从伦理批评到文学伦理学批评:美国伦理批评的困境与出路
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摘要
美国伦理批评起源于古希腊关于文学与伦理学关系的激烈争论,其最初形式主要是道德批评,经历了文学伦理学研究的繁荣之后,美国伦理批评由于受唯美主义的影响和自身的局限而衰落。衰落后的伦理批评因文学和哲学领域的"伦理转向"又迎来了新的转机,于20世纪80年代得到复兴,并由此演变出了韦恩·布斯(Wayne Booth)以"共导"为基础的伦理批评,玛莎·努斯鲍曼(Martha Nussbauman)以多元性为基础的伦理评价,希利斯·米勒(Hillis Miller)以文本与语言理论为基础的阅读伦理,以及马歇尔·格雷戈里(Marshall Gregory)和彼得·拉宾诺维茨(Peter Rabinowitz)分别提出的以"伦理召唤"和"侧面伦理"为核心术语的批评模式。虽然这些批评家都力图避免重走过去道德批评的老路,但复兴后的美国伦理批评还没有形成系统的批评框架,因而饱受方法论和认知论的困扰。中国文学批评界提出的文学伦理学批评在西方实践经验基础上,构建了伦理批评的方法论,认为文学在其发展之初首先是为了满足伦理表达需求,所以"教诲"是文学的基本功能。随着研究的进一步深入,中国学者不断探索与实践,以伦理选择为核心,构建了相对完善的批评话语体系,从而使文学伦理学批评成为一个更容易掌握的批评方法,同时也为美国伦理批评指明了新的研究空间和发展路径。
American ethical criticism can be traced back to the argument of ancient Greece over the relationship between literature and ethics and takes moral criticism as its main form in the early period which witnesses the flourishing of the studies on ethics of literature and its falling because of the booming of Aestheticism and its innate flaws. With the ethical turn refreshing in studies of literature and philosophy American ethical criticism revives and develops into such new definitions as Wayne Booth's conduction,Martha Nussbaum's plural values,Hillis Miller's ethics of reading,Marshall Gregory's ethical invitation and Peter Rabinowitz's Lateral ethics. Though the revived American ethical criticism attempts to develop a new way from the old one,it fails to map its systematic frame in theory and practice,thus falls into dilemma in methodology and epistemology. The ethical literary criticism,initiated by Chinese scholars,perfects American ethical criticism in theoretical system by proving that literature grows out of the ethical demand and the primary function is moral instruction,while in practice by defining a set of critical discourse with ethical selection as its core,thus giving a way-out for American ethical criticism.
American ethical criticism can be traced back to the argument of ancient Greece over the relationship between literature and ethics and takes moral criticism as its main form in the early period which witnesses the flourishing of the studies on ethics of literature and its falling because of the booming of Aestheticism and its innate flaws. With the ethical turn refreshing in studies of literature and philosophy American ethical criticism revives and develops into such new definitions as Wayne Booth's conduction,Martha Nussbaum's plural values,Hillis Miller's ethics of reading,Marshall Gregory's ethical invitation and Peter Rabinowitz's Lateral ethics. Though the revived American ethical criticism attempts to develop a new way from the old one,it fails to map its systematic frame in theory and practice,thus falls into dilemma in methodology and epistemology. The ethical literary criticism,initiated by Chinese scholars,perfects American ethical criticism in theoretical system by proving that literature grows out of the ethical demand and the primary function is moral instruction,while in practice by defining a set of critical discourse with ethical selection as its core,thus giving a way-out for American ethical criticism.
引文
(1)详细观点参见Charles White,Essays in Literature and Ethics,Boston:S.K.Whipple and Company,1853。
(2)J.B.Selkirk,Ethics and Aesthetics of Modern Poetry,London:Smith,Elder,and Co.,1878,p.119.
(3)Theodore W.Hun,t“Preface”in Ethical Teachings in Old English Literature,London:Funk&Wagnalls Company,1892,p.67.
(4)参见John A.Kersey,Ethics of Literature,Marion:E.L.Goldthwait&Co.,Printers and Binders,1894。
(1)罗蒂编:《语言论转向》,芝加哥大学出版社1967年版,“导论”,第3页。
(2)Todd F.Davis and Kenneth Womack,“Preface:Reading Literature and the Ethics of Criticism”in Todd F.Davis and Kenneth Womack(eds.),Mapping the Ethical Turn:A Reader in Ethics,Culture,and Literary Theory,Charlottesville:University Press of Virginia,2001,p.ix.
