Effect of Graphene Surface Functional Groups on the Mechanical Property of PMMA Microcellular Composite Foams
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摘要
The functional groups on graphene sheets surface affect their dispersion and interfacial adhesion in polymer matrix. We compared the mechanical property of polymethymethacrylate(PMMA) microcellular foams reinforced with graphene oxide(GO) and reduced graphene oxide(RGO) to investigate this influence of functional groups. RGO sheets were fabricated by solvent thermal reduction in DMF medium. UV-Vis, FT-IR and XPS analyses indicate the difference of oxygen-containing groups on GO and RGO sheets surface. The observation of SEM illustrates that the addition of a smaller number of GO or RGO sheets causes a fine cellular structure of PMMA foams with a higher cell density(about 10~(11) cells/cm~3) and smaller cell sizes(about 1-2 μm) owing to their remarkable heterogeneous nucleation effect. Compared to GO reinforced foams, the RGO/PMMA foams own lower cell density and bigger cell size in their microstructure, and their compressive strength is lower even when the reinforcement contents are the same and the foam bulk density is higher. These results indicate that the oxygen-containing groups on GO sheets' surface are beneficial to adhere CO_2 to realize a larger nucleation rate, and their strong interaction with PMMA matrix improves the mechanical property of PMMA foams.
The functional groups on graphene sheets surface affect their dispersion and interfacial adhesion in polymer matrix. We compared the mechanical property of polymethymethacrylate(PMMA) microcellular foams reinforced with graphene oxide(GO) and reduced graphene oxide(RGO) to investigate this influence of functional groups. RGO sheets were fabricated by solvent thermal reduction in DMF medium. UV-Vis, FT-IR and XPS analyses indicate the difference of oxygen-containing groups on GO and RGO sheets surface. The observation of SEM illustrates that the addition of a smaller number of GO or RGO sheets causes a fine cellular structure of PMMA foams with a higher cell density(about 10~(11) cells/cm~3) and smaller cell sizes(about 1-2 μm) owing to their remarkable heterogeneous nucleation effect. Compared to GO reinforced foams, the RGO/PMMA foams own lower cell density and bigger cell size in their microstructure, and their compressive strength is lower even when the reinforcement contents are the same and the foam bulk density is higher. These results indicate that the oxygen-containing groups on GO sheets' surface are beneficial to adhere CO_2 to realize a larger nucleation rate, and their strong interaction with PMMA matrix improves the mechanical property of PMMA foams.
The functional groups on graphene sheets surface affect their dispersion and interfacial adhesion in polymer matrix. We compared the mechanical property of polymethymethacrylate(PMMA) microcellular foams reinforced with graphene oxide(GO) and reduced graphene oxide(RGO) to investigate this influence of functional groups. RGO sheets were fabricated by solvent thermal reduction in DMF medium. UV-Vis, FT-IR and XPS analyses indicate the difference of oxygen-containing groups on GO and RGO sheets surface. The observation of SEM illustrates that the addition of a smaller number of GO or RGO sheets causes a fine cellular structure of PMMA foams with a higher cell density(about 10~(11) cells/cm~3) and smaller cell sizes(about 1-2 μm) owing to their remarkable heterogeneous nucleation effect. Compared to GO reinforced foams, the RGO/PMMA foams own lower cell density and bigger cell size in their microstructure, and their compressive strength is lower even when the reinforcement contents are the same and the foam bulk density is higher. These results indicate that the oxygen-containing groups on GO sheets' surface are beneficial to adhere CO_2 to realize a larger nucleation rate, and their strong interaction with PMMA matrix improves the mechanical property of PMMA foams.
引文
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[19]Yang J,Huang L,Li L,et al.Preparation of Polystyrene/Graphene Oxide Composites and Their Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming[J].Journal of Polymer Research,2013,20:173-181
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[22]Chen L,Ozisik R,Schadler L.The Influence of Carbon Nanotube Aspect Ratio on the Foam Morphology of MWNT/PMMA Nanocomposite Foams[J].Polymer,2010,51(11):2 368-2 375
[23]Yang J,Wu M,Chen F,et al.Preparation,Characterization,and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming of Polystyrene/Graphene Oxide Composites[J].J.Supercrit.Fluid,2011,56(2):201-207
[24]Kumar V,Suh N P.A Process for Making Microcellular Thermoplastic Parts[J].Polymer Engineering&Science,1990,30(20):1 323-1 329
[25]Ai K,Liu Y,Lu L,et al.A Novel Strategy for Making Soluble Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets Cheaply by Adopting an Endogenous Reducing Agent[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2011,21:3 365-3 370
[26]Lin Z,Yao Y,Li Z,et al.Solvent-assisted Thermal Reduction of Graphite Oxide[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2010,114:14 819-14 825
[27]Park S,An J,Piner R D,et al.Aqueous Suspension and Characterization of Chemically Modified Graphene Sheets[J].Chemistry of Materials,2008,20:6 592-6 594
[28]Ma L,Wang G,Dai J.Influence of Structure of Amines on the Properties of Amines-Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyimide Composites[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2016,133:43 820-43 828
