牛顿《原理》在中国的译介与传播
|
摘要
科学经典的翻译在科学知识的传播乃至产生中起着重要作用。牛顿以拉丁文撰写的《自然哲学的数学原理》是科学史乃至思想史上划时代的巨著。《原理》自1687年发表以来已被陆续译入多种语言,而中文则是世界上拥有《原理》全译本最多的语种。《原理》在中国的译介活动始于19世纪中叶,历经清末、民国和当代三个阶段,其间出现了李善兰手稿本、郑太朴半文言译本、一个白话节选本以及蒙文译本、王克迪译本、赵振江译本、重庆译本等四部当代译本。以牛顿学说在华传播为背景,根据档案资料、中外文献、译本对比以及译者访谈等梳理了《原理》长达一个半世纪的译介历程,并展示了其中涉及的科学传统、语言转换、译者目的、读者期望乃至市场角色等因素。
Translation of classical scientific works plays a significant role in the dissemination or even production of scientific knowledge. An epochal work in intellectual history as well as the history of science,Newton's Principia,which was originally written in Latin,has been translated into a number of languages since its first publication in 1687,with the largest number of full translations in the Chinese language. Its translation in China,which started in mid-nineteenth century Qing dynasty and continued through the Republican era and the contemporary period,produced a manuscript by Li Shanlan and his European collaborators,a full translation in semi-classical Chinese by Zheng Taipu,an excerpt in vernacular Chinese,a Mongolian translation and three contemporary Chinese versions by Wang Kedi,Zhao Zhenjiang and the Chongqing Press respectively. Based on archival materials,related literatures,textual analysis,comparison of different versions and interviews with contemporary translators,this paper offers an account of the one-century-and-a-half history of Chinese translation of the Principia against the broad context of the spread of the Newtonian theory in China. It demonstrates such factors as scientific traditions,linguistic transformation,translators' purposes,readers' expectations and even the role of the market that were involved in the process of translation.
Translation of classical scientific works plays a significant role in the dissemination or even production of scientific knowledge. An epochal work in intellectual history as well as the history of science,Newton's Principia,which was originally written in Latin,has been translated into a number of languages since its first publication in 1687,with the largest number of full translations in the Chinese language. Its translation in China,which started in mid-nineteenth century Qing dynasty and continued through the Republican era and the contemporary period,produced a manuscript by Li Shanlan and his European collaborators,a full translation in semi-classical Chinese by Zheng Taipu,an excerpt in vernacular Chinese,a Mongolian translation and three contemporary Chinese versions by Wang Kedi,Zhao Zhenjiang and the Chongqing Press respectively. Based on archival materials,related literatures,textual analysis,comparison of different versions and interviews with contemporary translators,this paper offers an account of the one-century-and-a-half history of Chinese translation of the Principia against the broad context of the spread of the Newtonian theory in China. It demonstrates such factors as scientific traditions,linguistic transformation,translators' purposes,readers' expectations and even the role of the market that were involved in the process of translation.
引文
[1]Olohan,M.,Carr,M..Translating Science[J].The Translator,2011,17(2):179-188.
[2]Dietz,B..Introduction:Special Issue‘Translating and Translations in the History of Science’[J].Annals of Science,2016,73(2):117-121.
[3]Moore,R..The Post-Darwinian Controversies:A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America,1870-1900[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1981.
[4]Elshakry,M..Reading Darwin in Arabic,1860-1950[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2014.
[5]Pusey,R..China and Charles Darwin[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Asia Center,1983.
[6]Wright,D..Translating Science:The Transmission of Western Chemistry into Late Imperial China,1840-1900[M].Leiden:Brill,2000.
[7]Engelfriet,M..Euclid in China:The Genesis of the First Chinese Translation of Euclid's Elements,Books I-VI(JiheYuanben,Beijing,1607)and Its Reception up to 1723[M].Boston:Brill,1998.
[8]熊月之.西学东渐与晚清社会[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1994.
