技能劳动、技术进步偏向与技能溢价
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摘要
本文基于技能劳动供求的视角,运用2000—2014年中国工业行业数据和标准化供给面系统估计法,检验技能劳动相对供给效应、技术进步技能偏向性效应和资本-技能互补效应对技能溢价的影响。结果表明:(1)工业和制造业部门的技术进步是偏向于技能劳动,而技能溢价扩大的主要原因正是技术进步技能偏向性效应的作用,它是厂商追求利润最大化的结果,通过增加技能劳动需求,致使技能劳动者和非技能劳动者收入差距拉大;(2)工业和制造业中物质资本与技能劳动的互补性是存在的,并且资本-技能互补效应对技能溢价产生正向推进作用,而技能劳动相对供给效应对技能溢价产生负向冲击作用。
This paper,from the perspective of supply-and-demand of skill labor,using the panel data of Chinese industries from 2000 to 2014 and a normalized supply-side system approach,examines skill labor relative quantity effect,skill-biased technical change effect and capital-skill complementarity effect on the influence of skill premium. It is found that:(1)The technical change is biased to skill labor in industrial sector and manufacturing. Skill-biased technical change effect is an essential factor that has caused emergency and expansion of skill premium. It is the consequence of manufacturers pursuing the maximum profit. Manufacturers wide income gap by increasing demand of skill labor.(2) Capital-skill complementarity exists in industrial sector and manufacturing. Capital-skill complementarity effect has imposed a positive and impelling effect on skill premium. Skill labor relative quantity effect has imposed a negative and impact effect on skill premium.
This paper,from the perspective of supply-and-demand of skill labor,using the panel data of Chinese industries from 2000 to 2014 and a normalized supply-side system approach,examines skill labor relative quantity effect,skill-biased technical change effect and capital-skill complementarity effect on the influence of skill premium. It is found that:(1)The technical change is biased to skill labor in industrial sector and manufacturing. Skill-biased technical change effect is an essential factor that has caused emergency and expansion of skill premium. It is the consequence of manufacturers pursuing the maximum profit. Manufacturers wide income gap by increasing demand of skill labor.(2) Capital-skill complementarity exists in industrial sector and manufacturing. Capital-skill complementarity effect has imposed a positive and impelling effect on skill premium. Skill labor relative quantity effect has imposed a negative and impact effect on skill premium.
引文
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[19]宋冬林,王林辉,董直庆.技能偏向型技术进步存在吗?---来自中国的经验证据[J].经济研究,2010(05):68-81.
[20]王林辉,韩丽娜.技术进步偏向性及其要素收入分配效应[J].求是学刊,2012(01):56-62.
[21]ARROW K J.The economic implications of learning by doing[J].The review of economic studies,1962,29(3):155-173.
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[24]ACEMOGLU D.Patterns of skill premia[J].Reviewof economic studies,2003,70(2):199-230.
[25]DAVID P A,VAN DE KLUNDERT T.Biased efficiency growth and capital-labor substitution in the U.S.,1899-1960[J].The A-merican economic review,1965,55(3):357-394.
[26]戴天仕,徐现祥.中国的技术进步方向[J].世界经济,2010(11):54-70.
[27]KLUMP R,MCADAM P,WILLMAN A.Factor substitution and factor-augmenting technical progress in the United States:a normalized supply-side system approach[J].The review of economics and statistics,2007,89(1):183-192.
[28]LEN-LEDESMA M A,MCADAM P,WILLMAN A.Identifying the elasticity of substitution with biased technical change[J].The American economic review,2010,100(4):1330-1357.
[29]王林辉,董直庆.资本体现式技术进步、技术合意结构和我国生产率增长来源[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2012(05):3-18.
[30]邵敏,刘重力.外资进入与技能溢价---兼论我国FDI技术外溢的偏向性[J].世界经济研究,2011(01):67-74.
[31]韩燕,钱春海.FDI对我国工业部门经济增长影响的差异性---基于要素密集度的行业分类研究[J].南开经济研究,2008(05):143-152.
[2]CARD D,KRAMARZ F,LEMIEUX T.Changes in the relative structure of wages and employment:a comparison of the United States,Canada and France[J].The Canadian journal of economics,1999,32(4):843-877.
[3]AFONSO O.Effects of labour-market institutions on employment,wages,R&D intensity and growth in 27 OECD countries:from theory to practice[J].Economic modelling,2016,53:48-62.
