城市居民休闲与主观幸福感研究:以广州市为例
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摘要
社会经济的发展与生活方式的转变使城市居民的休闲行为面临转型,探讨当代中国城市居民的休闲与幸福感是新时代城市地理研究中的重要议题。结合休闲的时间与空间要素,构建"休闲-幸福感"理论模型,以广州市为例,在访谈和问卷调查的基础上,运用结构方程模型对城市居民休闲行为和主观幸福感进行研究。结果显示:休闲时间和休闲空间均会对城市居民的休闲参与产生正向的促进作用,但休闲时间的影响更大;休闲时间、休闲参与和休闲满意度会对主观幸福感产生显著的正向影响,其中,休闲满意度对主观幸福感的影响最大;而休闲满意度则受到休闲时间、休闲空间和休闲参与的影响;休闲参与和休闲满意度是建立休闲与幸福感内在联系的重要中介机制。
With the development of social economy, leisure behavior of urban residents is changing. It is necessary to discuss the issue on urban residents' leisure and well-being in modern China. Previous studies have explored the relationship between leisure and subject well-being from the perspectives of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction, but discussions on the mechanism between leisure and well-being have not reached a consensus conclusion, and should be further investigated.Leisure activities will inevitably involve leisure time and leisure space, however, most of the existing literature overlooked the influence of the objective factors. This paper expands the study of leisure and subjective well-being with the dimensions of time and space by establishing a structural equation model of"leisure and well-being". Based on the structural equation model, this study analyzes the impacts of leisure time, leisure space, leisure participation and leisure satisfaction on the subjective well-being, by using the data of questionnaire survey in Guangzhou.The results show that both leisure participation and leisure satisfaction have significantly positive impacts on subjective well-being, which verifies both the activity theory and the need theory. Compared with leisure participation, leisure satisfaction has a greater impact on subjective well-being with a coefficient of 0.394. The results also show that both leisure time and leisure space are exogenous and have positive effects on leisure participation. More concentrated time and less time pressure will significantly improve leisure satisfaction and promote subjective well-being. Leisure space, including leisure places, facilities, environment and atmosphere are also important in leisure activities; however, leisure space does not show any direct impacts, but only indirect impacts on subjective well-being through leisure participation and leisure satisfaction. Thus, leisure participation and leisure satisfaction play intermediary roles in the relationship between leisure and well-being.The findings have important implications for promoting urban residents' leisure behaviors and subjective well-being. First, considering the importance of leisure time, the government should implement the paid vacation system to improve leisure quality and subjective wellbeing of urban residents. Second, leisure space is greatly affected by the local culture and the unique characteristics of a city, and local government should emphasize its own leisure culture to enhance residents' leisure participation. Last but not least, leisure is not equal to well-being,but can meet the individual's needs in psychological, physical, social, aesthetic and other aspects. Thus, leisure industry should be further developed to improve residents' leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being.
With the development of social economy, leisure behavior of urban residents is changing. It is necessary to discuss the issue on urban residents' leisure and well-being in modern China. Previous studies have explored the relationship between leisure and subject well-being from the perspectives of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction, but discussions on the mechanism between leisure and well-being have not reached a consensus conclusion, and should be further investigated.Leisure activities will inevitably involve leisure time and leisure space, however, most of the existing literature overlooked the influence of the objective factors. This paper expands the study of leisure and subjective well-being with the dimensions of time and space by establishing a structural equation model of"leisure and well-being". Based on the structural equation model, this study analyzes the impacts of leisure time, leisure space, leisure participation and leisure satisfaction on the subjective well-being, by using the data of questionnaire survey in Guangzhou.The results show that both leisure participation and leisure satisfaction have significantly positive impacts on subjective well-being, which verifies both the activity theory and the need theory. Compared with leisure participation, leisure satisfaction has a greater impact on subjective well-being with a coefficient of 0.394. The results also show that both leisure time and leisure space are exogenous and have positive effects on leisure participation. More concentrated time and less time pressure will significantly improve leisure satisfaction and promote subjective well-being. Leisure space, including leisure places, facilities, environment and atmosphere are also important in leisure activities; however, leisure space does not show any direct impacts, but only indirect impacts on subjective well-being through leisure participation and leisure satisfaction. Thus, leisure participation and leisure satisfaction play intermediary roles in the relationship between leisure and well-being.The findings have important implications for promoting urban residents' leisure behaviors and subjective well-being. First, considering the importance of leisure time, the government should implement the paid vacation system to improve leisure quality and subjective wellbeing of urban residents. Second, leisure space is greatly affected by the local culture and the unique characteristics of a city, and local government should emphasize its own leisure culture to enhance residents' leisure participation. Last but not least, leisure is not equal to well-being,but can meet the individual's needs in psychological, physical, social, aesthetic and other aspects. Thus, leisure industry should be further developed to improve residents' leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being.