(3)Leona Toker,“Introduction”in Leona Toker(ed.),Commitment in Reflection:Essays in Literature and Moral Philosophy,New York:Garland Publishing,1994,p.xiii.
(1)David Parker,“Introduction:The Turn to Ethics in the 1990s”in Jane Adamson,Richard Freadman,and David Parker(eds.),Renegotiating Ethics in Literature,Philosophy and History,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998,p.8.
(2)David Parker,“Introduction:The Turn to Ethics in the 1990s”,p.15.
(3)Todd F.Davis and Kenneth Womack,“Preface:Reading Literature and the Ethics of Criticism”in Mapping the Ethical Turn:A Reader in Ethics,Culture,and Literary Theory,p.x.
(4)Marshall Gregory,“Ethical Engagements over Time:Reading and Rereading David Copperfield and Wuthering Heights”,Narrative,2004(12:3),p.284.
(5)John Guillory,“The Ethical Practice of Modernity:The Example of Reading”in Marjorie Garber,Beatrice Hanssen,Rebecca L.Walkovitz(eds.),The Turn to Ethics,New York:Routledge,2000,p.38.
(6)Wayne C.Booth,The Company We Deep:An Ethics of Fiction,Berkeley:University of California Press,1988,p.8.
(7)Todd F.Davis and Kenneth Womack,“Introduction:Reading Literature and the Ethics of Criticism”,Style,1998(Summer,32,2),p.185.
(1)Todd F.Davis and Kenneth Womack,“Preface:Reading Literature and the Ethics of Criticism”in Mapping the Ethical Turn:A Reader in Ethics,Culture,and Literary Theory,p.18.
(2)Martha C.Nussbaum an Love’s Knowledge:Essays on Philosophy and Literature,New York:Oxford University Press,1992,p.57.
(3)Martha C.Nussbaum an Love’s Knowledge:Essays on Philosophy and Literature,p.63.
(4)J.Hillis Miller,The Ethics of Reading:Kant,Eliot,Trollope,James,and Benjamin,New York:Columbia University Press,1987,p.1.
(5)J.Hillis Miller,The Ethics of Reading:Kant,Eliot,Trollope,James,and Benjamin,p.53.
(6)J.Hillis Miller,The Ethics of Reading:Kant,Eliot,Trollope,James,and Benjamin,p.4.
(7)Marshall Gregory,“Redefining Ethical Criticism.The Old vs.the New”,JLT 4/2(2010),p.290.
(8)有关伦理召唤的主要观点参见Marshall Gregory,“Redefining Ethical Criticism.The Old vs.the New”,pp.273-301。
(1)Marshall Gregory,“Ethical Criticism:What It Is and Why It Matters”,Style 32:2(1998),p.195.
(2)Peter J.Rabinowitz,“On Teaching The Story of O.Lateral Ethics and the Conditions of Reading”,JLT 4/1(2010),p.164.
(3)有关侧面伦理的主要观点参见Peter J.Rabinowitz,“On Teaching The Story of O.Lateral Ethics and the Conditions of Reading”,pp.157-165。
(4)参见Richard A.Posner,“Against Ethical Criticism”,Philosophy and Literature 21.1(1997),pp.1-27。
(5)Jonathan Loesberg,“From Victorian Consciousness to an Ethics of Reading:The Criticism of J.Hillis Miller”,Victorian Studies,1993
(1),p.114.
(1)聂珍钊:《文学伦理学批评:基本理论与术语》,《外国文学研究》2010年第1期,第14页。
(2)杨革新:《文学研究的伦理转向与美国伦理批评的复兴》,《外国文学研究》2013年第6期,第24页。
(3)参见聂珍钊:《文学伦理学批评:伦理选择与斯芬克斯因子》,《外国文学研究》2011年第6期。
(1)聂珍钊:《文学伦理学批评:文学批评方法新探索》,《外国文学研究》2004年第5期,第18页。
(2)Geoffrey Gait Harpham,Getting It Right:Language,Literature,and Ethics,Chicago,CA:University of Chicago Press,1992,p.17.
(2)J.B.Selkirk,Ethics and Aesthetics of Modern Poetry,London:Smith,Elder,and Co.,1878,p.119.
(3)Theodore W.Hun,t“Preface”in Ethical Teachings in Old English Literature,London:Funk&Wagnalls Company,1892,p.67.