[4]BEHRMAN J R,BIRDSALL N,SZKELY M.Poverty,inequality,and trade and financial liberalization in Latin America[D].InterAmerican Development Bank of Research Department Working Paper Series,2001.
[5]GROPELLO E D,SAKELLARIOU C.Industry and skill wage premiums in East Asia[D].World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2010,No.5379.
[6]PARRO F.Capital-skill complementarity and the skill premium in a quantitative model of trade[J].American economic journal:macroeconomics,2013,5(2):72-117.
[7]KATZ L F,MURPHY K M.Changes in relative wages,1963-1987:supply and demand factors[J].The quarterly journal of economics,1992,107(1):35-78.
[8]WEISS M.Skill-biased technological change:Is there hope for the unskilled?[J].Economics letters,2008,100(3):439-441.
[9]徐舒.技术进步、教育收益与收入不平等[J].经济研究,2010(09):79-92.
[10]殷德生,唐海燕,王奕鋆.技能积累、财政政策与工薪差距[J].世界经济,2015(10):79-98.
[11]WOOD A.North-south trade,employment,and inequality:changing fortunes in a skill-driven world[J].ILR review,1996,49(3):567-56
[12]BALDWIN R E,CAIN G G.Shifts in US relative wages:the role of trade,technology and factor endowmenis[J].Review of eeonomics and statistics,2000,82(12):580-595.
[13]SANTIS R A.Intra-industry trade,endogenous technological change,wage inequality and welfare[J].International economic journal,2002,16(3):59-79.
[14]KRUSELL P,OHANIAN L E,ROS-RULL J V,et al.Capital-skill complementarity and inequality:a macroeconomic analysis[J].Econometrica,2000,68(5):1029-1053.
[15]马红旗.“资本-技能互补”对我国技能溢价的影响[J].上海财经大学学报,2016(02):67-76.
[16]BERMAN E,BOUND J,MACHIN S.Implications of skill-biased technological change:international evidence[J].Quarterly journal of economics,1998,113(4):1245-1280.
[17]CARD D,DINARDO J E.Skill-biased technological change and rising wageinequality:some problems and puzzles[J].Journal of labor economics,2002,20(4):733-783.
[18]BURSTEIN A,CRAVINO J,VOGEL J.Importing skill-biased Technology[J].American economic journal:macroeconomics,American economic association,2013,5(2):32-71.
[19]宋冬林,王林辉,董直庆.技能偏向型技术进步存在吗?---来自中国的经验证据[J].经济研究,2010(05):68-81.
[20]王林辉,韩丽娜.技术进步偏向性及其要素收入分配效应[J].求是学刊,2012(01):56-62.
[21]ARROW K J.The economic implications of learning by doing[J].The review of economic studies,1962,29(3):155-173.
[22]BERMAN E,BOUND J,GRILICHES Z.Changes in the demand for skilled labor with U.S.manufacturing:evidence from the annual survey of manufactures[J].The quarterly journal of economics,1994,109(2):367-397.
[23]ACEMOGLU D.Directed technical change[J].Review of economic studies,2002,69:781-809.
[24]ACEMOGLU D.Patterns of skill premia[J].Reviewof economic studies,2003,70(2):199-230.
[25]DAVID P A,VAN DE KLUNDERT T.Biased efficiency growth and capital-labor substitution in the U.S.,1899-1960[J].The A-merican economic review,1965,55(3):357-394.
[26]戴天仕,徐现祥.中国的技术进步方向[J].世界经济,2010(11):54-70.
[27]KLUMP R,MCADAM P,WILLMAN A.Factor substitution and factor-augmenting technical progress in the United States:a normalized supply-side system approach[J].The review of economics and statistics,2007,89(1):183-192.
[28]LEN-LEDESMA M A,MCADAM P,WILLMAN A.Identifying the elasticity of substitution with biased technical change[J].The American economic review,2010,100(4):1330-1357.
[29]王林辉,董直庆.资本体现式技术进步、技术合意结构和我国生产率增长来源[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2012(05):3-18.
[30]邵敏,刘重力.外资进入与技能溢价---兼论我国FDI技术外溢的偏向性[J].世界经济研究,2011(01):67-74.
[31]韩燕,钱春海.FDI对我国工业部门经济增长影响的差异性---基于要素密集度的行业分类研究[J].南开经济研究,2008(05):143-152.