国产XBT海上比测方法研究及结果分析
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摘要
随着国产投弃式温深仪(XBT)性能的提高,其使用范围和规模也逐步扩大,受某专项办的委托,厦门大学在南海东北部开展了"海洋监测设备适用性检验规范及海上试验研究(国家863计划)"项目,针对海洋技术领域研发的技术较为成熟、具备产品化条件的XBT开展检验与验证,对国产XBT的性能和实际使用情况进行分析和总结。试验中,在不同站点进行温盐深仪(CTD)现场测量,以此数据为真值对国产和进口XBT精度做评估。在较高速度走航测量时,则以进口XBT数据为参照,对国产XBT进行评估。试验结果表明,国产XBT整体上表现良好,成功率大概为80%,有些型号的国产XBT精度与进口XBT精度接近,但国产XBT无效剖面较多。同时也发现,进口XBT的精度无法满足预期比测的要求,不能准确计算出国产XBT精度,但结果仍然具有参考价值。本次试验可以为国产XBT的规模化应用和推广提供数据支持,也可为其他型号XBT/XCTD/CTD等仪器的比测提供借鉴。
With the development of the domestically-made XBTs, their applications are boosting in ocean observation. Therefore, Xiamen University carried out the Program "In situ comparison-testing and standard inspection procedure for applicability of oceanographic monitoring equipment(the National 863 Program) " in the northeast of South China sea. It is aimed at the inspection and verification of domestically-made XBTs which have mature technology for commercialized production. In the sea trials, the reseavrthers firstly evaluated the precision of the imported XBT by comparing the profiles with CTD in different fixed-positions, and then compared the domestic XBT with the imported XBT at the underway observation. The result indicated that the domestic XBT shows good performance, with the success rate of approximate 80%. The precision of some domestically-made XBTs was close to that of the imported XBTs, but with more invalid temperature profiles.Meanwhile, it is found that the precision of the imported XBT was too low to satisfy the requirement in the test,so the researchers couldn't get the actual precision for domestic XBT, but the result still had importance reference value. This test will provide supports for the large-scale applications and promotion of the domestic XBT and can be used for reference for other XBT/XCTD/CTDs.
With the development of the domestically-made XBTs, their applications are boosting in ocean observation. Therefore, Xiamen University carried out the Program "In situ comparison-testing and standard inspection procedure for applicability of oceanographic monitoring equipment(the National 863 Program) " in the northeast of South China sea. It is aimed at the inspection and verification of domestically-made XBTs which have mature technology for commercialized production. In the sea trials, the reseavrthers firstly evaluated the precision of the imported XBT by comparing the profiles with CTD in different fixed-positions, and then compared the domestic XBT with the imported XBT at the underway observation. The result indicated that the domestic XBT shows good performance, with the success rate of approximate 80%. The precision of some domestically-made XBTs was close to that of the imported XBTs, but with more invalid temperature profiles.Meanwhile, it is found that the precision of the imported XBT was too low to satisfy the requirement in the test,so the researchers couldn't get the actual precision for domestic XBT, but the result still had importance reference value. This test will provide supports for the large-scale applications and promotion of the domestic XBT and can be used for reference for other XBT/XCTD/CTDs.
引文
[1]Cheng L,Abraham J,Goni G,et al.XBT Science:Assessment of instrumental biases and errors[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2016,97(6):923-933.
[2]Marlos G,Gustavo G,Klaus K.Reducing biases in XBT measurements by including discrete information from pressure switches[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2013,30:810-824.
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[9]Cheng L,Zhu J,Franco R,et al.A new Method to estimate the systematical biases of expendable bathythermograph[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2011,28:244-265.
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[11]钱洪宝,徐文,张杰,等.对海洋仪器设备规范化海上试验的认识与思考[J].海洋通报,2016,35(4):386-389.Qian H,Xu W,Zhang J,et al.Overview and further thoughts on the standardized sea trials for marine instruments[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2016,35(4):386-389.
[12]Uchida H,Ohyama K,Ozawa S,et al.In situ calibration of the seabird 9 Plus CTD thermometer[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2007,24:1961-1967.
[13]Alberola C,Millot C,Send U,et al.Comparison of XCTD/CTD data[J].Deep-sea Research I,1996,6:859-876.
[14]Mizuno K,Watanabe T.Preliminary results of in situ XCTD/CTD comparison test[J].Journal of Oceanography,1998,54:373-380.
[15]叶德培,赵峰,施昌彦,等.JJF 1059.1-2012.测量不确定度评定与表示[S].北京:中国计量出版社,2012.Ye P,Zhao F,Shi Y,et al.JJF 1059.1-2012.Evaluation and expression of uncertainty in measurement[S].Beijing:China Metrology Publishing House:General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,2012.
[16]费业泰.误差理论与数据处理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1996.Fei Y.Error Theory and Surveying Adjustment[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,1996.
[17]吕国涛,胡长青,张平.利用二次拟合对XBT探头相关参数的改进[J].声学技术,2009,28:28-30.Lv G,Hu C,Zhang P.Research on improving related parameters of XBT based on quadratic fitting[J].Technical Acoustics,2009,28:28-30.
