社会阶层信号及其对人际水平社会互动的影响
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摘要
社会阶层信号是指个体据以感知和判断他人社会阶层的一切线索,人们通过加工这些微妙的线索便能判断出他人的社会阶层,而他人的社会阶层在很大程度上决定着人们在人际水平的社会互动行为。以穿着打扮、面部特征和说话特点为例,说明社会阶层信号对个体判断他人阶层的影响,在此基础上围绕社会交换、社会公平和社会认同这三个动机视角归纳了社会阶层信号对人际水平社会互动的不同影响。针对社会阶层信号本身,将来有必要探讨社会阶层信号功能弱化的问题;由于社会阶层信号与社会阶层这一概念的相关度较高,未来研究有必要阐述二者的联系与区别;鉴于目前少有研究考察第三方的社会阶层信号如何影响人际水平社会互动的问题,探索互动中第三方社会阶层信号的影响及其机制将会是对社会阶层心理学研究的一个重要推进。
Social class signs are a component of person perception about social class of others. People can determine another's social class by processing these subtle social class signs, and another's social class has a profound and extensive impact on interpersonal social interaction. This article used personal attire, facial features, and speaking characteristics as examples to illustrate that social class signs affect individual's judgment of another's social class. Moreover, we summarized the distinguishing influences of social class signs on interpersonal social interactions based on the perspectives of social exchange, social fairness, and social identity. It would be desirable to study if the functions of some social class signs are weakened because of the problem of conspicuous consumption. Regarding the relatively high relevance between social class signs and social class, it is necessary to explore the relation and distinction between these two constructs in future research. Given that few studies have examined the impacts of social class signs of a third party on interpersonal social interactions, it is important to expand the research from the interpersonal perspective to the third-party perspective.
Social class signs are a component of person perception about social class of others. People can determine another's social class by processing these subtle social class signs, and another's social class has a profound and extensive impact on interpersonal social interaction. This article used personal attire, facial features, and speaking characteristics as examples to illustrate that social class signs affect individual's judgment of another's social class. Moreover, we summarized the distinguishing influences of social class signs on interpersonal social interactions based on the perspectives of social exchange, social fairness, and social identity. It would be desirable to study if the functions of some social class signs are weakened because of the problem of conspicuous consumption. Regarding the relatively high relevance between social class signs and social class, it is necessary to explore the relation and distinction between these two constructs in future research. Given that few studies have examined the impacts of social class signs of a third party on interpersonal social interactions, it is important to expand the research from the interpersonal perspective to the third-party perspective.
引文
程淑华,李欣,韩毅初.(2017).群际接触对外群体信任的影响:内群体认同的中介效应.心理学探新,37(1),54-58.
蔡頠,吴嵩,寇彧.(2016).权力对亲社会行为的影响:机制及相关因素.心理科学进展,24(1),120-132.
郭永玉,杨沈龙,李静,胡小勇.(2015).社会阶层心理学视角下的公平研究.心理科学进展,23(8),1299-1311.
杭斌,修磊.(2016).收入不平等、信贷约束与家庭消费.统计研究,33(8),73-79.
胡荣,陈斯诗.(2008).时尚消费的符号意义与社会阶层建构.社会科学研究,(6),110-114.
李春玲.(2017).“中产化”:中国社会阶层结构变化新趋势.人民论坛,(22),1-1.
陆学艺.(2002).当代中国社会阶层研究报告.社会科学文献出版社.
王春晓,朱虹.(2016).地位焦虑、物质主义与炫耀性消费--中国人物质主义倾向的现状、前因及后果.北京社会科学,(5),31-40.
徐凤娇.(2016).亲社会行为的阶层差异:施与受的双重视角(硕士学位论文).华中师范大学.
郑杭生.(2002).我国社会阶层结构新变化的几个问题.华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),41(4),5-9.
郑杭生.(2005).透视当代社会结构促进中国社会和谐.中国人民大学学报,19(2),1-8.