(4)参见John A.Kersey,Ethics of Literature,Marion:E.L.Goldthwait&Co.,Printers and Binders,1894。
(1)罗蒂编:《语言论转向》,芝加哥大学出版社1967年版,“导论”,第3页。
(2)Todd F.Davis and Kenneth Womack,“Preface:Reading Literature and the Ethics of Criticism”in Todd F.Davis and Kenneth Womack(eds.),Mapping the Ethical Turn:A Reader in Ethics,Culture,and Literary Theory,Charlottesville:University Press of Virginia,2001,p.ix.
(3)Leona Toker,“Introduction”in Leona Toker(ed.),Commitment in Reflection:Essays in Literature and Moral Philosophy,New York:Garland Publishing,1994,p.xiii.
(1)David Parker,“Introduction:The Turn to Ethics in the 1990s”in Jane Adamson,Richard Freadman,and David Parker(eds.),Renegotiating Ethics in Literature,Philosophy and History,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998,p.8.
(2)David Parker,“Introduction:The Turn to Ethics in the 1990s”,p.15.
(3)Todd F.Davis and Kenneth Womack,“Preface:Reading Literature and the Ethics of Criticism”in Mapping the Ethical Turn:A Reader in Ethics,Culture,and Literary Theory,p.x.
(4)Marshall Gregory,“Ethical Engagements over Time:Reading and Rereading David Copperfield and Wuthering Heights”,Narrative,2004(12:3),p.284.
(5)John Guillory,“The Ethical Practice of Modernity:The Example of Reading”in Marjorie Garber,Beatrice Hanssen,Rebecca L.Walkovitz(eds.),The Turn to Ethics,New York:Routledge,2000,p.38.
(6)Wayne C.Booth,The Company We Deep:An Ethics of Fiction,Berkeley:University of California Press,1988,p.8.
(7)Todd F.Davis and Kenneth Womack,“Introduction:Reading Literature and the Ethics of Criticism”,Style,1998(Summer,32,2),p.185.
(1)Todd F.Davis and Kenneth Womack,“Preface:Reading Literature and the Ethics of Criticism”in Mapping the Ethical Turn:A Reader in Ethics,Culture,and Literary Theory,p.18.
(2)Martha C.Nussbaum an Love’s Knowledge:Essays on Philosophy and Literature,New York:Oxford University Press,1992,p.57.
(3)Martha C.Nussbaum an Love’s Knowledge:Essays on Philosophy and Literature,p.63.
(4)J.Hillis Miller,The Ethics of Reading:Kant,Eliot,Trollope,James,and Benjamin,New York:Columbia University Press,1987,p.1.
(5)J.Hillis Miller,The Ethics of Reading:Kant,Eliot,Trollope,James,and Benjamin,p.53.
(6)J.Hillis Miller,The Ethics of Reading:Kant,Eliot,Trollope,James,and Benjamin,p.4.
(7)Marshall Gregory,“Redefining Ethical Criticism.The Old vs.the New”,JLT 4/2(2010),p.290.
(8)有关伦理召唤的主要观点参见Marshall Gregory,“Redefining Ethical Criticism.The Old vs.the New”,pp.273-301。
(1)Marshall Gregory,“Ethical Criticism:What It Is and Why It Matters”,Style 32:2(1998),p.195.
(2)Peter J.Rabinowitz,“On Teaching The Story of O.Lateral Ethics and the Conditions of Reading”,JLT 4/1(2010),p.164.
(3)有关侧面伦理的主要观点参见Peter J.Rabinowitz,“On Teaching The Story of O.Lateral Ethics and the Conditions of Reading”,pp.157-165。
(4)参见Richard A.Posner,“Against Ethical Criticism”,Philosophy and Literature 21.1(1997),pp.1-27。
(5)Jonathan Loesberg,“From Victorian Consciousness to an Ethics of Reading:The Criticism of J.Hillis Miller”,Victorian Studies,1993
(1),p.114.
(1)聂珍钊:《文学伦理学批评:基本理论与术语》,《外国文学研究》2010年第1期,第14页。
(2)杨革新:《文学研究的伦理转向与美国伦理批评的复兴》,《外国文学研究》2013年第6期,第24页。
(3)参见聂珍钊:《文学伦理学批评:伦理选择与斯芬克斯因子》,《外国文学研究》2011年第6期。
(1)聂珍钊:《文学伦理学批评:文学批评方法新探索》,《外国文学研究》2004年第5期,第18页。
(2)Geoffrey Gait Harpham,Getting It Right:Language,Literature,and Ethics,Chicago,CA:University of Chicago Press,1992,p.17.