[9]王扬宗.傅兰雅与近代中国的科学启蒙[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[10]李亚舒,黎难秋.中科科学翻译史[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[11]Cohen,B..Introduction to Newton's“Principia”[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1971.
[12]Cohen,B..Pemberton's Translation of Newton's Principia,with Notes on Motte's Translation[J].Isis,1963,54(3):319-351.
[13]Pourciau,B..A New Translation of and Guide to Newton's Principia[J].Annals of Science,2001,(58):85-91.
[14]Zinsser,P..Translating Newton's“Principia”:The Marquise Du Chtelet's Revisions and Additions for a French Audience[J].Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London,2001,55(2):227-245.
[15]Todd,B..A Bibliography of the Principia[C].In Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica II[M],edited by Alexandre Koyréand I.Bernard Cohen.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1972.851-883.
[16]万兆元,艾里夫.牛顿项目:《牛顿全集》在线出版项目评介[J].自然科学史研究,2014,(3):374-384.
[17]李迪.牛顿学说在中国[J].内蒙古师大学报(自然科学版),1983,(1):74-83.
[18]阎康年.牛顿学说在我国的传播和出版及其谬误辨正[J].中国出版,1991,(Z1):112-117.
[19]戴念祖,郭永芳.牛顿在中国[C].戴念祖,周嘉华编.《原理》---时代的巨著:纪念牛顿《原理》出版三百周年文集.成都:西南交通大学出版社,1988.81-88.
[20]王扬宗.晚清科学译著杂考[J].中国科技史料,1994,(4):32-40.
[21]戴念祖.梁启超丢失《奈端数理》译稿[J].中国科技史料,1998,(2):86.
[22]韩琦.《数理格致》的发现---兼论18世纪牛顿相关著作在中国的传播[J].中国科技史料,1998,(2):78-85.
[23]邹振环.影响近代中国社会的一百种译作[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1994.
[24]Wan,Zhaoyuan.Newton in China:Translating the Principia into Chinese(c.1855-2015)[J].Annals of Science,2018,75(1):1-20.
[25]御制历象考成后编[M].武英殿刻本,北京,1742.卷一,4a.卷二,3a.
[26]韩琦.《历象考成后编》与《仪象考成》的编纂[C].陈美东编.中国科学技术史·天文学卷.北京:科学出版社,2003.708-714.
[27]聂馥玲.晚清经典力学的传入:以《重学》为中心的比较研究[M].济南:山东教育出版社,2013.
[28]伟烈亚力,王韬译.西国天学源流(续)[J].六合丛谈,1858,(2):8a-b.
[29]伟烈亚力,李善兰译.谈天(第一卷)[M].上海:墨海书馆,1859(商务印书馆1930重印).
[30]Muirhead,W..China and the Gospel[M].London:London Missionary Society,1870.
[31]傅兰雅.江南制造总局翻译西书事略二[J].格致汇编,1880,(7):11a-b.
[32]李俨.李善兰年谱[A].中算史论丛(四)[C],北京:科学出版社,1955.
[33][清]李善兰,伟烈亚力译.数理格致[M].MS/45220.SOAS.
[34]聂馥玲.《重学》的力学术语翻译[J].中国科技史杂志,2012,33(1):22-33.
[35]丁福保.算学书目提要[M].无锡:竢实学堂,1899.
[36]李俨.章用君修治理中国算学史轶事[J].科学,1940,(11):799-804.
[37]伍光建编.物理教科书·力学[M].上海:商务印书馆,1905.
[38]王兼善编.民国新教科书·物理[M].上海:商务印书馆,1924.
[39]编者.奈端轶事[N].选报,1902,(36):29.
[40]编者.奈端轶事[N].大陆,1902,(1):1.
[41]杨铨.牛顿传[J].科学,1915,(2):203-208.
[42]康有为.康有为全集(十二)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007.