引文
[1]蒋艳.城市居民休闲参与的幸福感研究综述.旅游论坛,2015,8(5):1-10.[Jiang Yan,A review of studies on urban residents’leisure participation and subjective well-being.Tourism Forum,2015,8(5):1-10.]
[2]Lloyd K M,Auld C J.The role of leisure in determining quality of life:Issues of content and measurement.Social Indicators Research,2002,57(1):43-71.
[3]Braj?a-?ganec A,Merka?M,Sverko I.Quality of life and leisure activities:How do leisure activities contribute to subjective well-being?Social Indicators Research.2011,102(1):81-91.
[4]亚里士多德.尼各马可伦理学.苗力田译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999:232-233.[Aristotle.Ethika Nikomachea.Translated by Miao Litian.Beijing:China Social Science Press,1999:232-233.]
[5]Hagerty M R,Cummins R A,Ferriss A L,et al.Quality of life indexes for national policy:Review and agenda for research.Bms Bulletin of Sociological Methodology,2001,55(1):1-96.
[6]罗伯特·斯特宾斯,刘慧梅.休闲与幸福:错综复杂的关系.浙江大学学报:人文社会科学版,2012,42(1):31-43.[Robert A S,Liu Huimei.Leisure and happiness:An intricate relationship.Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences,2012,42(1):31-43.]
[7]Lu L,Argyle M.Leisure satisfaction and happiness as a function of leisure activity.Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences,1994,10(2):89-96.
[8]蒋奖,秦明,克燕南,等.休闲活动与主观幸福感.旅游学刊,2011,26(9):74-78.[Jiang Jiang,Qin Ming,Ke Yannan,et al.Leisure activities and subjective sense of happiness.Tourism Tribune,2011,26(9):74-78.]
[9]Sanghee C,Lee Y K,Byunggook K,et al.The contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to stress-related growth.Leisure Sciences,2012,34(5):436-449.
[10]Ragheb M G,Tate R L.A behavioural model of leisure participation,based on leisure attitude,motivation and satisfaction.Leisure Studies,1993,12(1):61-70.
[11]Beard J G,Ragheb M G.Measuring leisure satisfaction.Journal of Leisure Research,1980,12(1):20-33.
[12]Walker G J,Halpenny E,Spiers A,et al.A prospective panel study of Chinese-Canadian immigrants’leisure participation and leisure satisfaction.Leisure Sciences,2011,33(5):349-365.
[13]Iwasaki Y.Leisure and quality of life in an international and multicultural context:What are major pathways linking leisure to quality of life?Social Indicators Research,2007,82(2):233-264.
[14]马惠娣.休闲--文化哲学层面的透视.自然辩证法研究,2000,16(1):59-64.[Ma Huidi.Leisure:From cultural philosophical perspective.Studies in Dialectics of Nature,2000,16(1):59-64.]
[15]索尔斯坦·凡勃伦.有闲阶级论.李风华,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2012:25-28.[Veblen T.The Theory of the Leisure Class.Translated by Li Fenghua,Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2012:25-28.]
[16]宋瑞.时间、收入、休闲与生活满意度:基于结构方程模型的实证研究.财贸经济,2014,35(6):100-110.[Song Rui.Time,income,leisure and life satisfaction:An empirical study based on SEM model.Finance&Trade Economics,2014,35(6):100-110.]
[17]Heintzman P,Mannell R C.Spiritual functions of leisure and spiritual well-being:Coping with time pressure.Leisure Science,2003,25(2):207-230.
[18]Tinsley H E A,Eldredge B D.Psychological benefits of leisure participation:A taxonomy of leisure activities based on their need-gratifying properties.Journal of Counseling Psychology,1995,42(42):123-132.
