trump-anwr/index.html.2018-04-20.
[28]Ryan J Morgan,Steven A Rhodes,Zachary H.Barrett Alaska[J].ONE J:Oil and Gas Natural Resources and Energy Journal,2016,(2)∶649-658.
[29]Center for Strategic and International Studies.Arctic Petroleum:Alaskan Development and International Frameworks[R].Washington:CSIS Energy Program,2011∶1-47.
[30]王淑玲,王铭晗,邵明娟,等.俄罗斯北极大陆架油气资源现状及开发前景[J].中国矿业,25(11)∶28-34.
[31]李洁.北极地区油气资源开发国际合作机制研究[J].武大国际法评论,2015,(2)∶88-107.