[43]文元模.自牛顿时代至恩斯等时代宇宙观念之变迁[J].东方杂志,1921,(6):32-47.
[44]郭洛.郑太朴生平活动年表[C].丹心照汗青:纪念中国民主建国会三烈士牺牲五十周年.上海:龙华烈士纪念馆,1999.76-85.
[45]杨瑛.郑太朴科学活动及其科学思想探究[D].东华大学,2011.
[46]王克迪译.自然哲学之数学原理·宇宙体系[M].武汉:武汉出版社,1992.
[47]Wolfers,P..trans.MathematischePrincipien der Naturlehre[M].Verlag Von Robert Oppenheim,1872.
[48]Newton,I..PhilosophiNaturalis Principia Mathematica[M].Londini:Regalis Societatis,1687.
[49]Newton,I..PhilosophiNaturalis Principia Mathematica[M].London:Regalis Societatis,1726.
[50]郑太朴译.自然哲学之数学原理[M].上海:商务印书馆,1935.
[51]王克迪译.自然哲学之数学原理[M].西安:陜西人民出版社,2001.
[52]郑太朴译.进化(从星云到人类)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1922.
[53]塞耶编.上海外国自然科学哲学著作编译组译.牛顿自然哲学著作选[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1974.
[54]戴念祖,周嘉华编.《原理》---时代的巨著:纪念牛顿《原理》出版三百周年文集[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社,1988.
[55]严济慈.全人类的财富,生产力的杠杆[C].戴念祖、周嘉华编.《原理》---时代的巨著:纪念牛顿《原理》出版三百周年文集.成都:西南交通大学出版社,1988.5-7.
[56]乌力吉巴塔尔,恩克.《原理》蒙译本访谈[D].万兆元,聂馥玲采访.呼市:2019年2月17日.
[57]乌力吉巴塔尔,恩克,乌云其木格译.自然哲学的数学原理(蒙译本)[M].赤峰:内蒙古科学技术出版社,1987.
[58]王克迪译.自然哲学之数学原理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[59]Cajori,F..ed.Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World[M].Translated by Andrew Motte.Berkeley:University of California Press,1934.
[60]Cohen,B.,Whitman,A..trans.The Principia:Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1999.
[61]Newton,I..Universal Arithmetick:Or,A Treatise of Arithmetical Composition and Resolution[M].Translated by Ralphson.London:W.Johnston,1769.
[62]赵振江.《原理》中译访谈[D].万兆元采访.北京:2015年3月16日.
[63]赵振江译.自然哲学的数学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,2006.
[64]曾琼瑶,王莹、王美霞译.自然哲学的数学原理[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2008.
[65]万兆元.近代科学史与牛顿研究前沿[J].自然辩证法通讯,2018,(1):139-141.
(1)据悉当时牛顿的弟子兼合作者亨利·彭伯顿(Henry Pemberton)也在准备另一个《原理》英译本,可惜最终未能问世,参见[12]。
(2)该项目现依托牛津大学,其网站为http://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/。
(1)关于郑氏的科学翻译活动及成就,详见[45]。
(1)席先生回国后专门致信巴特尔表示感谢。巴特尔先生仍然保留着该信,并给笔者提供了副本以作参考;在此深表谢意。
(1)牛顿惯用“(drawn)into”表示multiply,参见[61],页12。
(1)笔者2017年所购版本即为2016年9月第五次印刷本,腰封宣称该书所属“图释书系”销量已“突破75万册”。
(1)笔者曾向重庆译本的策划人咨询该译本的译者和原著问题,可惜一直没有得到回复。
[2]Dietz,B..Introduction:Special Issue‘Translating and Translations in the History of Science’[J].Annals of Science,2016,73(2):117-121.
[3]Moore,R..The Post-Darwinian Controversies:A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America,1870-1900[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1981.
[4]Elshakry,M..Reading Darwin in Arabic,1860-1950[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2014.
[5]Pusey,R..China and Charles Darwin[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Asia Center,1983.