[19]韩光明,黄安民.地方理论在城市休闲中的应用.人文地理,2013,28(2):125-130.[Han Guangming,Huang Anmin.Exploration of applying place theory to urban-based leisure study.Human Geography,2013,28(2):125-130.]
[20]Glyptis S A.Leisure life-styles.Regional Studies,1981,15(5):311-326.
[21]Oh C O,Lyu S O,Hammitt W E.Predictive linkages between recreation specialization and place attachment.Journal of Leisure Research,2012,44(1):70-87.
[22]刘志林,柴彦威,龚华.深圳市民休闲时间利用特征研究.人文地理,2000,15(6):73-78.[Liu Zhilin,Chai Yanwei,Gong Hua.The study on citizens’leisure time use in Shenzhen city.Human Geography,2000,15(6):73-78.]
[23]赵莹,柴彦威,桂晶晶.中国城市休闲时空行为研究前沿.旅游学刊,2016,31(9):30-40.[Zhao Ying,Chai Yanwei,Gui Jingjing.Prospects for urban leisure studies in China:A perspective of space-time behavior.Tourism Tribune,2016,31(9):30-40.]
[24]薛东前,刘溪,周会粉.中国居民时间的利用特征及其影响因素分析.地理研究,2013,32(9):1688-1698.[Xue Dongqian,Liu Xi,Zhou Huifen.Time characteristic of Chinese residents and its influencing factors.Geographical Research,2013,32(9):1688-1698.]
[25]齐兰兰,周素红.广州不同阶层城市居民日常家外休闲行为时空间特征.地域研究与开发,2017,36(5):57-63.[Qi Lanlan,Zhou Suhong.Spatial and temporal characteristics of city residents daily leisure behavior outside the home under view of stratum in Guangzhou city.Areal Research and Development,2017,36(5):57-63.]
[26]杰弗瑞·戈比.你生命中的休闲.康筝,田松译.昆明:云南人民出版社,2000:9-11.[Godbey G.Leisure in Your Life.Translated by Kang Zheng,Tian Song.Kunming:Yunnan People's Publishing House,2000:9-11.]
[27]Pieper J.Leisure:The Basis of Culture.Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1999:28-30.
[28]Kleiber D A,Samdahl D M,Scott D,et al.The neglect of relaxation.Journal of Leisure Research,2000,32(1):82-86.
[29]Leung L,Lee P S N.Multiple determinants of life quality:The roles of Internet activities,use of new media,social support,and leisure activities.Telematics&Informatics,2005,22(3):161-180.
[30]Rodríguez A,LátkováP,Sun Y Y.The relationship between leisure and life satisfaction:Application of activity and need theory.Social Indicators Research,2008,86(1):163-175.
[31]Staempfli M B.Adolescent playfulness,stress perception,coping and well-being.Journal of Leisure Research,2007,39(3):393-412.
[32]Henderson K A,Hodges S,Kivel B D.Context and dialogue in research on women and leisure.Journal of Leisure Research,2002,34(3):253-271.
[33]龙江智,王苏.深度休闲与主观幸福感--基于中国老年群体的本土化研究.旅游学刊,2013,28(2):77-85.[Long Jiangzhi,Wang Su.Serious leisure and happy life:a localization study based on Chinese senior group.Tourism Tribune,2013,28(2):77-85.]
[34]Stock W A,Okun M A,Benin M.Structure of subjective well-being among the elderly.Psychol Aging,1986,1(1):91-102.
[35]Crandall R.Motivations for leisure.Journal of Leisure Research,1980,12(1):45-54.
[36]宋子千,蒋艳.城市居民休闲生活满意度及其影响机制:以杭州为例.人文地理,2014,29(2):53-60.[Song Ziqian,Jiang Yan.Leisure life satisfaction of urban residents and its influential mechanism:A case study of Hangzhou.Human Geography,2014,29(2):53-60.]
[37]Newman D B,Tay L,Diener E.Leisure and subjective well-being:A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors.Journal of Happiness Studies,2014,15(3):555-578.
[38]Mannell R C,Kleiber D A.A social psychology of leisure.Annals of Leisure Research,1997,17(2):239-240.