[18]Anderson E R.Expendable bathythermograph(XBT)accuracy studies[R].Naval Ocean Systems Center Tech,San Diego,California,1980.
[19]Cheng L,Zhu J,Cowley R,et al.Time,probe type,and temperature variable bias corrections to historical expendable bathythermographs[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2014,31:1793-1825.
[20]Glenn R,Allan R.XBT measurements of thermal gradients in the MODE eddy[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,1976,7:300-302.
[21]邓冰,陈凤贵,肖义国,等.基于实测资料海洋内孤立波诊断模型设计[J].装备环境工程,2014,11(3):10-13.Deng B,Chen F,Xiao Y,et al.Diagnosis model design of internal solitary waves based on in-situ data[J].Equipment Environmental Engineering,2014,11(3):10-13.
[2]Marlos G,Gustavo G,Klaus K.Reducing biases in XBT measurements by including discrete information from pressure switches[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2013,30:810-824.
[3]Cowley R,Wijffels S,Cheng L,et al.Biases in expendable bathythermograph data:A new view based on historical side-by-side comparisons[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology.2013,30:1195-1225.
[4]Kimio H,Hiroyuki Y.Detection of systematic errors in XBT data and their correction[J].Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan,1987,43:68-76.
[5]Kimio H,Tamaki Y.New detection method for XBT depth error and relationship between the depth error and coefficients in the depth-time equation[J].Journal of Oceangraphy,1992,48:221-230.
[6]Hanawa K,Rual P,Bailey R,et al.A new depth-time equation for Sippican or TSK T-7,T-6 and T-4 expendable bathythermographs(XBT)[J].Deep-Sea Research I,1995,42:1423-1451.
[7]Hanawa K,Rual P,Bailey R,et al.Calculation of the depth equation of expendable bathythermographs by a new temperature-error-free method[S].(Application to Sippican/TSK T-7,T-6 and T-4 XBTs),UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science,1994.http://unesdoc.unesco.org.
[8]Viktor G,Franco R.On depth and temperature biases in bathythermograph data:Development of a new correction scheme based on analysis of a global ocean database[J].Deep Sea Research,2010,57:812-833.
[9]Cheng L,Zhu J,Franco R,et al.A new Method to estimate the systematical biases of expendable bathythermograph[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2011,28:244-265.
[10]张平,唐锁夫,屈科,等.国产XBT海上测试及实际使用效果分析[J].声学技术,2012,31(6):570-573.Zhang P,Tang S,Qu K,et al.Test and analysis on domestic-made XBT probe[J].Technical Acoustics,2012,31(6):570-573.
[11]钱洪宝,徐文,张杰,等.对海洋仪器设备规范化海上试验的认识与思考[J].海洋通报,2016,35(4):386-389.Qian H,Xu W,Zhang J,et al.Overview and further thoughts on the standardized sea trials for marine instruments[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2016,35(4):386-389.
[12]Uchida H,Ohyama K,Ozawa S,et al.In situ calibration of the seabird 9 Plus CTD thermometer[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2007,24:1961-1967.
[13]Alberola C,Millot C,Send U,et al.Comparison of XCTD/CTD data[J].Deep-sea Research I,1996,6:859-876.
[14]Mizuno K,Watanabe T.Preliminary results of in situ XCTD/CTD comparison test[J].Journal of Oceanography,1998,54:373-380.
[15]叶德培,赵峰,施昌彦,等.JJF 1059.1-2012.测量不确定度评定与表示[S].北京:中国计量出版社,2012.Ye P,Zhao F,Shi Y,et al.JJF 1059.1-2012.Evaluation and expression of uncertainty in measurement[S].Beijing:China Metrology Publishing House:General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,2012.
[16]费业泰.误差理论与数据处理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1996.Fei Y.Error Theory and Surveying Adjustment[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,1996.
[17]吕国涛,胡长青,张平.利用二次拟合对XBT探头相关参数的改进[J].声学技术,2009,28:28-30.Lv G,Hu C,Zhang P.Research on improving related parameters of XBT based on quadratic fitting[J].Technical Acoustics,2009,28:28-30.
[18]Anderson E R.Expendable bathythermograph(XBT)accuracy studies[R].Naval Ocean Systems Center Tech,San Diego,California,1980.
[19]Cheng L,Zhu J,Cowley R,et al.Time,probe type,and temperature variable bias corrections to historical expendable bathythermographs[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2014,31:1793-1825.
[20]Glenn R,Allan R.XBT measurements of thermal gradients in the MODE eddy[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,1976,7:300-302.
[21]邓冰,陈凤贵,肖义国,等.基于实测资料海洋内孤立波诊断模型设计[J].装备环境工程,2014,11(3):10-13.Deng B,Chen F,Xiao Y,et al.Diagnosis model design of internal solitary waves based on in-situ data[J].Equipment Environmental Engineering,2014,11(3):10-13.