[6]Wright,D..Translating Science:The Transmission of Western Chemistry into Late Imperial China,1840-1900[M].Leiden:Brill,2000.
[7]Engelfriet,M..Euclid in China:The Genesis of the First Chinese Translation of Euclid's Elements,Books I-VI(JiheYuanben,Beijing,1607)and Its Reception up to 1723[M].Boston:Brill,1998.
[8]熊月之.西学东渐与晚清社会[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1994.
[9]王扬宗.傅兰雅与近代中国的科学启蒙[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[10]李亚舒,黎难秋.中科科学翻译史[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[11]Cohen,B..Introduction to Newton's“Principia”[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1971.
[12]Cohen,B..Pemberton's Translation of Newton's Principia,with Notes on Motte's Translation[J].Isis,1963,54(3):319-351.
[13]Pourciau,B..A New Translation of and Guide to Newton's Principia[J].Annals of Science,2001,(58):85-91.
[14]Zinsser,P..Translating Newton's“Principia”:The Marquise Du Chtelet's Revisions and Additions for a French Audience[J].Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London,2001,55(2):227-245.
[15]Todd,B..A Bibliography of the Principia[C].In Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica II[M],edited by Alexandre Koyréand I.Bernard Cohen.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1972.851-883.
[16]万兆元,艾里夫.牛顿项目:《牛顿全集》在线出版项目评介[J].自然科学史研究,2014,(3):374-384.
[17]李迪.牛顿学说在中国[J].内蒙古师大学报(自然科学版),1983,(1):74-83.
[18]阎康年.牛顿学说在我国的传播和出版及其谬误辨正[J].中国出版,1991,(Z1):112-117.
[19]戴念祖,郭永芳.牛顿在中国[C].戴念祖,周嘉华编.《原理》---时代的巨著:纪念牛顿《原理》出版三百周年文集.成都:西南交通大学出版社,1988.81-88.
[20]王扬宗.晚清科学译著杂考[J].中国科技史料,1994,(4):32-40.
[21]戴念祖.梁启超丢失《奈端数理》译稿[J].中国科技史料,1998,(2):86.
[22]韩琦.《数理格致》的发现---兼论18世纪牛顿相关著作在中国的传播[J].中国科技史料,1998,(2):78-85.
[23]邹振环.影响近代中国社会的一百种译作[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1994.
[24]Wan,Zhaoyuan.Newton in China:Translating the Principia into Chinese(c.1855-2015)[J].Annals of Science,2018,75(1):1-20.
[25]御制历象考成后编[M].武英殿刻本,北京,1742.卷一,4a.卷二,3a.
[26]韩琦.《历象考成后编》与《仪象考成》的编纂[C].陈美东编.中国科学技术史·天文学卷.北京:科学出版社,2003.708-714.
[27]聂馥玲.晚清经典力学的传入:以《重学》为中心的比较研究[M].济南:山东教育出版社,2013.
[28]伟烈亚力,王韬译.西国天学源流(续)[J].六合丛谈,1858,(2):8a-b.
[29]伟烈亚力,李善兰译.谈天(第一卷)[M].上海:墨海书馆,1859(商务印书馆1930重印).
[30]Muirhead,W..China and the Gospel[M].London:London Missionary Society,1870.
[31]傅兰雅.江南制造总局翻译西书事略二[J].格致汇编,1880,(7):11a-b.
[32]李俨.李善兰年谱[A].中算史论丛(四)[C],北京:科学出版社,1955.
[33][清]李善兰,伟烈亚力译.数理格致[M].MS/45220.SOAS.
[34]聂馥玲.《重学》的力学术语翻译[J].中国科技史杂志,2012,33(1):22-33.
[35]丁福保.算学书目提要[M].无锡:竢实学堂,1899.
[36]李俨.章用君修治理中国算学史轶事[J].科学,1940,(11):799-804.
[37]伍光建编.物理教科书·力学[M].上海:商务印书馆,1905.