Abbate,C.S.,Ruggieri,S.,&Boca,S.(2013).The effect of prosocial priming in the presence of bystanders.The Journal of Social Psychology,153(5),619-622.
Bar-Anan,Y.,Trope,Y.,Liberman,N.,&Algom,D.(2007).Automatic processing of psychological distance:Evidence from a Stroop task.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,136(4),610-622.
Bergeron,A.P.,&Zanna,M.P.(1973).Group membership and belief similarity as determinants of interpersonal attraction in Peru.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,4(4),397-411.
Bjornsdottir,R.T.,&Rule,N.O.(2017).The visibility of social class from facial cues.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,113(4),530-546.
Cao,Y.,Yu,H.,Wu,Y.,&Zhou,X.(2015).Can money heal all wounds?Social exchange norm modulates the preference for monetary versus social compensation.Frontiers in Psychology,6,1411-1421.
Cappelen,A.W.,Eichele,T.,Hugdahl,K.Specht,K.,S?rensen,E.?.,&Tungodden,B.(2014).Equity theory and fair inequality:A neuroeconomic study.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,111(43),15368-15372.
Clingingsmith,D.,&Sheremeta,R.M.(2018).Status and the demand for visible goods:Experimental evidence on conspicuous consumption.Experimental Economics,21(4),877-904.
DeCelles,K.A.,&Norton,M.I.(2016).Physical and situational inequality on airplanes predicts air rage.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,113(20),5588-5591.
Diener,E.,&Biswas-Diener,R.(2002).Will money increase subjective well-being?.Social Indicators Research,57(2),119-169.
Evans,J.S.(2008).Dual-processing accounts of reasoning,judgment,and social cognition.Annual Review Psychology,59,255-278.
Fussell,P.(1983).Class:A guide through the American status system.New York:Summit Books.
Giles,H.,&Sassoon,C.(1983).The effect of speaker's accent,social class background and message style on British listeners'social judgements.Language&Communication,3(3),305-313.
Gillath,O.,Bahns,A.J.,Ge,F.,&Crandall,C.S.(2012).Shoes as a source of first impressions.Journal of Research in Personality,46(4),423-430.
Haslam,S.A.(2014).Making good theory practical:Five lessons for an applied social identity approach to challenges of organizational,health,and clinical psychology.British Journal of Social Psychology,53(1),1-20.
Haushofer,J.,&Fehr,E.(2014).On the psychology of poverty.Science,344(6186),862-867.
Kraus,M.W.,&Keltner,D.(2009).Signs of socioeconomic status:A thin-slicing approach.Psychological Science,20(1),99-106.
Kraus,M.W.,&Mendes,W.B.(2014).Sartorial symbols of social class elicit class-consistent behavioral and physiological responses:A dyadic approach.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,143(6),2330-2340.
Kraus,M.W.,&Stephens,N.M.(2012).A road map for an emerging psychology of social class.Social&Personality Psychology Compass,6(9),642-656.
Kraus,M.W.,Horberg,E.J.,Goetz,J.L.,&Keltner,D.(2011).Social class rank,threat vigilance,and hostile reactivity.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,37(10),1376-1388.
Kraus,M.W.,Park,J.W.,&Tan,J.J.X.(2017).Signs of social class:The experience of economic inequality in everyday life.Perspectives on Psychological Science,12(3),422-435.
Kuppens,T.,Spears,R.,Manstead,A.S.R.,Spruyt,B.,&Easterbrook,M.J.(2018).Educationism and the irony of meritocracy:Negative attitudes of higher educated people towards the less educated.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,76,429-447.
Leventhal,G.S.(1980).What should be done with equity theory?New approaches to the study of fairness in social relationships.In K.J.Gergen,M.S.Greenberg,&R.H.Willis(Eds.),Social exchange:Advances in theory and research(pp.27-55).New York:Plenum Press.
Makkar,M.(2014).Luxury for oneself or luxury for others?Exploring the underlying emotions behind inconspicuous luxury consumption(Doctoral dissertation).Auckland University of Technology.