[39]Kuykendall L,Tay L,Ng V.Leisure engagement and subjective well-being:A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin,2015,141(2):364-403.
[40]党云晓,张文忠,谌丽,等.居民幸福感的城际差异及其影响因素探析--基于多尺度模型的研究.地理研究,2018,37(3):539-550.[Dang Yunxiao,Zhang Wenzhong,Chen Li,et al.Inter-city difference and influencing factors of residents'subjective well-being:A study based on multilevel modelling.Geographical Research,2018,37(3):539-550.]
[41]Diener E.Subjective well-being.Psychological Bulletin,1984,95(3):542-575.
[42]Diener E,Emmons R A.The independence of positive and negative affect.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,1984,47(5):1105-1117.
[43]Diener E,Smith H,Fujita F.The personality structure of affect.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,1995,69(1):130-141.
[44]曹新向,苗长虹,陈玉英,等.休闲城市评价指标体系及其实证研究.地理研究,2010,29(9):1695-1705.[Cao Xinxiang,Miao Changhong,Chen Yuying,et al.Study on the index system to evaluate leisure city and its application.Geographical Research,2010,29(9):1695-1705.]
[45]林敏慧,保继刚.城市广场舞休闲研究:以广州为例.旅游学刊,2016,31(6):60-72.[Lin Minhui,Bao Jigang.Research on“Carnivalesque Dancing”:A case study of Guangzhou.Tourism Tribune,2016,31(6):60-72.]
[46]Tuan Y F.Geography,phenomenology and the study of human nature.Canadian Geographer.2008,15(3):181-192.
[2]Lloyd K M,Auld C J.The role of leisure in determining quality of life:Issues of content and measurement.Social Indicators Research,2002,57(1):43-71.
[3]Braj?a-?ganec A,Merka?M,Sverko I.Quality of life and leisure activities:How do leisure activities contribute to subjective well-being?Social Indicators Research.2011,102(1):81-91.
[4]亚里士多德.尼各马可伦理学.苗力田译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999:232-233.[Aristotle.Ethika Nikomachea.Translated by Miao Litian.Beijing:China Social Science Press,1999:232-233.]
[5]Hagerty M R,Cummins R A,Ferriss A L,et al.Quality of life indexes for national policy:Review and agenda for research.Bms Bulletin of Sociological Methodology,2001,55(1):1-96.
[6]罗伯特·斯特宾斯,刘慧梅.休闲与幸福:错综复杂的关系.浙江大学学报:人文社会科学版,2012,42(1):31-43.[Robert A S,Liu Huimei.Leisure and happiness:An intricate relationship.Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences,2012,42(1):31-43.]
[7]Lu L,Argyle M.Leisure satisfaction and happiness as a function of leisure activity.Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences,1994,10(2):89-96.
[8]蒋奖,秦明,克燕南,等.休闲活动与主观幸福感.旅游学刊,2011,26(9):74-78.[Jiang Jiang,Qin Ming,Ke Yannan,et al.Leisure activities and subjective sense of happiness.Tourism Tribune,2011,26(9):74-78.]
[9]Sanghee C,Lee Y K,Byunggook K,et al.The contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to stress-related growth.Leisure Sciences,2012,34(5):436-449.
[10]Ragheb M G,Tate R L.A behavioural model of leisure participation,based on leisure attitude,motivation and satisfaction.Leisure Studies,1993,12(1):61-70.
[11]Beard J G,Ragheb M G.Measuring leisure satisfaction.Journal of Leisure Research,1980,12(1):20-33.
[12]Walker G J,Halpenny E,Spiers A,et al.A prospective panel study of Chinese-Canadian immigrants’leisure participation and leisure satisfaction.Leisure Sciences,2011,33(5):349-365.
[13]Iwasaki Y.Leisure and quality of life in an international and multicultural context:What are major pathways linking leisure to quality of life?Social Indicators Research,2007,82(2):233-264.
[14]马惠娣.休闲--文化哲学层面的透视.自然辩证法研究,2000,16(1):59-64.[Ma Huidi.Leisure:From cultural philosophical perspective.Studies in Dialectics of Nature,2000,16(1):59-64.]
