中国古代青铜器焊接技术的历史演进
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摘要
中国古代青铜器的焊接技术拥有较长的发展历史。若按照被焊部件的物理形态划分焊接技术的种类,可分为连接固相与液相青铜的铸焊技术,以及连接固相与固相青铜的钎焊技术。铸焊技术约诞生于夏代晚期对薄壁空腔青铜容器铸型的修补和重塑,并逐渐发展演化出划分部件的拼铸焊接技术以及榫卯对接式铸焊结构;钎焊技术约始见于商代中晚期直接对接式钎焊,属于简单界面的钎焊工艺,而后又产生了多项利用榫卯结构增大钎焊界面的复杂界面钎焊工艺,并最终发展出能够焊接精致、细小界面的精细化钎焊工艺。钎焊技术最终代替铸焊技术成为制造复杂器形青铜器的主要连接工艺。铸焊技术和钎焊技术为中国古代青铜文明的繁荣提供了重要的技术支撑。
Welding technology of ancient Chinese bronze ware had a long history of development. According to the physical form of the welded parts, the technology can be divided into two types. The first can be named as casting-welding technology, and it was used to connect solid and liquid bronze. The second type is brazing technology, connecting solid and solid bronze. The first type of technology was born in the late Xia dynasty, and was used to repair and reshape the mold of thin walled cavity bronze vessels. It progressively developed into the castingwelding skills that divided parts or used the mortise and tenon joint structure. The brazing technology was first seen in the middle and late Shang dynasty when the butt-to-butt brazing, a simple interface brazing skill, was employed.Then a number of complex interface brazing skills were developed by using mortise and tenon joint structure in order to increase the brazing interface. Finally, a refined brazing skill was developed, a skill that could weld delicate and very small interfaces. Brazing technology eventually took the place of casting-welding technology and became the main connection skill for making complex bronze ware. Both the casting-welding technology and the brazing technology had provided important technical support for the prosperity of ancient Chinese bronze civilization..
Welding technology of ancient Chinese bronze ware had a long history of development. According to the physical form of the welded parts, the technology can be divided into two types. The first can be named as casting-welding technology, and it was used to connect solid and liquid bronze. The second type is brazing technology, connecting solid and solid bronze. The first type of technology was born in the late Xia dynasty, and was used to repair and reshape the mold of thin walled cavity bronze vessels. It progressively developed into the castingwelding skills that divided parts or used the mortise and tenon joint structure. The brazing technology was first seen in the middle and late Shang dynasty when the butt-to-butt brazing, a simple interface brazing skill, was employed.Then a number of complex interface brazing skills were developed by using mortise and tenon joint structure in order to increase the brazing interface. Finally, a refined brazing skill was developed, a skill that could weld delicate and very small interfaces. Brazing technology eventually took the place of casting-welding technology and became the main connection skill for making complex bronze ware. Both the casting-welding technology and the brazing technology had provided important technical support for the prosperity of ancient Chinese bronze civilization..
引文
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[2]周蕙琳、于汇泳.焊接导论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2013, 1.
[3]张万钟.泥型铸造发展史[J].中国历史博物馆馆刊,1987,(10):26-27.
[4]陈佩芬.夏商周青铜器研究[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004, 10-12.
[5]李京华.中原古代冶金技术研究[M].第二集,郑州:中州古籍出版社, 2003, 47-56.
[6]河南省博物馆.郑州新出土的商代前期大铜鼎[J].文物,1975,(6):65-68.
[7]张昌平.二里头文化至殷墟文化时期青铜器鋬的铸造技术及其发展[J].文物, 2016,(9):56-68.
[8]凌业勤.中国古代传统铸造技术[M].北京:科学技术出版社, 1987, 28-31.
[9]陈显丹.广汉三星堆青铜器研究[J].四川文物, 1990,(6):26-27.
[10]张昌平.商周青铜礼器铸造中焊接技术传统的形成[J].考古, 2018,(2):88-98+2.
[11]陈万千.枣阳郭家庙曾国墓地[M].北京:科学出版社,2005, 69-397.
[12]任常中、王长青.河南淅川下寺春秋云纹铜禁的铸造与修复[J].考古, 1987,(5):474-478+488.
[13]华觉明.中国古代金属技术:铜和铁造就的文明[M].郑州:大象出版社, 1999, 164-174.