Malatesta,C.Z.,Fiore,M.J.,&Messina,J.J.(1987).Affect,personality,and facial expressive characteristics of older people.Psychology&Aging,2(1),64-69.
Manstead,A.S.R.(2018).The psychology of social class:How socioeconomic status impacts thought,feelings,and behaviour.British Journal of Social Psychology,57(2),267-292.
Navarro-Carrillo,G.,Valor-Segura,I.,&Moya,M.(2018).Do you trust strangers,close acquaintances,and members of your ingroup?Differences in trust based on social class in Spain.Social Indicators Research,135(2),585-597.
Rivera,L.A.(2016).Pedigree:How elite students get elite jobs.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
Rivera,L.A.,&Tilcsik,A.(2016).Class advantage,commitment penalty:The gendered effect of social class signals in an elite labor market.American Sociological Review,81(6),1097-1131.
Schilke,O.,Reimann,M.,&Cook,K.S.(2015).Power decreases trust in social exchange.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,112(42),12950-12955.
Thomas,K.A.,de Freitas,J.,DeScioli,P.,&Pinker,S.(2016).Recursive mentalizing and common knowledge in the bystander effect.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,145(5),621-629.
van Doesum,N.J.,Tybur,J.M.,&van Lange,P.A.M.(2017).Class impressions:Higher social class elicits lower prosociality.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,68,11-20.
蔡頠,吴嵩,寇彧.(2016).权力对亲社会行为的影响:机制及相关因素.心理科学进展,24(1),120-132.
郭永玉,杨沈龙,李静,胡小勇.(2015).社会阶层心理学视角下的公平研究.心理科学进展,23(8),1299-1311.
杭斌,修磊.(2016).收入不平等、信贷约束与家庭消费.统计研究,33(8),73-79.
胡荣,陈斯诗.(2008).时尚消费的符号意义与社会阶层建构.社会科学研究,(6),110-114.
李春玲.(2017).“中产化”:中国社会阶层结构变化新趋势.人民论坛,(22),1-1.
陆学艺.(2002).当代中国社会阶层研究报告.社会科学文献出版社.
王春晓,朱虹.(2016).地位焦虑、物质主义与炫耀性消费--中国人物质主义倾向的现状、前因及后果.北京社会科学,(5),31-40.
徐凤娇.(2016).亲社会行为的阶层差异:施与受的双重视角(硕士学位论文).华中师范大学.
郑杭生.(2002).我国社会阶层结构新变化的几个问题.华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),41(4),5-9.
郑杭生.(2005).透视当代社会结构促进中国社会和谐.中国人民大学学报,19(2),1-8.
Abbate,C.S.,Ruggieri,S.,&Boca,S.(2013).The effect of prosocial priming in the presence of bystanders.The Journal of Social Psychology,153(5),619-622.
Bar-Anan,Y.,Trope,Y.,Liberman,N.,&Algom,D.(2007).Automatic processing of psychological distance:Evidence from a Stroop task.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,136(4),610-622.
Bergeron,A.P.,&Zanna,M.P.(1973).Group membership and belief similarity as determinants of interpersonal attraction in Peru.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,4(4),397-411.
Bjornsdottir,R.T.,&Rule,N.O.(2017).The visibility of social class from facial cues.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,113(4),530-546.
Cao,Y.,Yu,H.,Wu,Y.,&Zhou,X.(2015).Can money heal all wounds?Social exchange norm modulates the preference for monetary versus social compensation.Frontiers in Psychology,6,1411-1421.
Cappelen,A.W.,Eichele,T.,Hugdahl,K.Specht,K.,S?rensen,E.?.,&Tungodden,B.(2014).Equity theory and fair inequality:A neuroeconomic study.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,111(43),15368-15372.
Clingingsmith,D.,&Sheremeta,R.M.(2018).Status and the demand for visible goods:Experimental evidence on conspicuous consumption.Experimental Economics,21(4),877-904.
DeCelles,K.A.,&Norton,M.I.(2016).Physical and situational inequality on airplanes predicts air rage.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,113(20),5588-5591.