[29]Li C,Yang G,Deng H,et al.The Preparation and Properties of Polystyrene/Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposite Foams using Supercritical Carbon Oxide[J].Polymer International,2013,62:1 077-1 084
[30]Jacobs L J M,Kemmere M F,Keurentjes J T.Sustainable Polymer Foaming using High Pressure Carbon Dioxide:A Review on Fundamentals[J].Green Chem.,2008,10:731-738
[2]Lee C,Wei X,Kysar J W,et al.Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene[J].Science,2008,321:385-388
[3]Balandin A A,Ghosh S,Bao W,et al.Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-layer Graphene[J].Nano Letters,2008,8:902-907
[4]Zhao X,Zhang Q,Chen D,et al.Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Graphene-based Poly(vinyl alcohol)Composites[J].Macromolecules,2010,43:2 357-2 363
[5]Tong X Z,Song F,Li M Q,et al.Fabrication of Graphene/polylactide Nanocomposites with Improved Properties[J].Composites Science and Technology,2013,88:33-38
[6]Georgakilas V,Tiwari J N;Kemp K C,et al.Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Materials,Biosensing,Catalytic,and Biomedical Applications[J].Chemical Review,2016,116:5 464-5 519
[7]Mkhoyan K A,Contryman A W,Silcox J,et al.Atomic and Electronic Structure of Grephene-oxide[J].Nano Letters,2009,9(3):1 058-1 063
[8]Dreyer D R,Park S,Bielawski C W,et al.The Chemistry of Graphene Oxide[J].Chemical Society Reviews,2010,39:228-240
[9]Park S,Hu Y,Hwang J O,et al.Chemical Structures of Hydrazine-treated Graphene Oxide and Generation of Aromatic Nitrogen Doping[J].Nature Communication,2012,3:638-645
[10]Moon I K,Lee J,Ruoff R S,et al.Reduced Graphene Oxide by Chemical Graphitization[J].Nature Communication,2010,1:73-93
[11]Liu L,Zhang J,Zhao J,et al.Mechanical Properties of Graphene Oxides[J].Nanoscale,2012,4:5 910-5 916
[12]Ji W F,Chang K C,Lai M C,et al.Preparation and Comparison of the Physical Properties of PMMA/thermally Reduced Graphene Oxides Composites with Different Carboxylic Group Content of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxides[J].Composites Part A,2014,65:108-114
[13]Lu Y,Hao J,Xiao G,et al.Preparation and Properties of In-situ Amino-functionalized Graphene Oxide/polyimide Composite Films[J].Applied Surface Science,2017,422:710-719
[14]Yang H,Li Z,Zou H,et al.Preparation of Porous Polyimide/in-situ Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Films for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding[J].Polymers for Advanced Technologies,2017,28(2):233-242
[15]Lee L J,Zeng C C,Cao X,et al.Polymer Nanocomposite Foams[J].Composites Science and Technology,2005,65:2 344-2 363
[16]Yuan H,Xiong Y L,Luo G Q,et al.Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity of CNTs/PMMA Nanocomposite Foams Foaming by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater.Sci.Ed.,2016,31(2):481-486
[17]Nelson M R,Borkman R F.Ab Initio Calculations on CO2 Binding to Carbonyl Groups[J].J.Phys.Chem.A,1998,102:7 860-7 863
[18]Gavgani J N,Adelnia H,Zaarei D,et al.Lightweight Flexible Polyurethane/Reduced Ultralarge Graphene Oxide Composite Foams for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding[J].RSC Advances,2016,6:27 517-27 527
[19]Yang J,Huang L,Li L,et al.Preparation of Polystyrene/Graphene Oxide Composites and Their Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming[J].Journal of Polymer Research,2013,20:173-181
[20]Colton J S,Suh N P.The Nucleation of Microcellular Thermoplastic Foam with Additives:Part I:Theoretic Consideration[J].Polymer Engineering and Science,1987,27(7):485-492
[21]Huang H,Wang J.Improving Polypropylene Microcellular Foaming through Blending and the Addition of Nano-calcium Carbonate[J].J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,106:505-513
[22]Chen L,Ozisik R,Schadler L.The Influence of Carbon Nanotube Aspect Ratio on the Foam Morphology of MWNT/PMMA Nanocomposite Foams[J].Polymer,2010,51(11):2 368-2 375
[23]Yang J,Wu M,Chen F,et al.Preparation,Characterization,and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming of Polystyrene/Graphene Oxide Composites[J].J.Supercrit.Fluid,2011,56(2):201-207
[24]Kumar V,Suh N P.A Process for Making Microcellular Thermoplastic Parts[J].Polymer Engineering&Science,1990,30(20):1 323-1 329
[25]Ai K,Liu Y,Lu L,et al.A Novel Strategy for Making Soluble Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets Cheaply by Adopting an Endogenous Reducing Agent[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2011,21:3 365-3 370
[26]Lin Z,Yao Y,Li Z,et al.Solvent-assisted Thermal Reduction of Graphite Oxide[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2010,114:14 819-14 825
[27]Park S,An J,Piner R D,et al.Aqueous Suspension and Characterization of Chemically Modified Graphene Sheets[J].Chemistry of Materials,2008,20:6 592-6 594
[28]Ma L,Wang G,Dai J.Influence of Structure of Amines on the Properties of Amines-Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyimide Composites[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2016,133:43 820-43 828
[29]Li C,Yang G,Deng H,et al.The Preparation and Properties of Polystyrene/Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposite Foams using Supercritical Carbon Oxide[J].Polymer International,2013,62:1 077-1 084
[30]Jacobs L J M,Kemmere M F,Keurentjes J T.Sustainable Polymer Foaming using High Pressure Carbon Dioxide:A Review on Fundamentals[J].Green Chem.,2008,10:731-738