《中庸》之“性”:基于文本语境的辨析
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摘要
《中庸》围绕"性"作了四层相互关联、依次递进的论述:一、从"天命之谓性,率性之谓道"阐述什么是"致中和"的"中庸之道";二、通过对"诚"及其与"性"之关系的阐述,论述了"率性"即统率、整合自己各种性情"天赋的善性";三、综合前面两个方面,论述"尽性"(即"尽人之性")及其意义;四、通过对"诚"的内涵的阐释,进一步论证"率性"之"性"的形而上根源。综合这四个层面的论述,我们可以发现,《中庸》之"性"隐含有两个层面的具体内涵:其一指人天赋的各种性情(如需要、欲望等);其二指人天赋的统率、整合自己各种性情的能力,即成己、成物的趋向或动力。所谓"中庸(之道)",就是用成己、成物的天赋之性,统合人天生的各种欲望、需要,使人在与外物相交感过程中产生的"喜怒哀乐"等情感的表达适中得体,即合乎社会礼仪制度的诸种规范。
The Doctrine of the Mean makes four interrelated and progressive expositions around"The Nature ". First, from "What Heaven has conferred is called "The Nature"; an accordance with this nature is called "The Path of Duty", it elaborate what is "the course of the Mean" which causes "Let the state of equilibrium and harmony exist in perfection". Second, through the elaboration of"Sincerity" and its relationship with " The Nature ", this paper expounds that " accordance with this nature " is the "natural goodness" that controls and integrates all kinds of temperaments. Third, combining the first two aspects, it explains "get its full development to his own nature" and its significance. Fourth, it expounds the metaphysical root of "sincerity" who integrates the human nature. From these four aspects, we can find there are two connotations of"The Nature"of The Doctrine of The Mean. First, it means the different temperament(needs and desires) which the human carried when they are born. Second, it means the natural ability to pull together the dispositions for the aim of life. So, the meaning of "the Doctrine of the Mean "refers to the use of the innate nature of self-cultivation and creation to integrate the various desires and needs of human beings and to make the expression of emotions such as "joy, anger, sorrow and joy" produced in the process of our living, that is, to conform to various norms of social etiquette system.
The Doctrine of the Mean makes four interrelated and progressive expositions around"The Nature ". First, from "What Heaven has conferred is called "The Nature"; an accordance with this nature is called "The Path of Duty", it elaborate what is "the course of the Mean" which causes "Let the state of equilibrium and harmony exist in perfection". Second, through the elaboration of"Sincerity" and its relationship with " The Nature ", this paper expounds that " accordance with this nature " is the "natural goodness" that controls and integrates all kinds of temperaments. Third, combining the first two aspects, it explains "get its full development to his own nature" and its significance. Fourth, it expounds the metaphysical root of "sincerity" who integrates the human nature. From these four aspects, we can find there are two connotations of"The Nature"of The Doctrine of The Mean. First, it means the different temperament(needs and desires) which the human carried when they are born. Second, it means the natural ability to pull together the dispositions for the aim of life. So, the meaning of "the Doctrine of the Mean "refers to the use of the innate nature of self-cultivation and creation to integrate the various desires and needs of human beings and to make the expression of emotions such as "joy, anger, sorrow and joy" produced in the process of our living, that is, to conform to various norms of social etiquette system.
引文
[1]张培高.《中庸》的“性”是“善”的吗?——与《性自命出》对比研究[J].兰州学刊,2013(4).
[2]程颢,程颐.二程集:下[M].北京:中华书局,1981:1152.
[3]朱熹.四书章句集注[M].北京:中华书局,1983:17-l8.
[4]麻尧宾.《中庸》“性”论解:结构及其张力[J].四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010(1):50-51.
[5]王国轩,译注.大学中庸[M].北京:中华书局,2006:46.
[2]程颢,程颐.二程集:下[M].北京:中华书局,1981:1152.
[3]朱熹.四书章句集注[M].北京:中华书局,1983:17-l8.
[4]麻尧宾.《中庸》“性”论解:结构及其张力[J].四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010(1):50-51.
[5]王国轩,译注.大学中庸[M].北京:中华书局,2006:46.