Diener,E.,&Biswas-Diener,R.(2002).Will money increase subjective well-being?.Social Indicators Research,57(2),119-169.
Evans,J.S.(2008).Dual-processing accounts of reasoning,judgment,and social cognition.Annual Review Psychology,59,255-278.
Fussell,P.(1983).Class:A guide through the American status system.New York:Summit Books.
Giles,H.,&Sassoon,C.(1983).The effect of speaker's accent,social class background and message style on British listeners'social judgements.Language&Communication,3(3),305-313.
Gillath,O.,Bahns,A.J.,Ge,F.,&Crandall,C.S.(2012).Shoes as a source of first impressions.Journal of Research in Personality,46(4),423-430.
Haslam,S.A.(2014).Making good theory practical:Five lessons for an applied social identity approach to challenges of organizational,health,and clinical psychology.British Journal of Social Psychology,53(1),1-20.
Haushofer,J.,&Fehr,E.(2014).On the psychology of poverty.Science,344(6186),862-867.
Kraus,M.W.,&Keltner,D.(2009).Signs of socioeconomic status:A thin-slicing approach.Psychological Science,20(1),99-106.
Kraus,M.W.,&Mendes,W.B.(2014).Sartorial symbols of social class elicit class-consistent behavioral and physiological responses:A dyadic approach.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,143(6),2330-2340.
Kraus,M.W.,&Stephens,N.M.(2012).A road map for an emerging psychology of social class.Social&Personality Psychology Compass,6(9),642-656.
Kraus,M.W.,Horberg,E.J.,Goetz,J.L.,&Keltner,D.(2011).Social class rank,threat vigilance,and hostile reactivity.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,37(10),1376-1388.
Kraus,M.W.,Park,J.W.,&Tan,J.J.X.(2017).Signs of social class:The experience of economic inequality in everyday life.Perspectives on Psychological Science,12(3),422-435.
Kuppens,T.,Spears,R.,Manstead,A.S.R.,Spruyt,B.,&Easterbrook,M.J.(2018).Educationism and the irony of meritocracy:Negative attitudes of higher educated people towards the less educated.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,76,429-447.
Leventhal,G.S.(1980).What should be done with equity theory?New approaches to the study of fairness in social relationships.In K.J.Gergen,M.S.Greenberg,&R.H.Willis(Eds.),Social exchange:Advances in theory and research(pp.27-55).New York:Plenum Press.
Makkar,M.(2014).Luxury for oneself or luxury for others?Exploring the underlying emotions behind inconspicuous luxury consumption(Doctoral dissertation).Auckland University of Technology.
Malatesta,C.Z.,Fiore,M.J.,&Messina,J.J.(1987).Affect,personality,and facial expressive characteristics of older people.Psychology&Aging,2(1),64-69.
Manstead,A.S.R.(2018).The psychology of social class:How socioeconomic status impacts thought,feelings,and behaviour.British Journal of Social Psychology,57(2),267-292.
Navarro-Carrillo,G.,Valor-Segura,I.,&Moya,M.(2018).Do you trust strangers,close acquaintances,and members of your ingroup?Differences in trust based on social class in Spain.Social Indicators Research,135(2),585-597.
Rivera,L.A.(2016).Pedigree:How elite students get elite jobs.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
Rivera,L.A.,&Tilcsik,A.(2016).Class advantage,commitment penalty:The gendered effect of social class signals in an elite labor market.American Sociological Review,81(6),1097-1131.
Schilke,O.,Reimann,M.,&Cook,K.S.(2015).Power decreases trust in social exchange.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,112(42),12950-12955.
Thomas,K.A.,de Freitas,J.,DeScioli,P.,&Pinker,S.(2016).Recursive mentalizing and common knowledge in the bystander effect.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,145(5),621-629.
van Doesum,N.J.,Tybur,J.M.,&van Lange,P.A.M.(2017).Class impressions:Higher social class elicits lower prosociality.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,68,11-20.