[38]王兼善编.民国新教科书·物理[M].上海:商务印书馆,1924.
[39]编者.奈端轶事[N].选报,1902,(36):29.
[40]编者.奈端轶事[N].大陆,1902,(1):1.
[41]杨铨.牛顿传[J].科学,1915,(2):203-208.
[42]康有为.康有为全集(十二)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007.
[43]文元模.自牛顿时代至恩斯等时代宇宙观念之变迁[J].东方杂志,1921,(6):32-47.
[44]郭洛.郑太朴生平活动年表[C].丹心照汗青:纪念中国民主建国会三烈士牺牲五十周年.上海:龙华烈士纪念馆,1999.76-85.
[45]杨瑛.郑太朴科学活动及其科学思想探究[D].东华大学,2011.
[46]王克迪译.自然哲学之数学原理·宇宙体系[M].武汉:武汉出版社,1992.
[47]Wolfers,P..trans.MathematischePrincipien der Naturlehre[M].Verlag Von Robert Oppenheim,1872.
[48]Newton,I..PhilosophiNaturalis Principia Mathematica[M].Londini:Regalis Societatis,1687.
[49]Newton,I..PhilosophiNaturalis Principia Mathematica[M].London:Regalis Societatis,1726.
[50]郑太朴译.自然哲学之数学原理[M].上海:商务印书馆,1935.
[51]王克迪译.自然哲学之数学原理[M].西安:陜西人民出版社,2001.
[52]郑太朴译.进化(从星云到人类)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1922.
[53]塞耶编.上海外国自然科学哲学著作编译组译.牛顿自然哲学著作选[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1974.
[54]戴念祖,周嘉华编.《原理》---时代的巨著:纪念牛顿《原理》出版三百周年文集[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社,1988.
[55]严济慈.全人类的财富,生产力的杠杆[C].戴念祖、周嘉华编.《原理》---时代的巨著:纪念牛顿《原理》出版三百周年文集.成都:西南交通大学出版社,1988.5-7.
[56]乌力吉巴塔尔,恩克.《原理》蒙译本访谈[D].万兆元,聂馥玲采访.呼市:2019年2月17日.
[57]乌力吉巴塔尔,恩克,乌云其木格译.自然哲学的数学原理(蒙译本)[M].赤峰:内蒙古科学技术出版社,1987.
[58]王克迪译.自然哲学之数学原理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[59]Cajori,F..ed.Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World[M].Translated by Andrew Motte.Berkeley:University of California Press,1934.
[60]Cohen,B.,Whitman,A..trans.The Principia:Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1999.
[61]Newton,I..Universal Arithmetick:Or,A Treatise of Arithmetical Composition and Resolution[M].Translated by Ralphson.London:W.Johnston,1769.
[62]赵振江.《原理》中译访谈[D].万兆元采访.北京:2015年3月16日.
[63]赵振江译.自然哲学的数学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,2006.
[64]曾琼瑶,王莹、王美霞译.自然哲学的数学原理[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2008.
[65]万兆元.近代科学史与牛顿研究前沿[J].自然辩证法通讯,2018,(1):139-141.
(1)据悉当时牛顿的弟子兼合作者亨利·彭伯顿(Henry Pemberton)也在准备另一个《原理》英译本,可惜最终未能问世,参见[12]。
(2)该项目现依托牛津大学,其网站为http://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/。
(1)关于郑氏的科学翻译活动及成就,详见[45]。
(1)席先生回国后专门致信巴特尔表示感谢。巴特尔先生仍然保留着该信,并给笔者提供了副本以作参考;在此深表谢意。
(1)牛顿惯用“(drawn)into”表示multiply,参见[61],页12。
(1)笔者2017年所购版本即为2016年9月第五次印刷本,腰封宣称该书所属“图释书系”销量已“突破75万册”。
(1)笔者曾向重庆译本的策划人咨询该译本的译者和原著问题,可惜一直没有得到回复。