[15]索尔斯坦·凡勃伦.有闲阶级论.李风华,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2012:25-28.[Veblen T.The Theory of the Leisure Class.Translated by Li Fenghua,Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2012:25-28.]
[16]宋瑞.时间、收入、休闲与生活满意度:基于结构方程模型的实证研究.财贸经济,2014,35(6):100-110.[Song Rui.Time,income,leisure and life satisfaction:An empirical study based on SEM model.Finance&Trade Economics,2014,35(6):100-110.]
[17]Heintzman P,Mannell R C.Spiritual functions of leisure and spiritual well-being:Coping with time pressure.Leisure Science,2003,25(2):207-230.
[18]Tinsley H E A,Eldredge B D.Psychological benefits of leisure participation:A taxonomy of leisure activities based on their need-gratifying properties.Journal of Counseling Psychology,1995,42(42):123-132.
[19]韩光明,黄安民.地方理论在城市休闲中的应用.人文地理,2013,28(2):125-130.[Han Guangming,Huang Anmin.Exploration of applying place theory to urban-based leisure study.Human Geography,2013,28(2):125-130.]
[20]Glyptis S A.Leisure life-styles.Regional Studies,1981,15(5):311-326.
[21]Oh C O,Lyu S O,Hammitt W E.Predictive linkages between recreation specialization and place attachment.Journal of Leisure Research,2012,44(1):70-87.
[22]刘志林,柴彦威,龚华.深圳市民休闲时间利用特征研究.人文地理,2000,15(6):73-78.[Liu Zhilin,Chai Yanwei,Gong Hua.The study on citizens’leisure time use in Shenzhen city.Human Geography,2000,15(6):73-78.]
[23]赵莹,柴彦威,桂晶晶.中国城市休闲时空行为研究前沿.旅游学刊,2016,31(9):30-40.[Zhao Ying,Chai Yanwei,Gui Jingjing.Prospects for urban leisure studies in China:A perspective of space-time behavior.Tourism Tribune,2016,31(9):30-40.]
[24]薛东前,刘溪,周会粉.中国居民时间的利用特征及其影响因素分析.地理研究,2013,32(9):1688-1698.[Xue Dongqian,Liu Xi,Zhou Huifen.Time characteristic of Chinese residents and its influencing factors.Geographical Research,2013,32(9):1688-1698.]
[25]齐兰兰,周素红.广州不同阶层城市居民日常家外休闲行为时空间特征.地域研究与开发,2017,36(5):57-63.[Qi Lanlan,Zhou Suhong.Spatial and temporal characteristics of city residents daily leisure behavior outside the home under view of stratum in Guangzhou city.Areal Research and Development,2017,36(5):57-63.]
[26]杰弗瑞·戈比.你生命中的休闲.康筝,田松译.昆明:云南人民出版社,2000:9-11.[Godbey G.Leisure in Your Life.Translated by Kang Zheng,Tian Song.Kunming:Yunnan People's Publishing House,2000:9-11.]
[27]Pieper J.Leisure:The Basis of Culture.Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1999:28-30.
[28]Kleiber D A,Samdahl D M,Scott D,et al.The neglect of relaxation.Journal of Leisure Research,2000,32(1):82-86.
[29]Leung L,Lee P S N.Multiple determinants of life quality:The roles of Internet activities,use of new media,social support,and leisure activities.Telematics&Informatics,2005,22(3):161-180.
[30]Rodríguez A,LátkováP,Sun Y Y.The relationship between leisure and life satisfaction:Application of activity and need theory.Social Indicators Research,2008,86(1):163-175.
[31]Staempfli M B.Adolescent playfulness,stress perception,coping and well-being.Journal of Leisure Research,2007,39(3):393-412.
[32]Henderson K A,Hodges S,Kivel B D.Context and dialogue in research on women and leisure.Journal of Leisure Research,2002,34(3):253-271.
[33]龙江智,王苏.深度休闲与主观幸福感--基于中国老年群体的本土化研究.旅游学刊,2013,28(2):77-85.[Long Jiangzhi,Wang Su.Serious leisure and happy life:a localization study based on Chinese senior group.Tourism Tribune,2013,28(2):77-85.]
[34]Stock W A,Okun M A,Benin M.Structure of subjective well-being among the elderly.Psychol Aging,1986,1(1):91-102.
[35]Crandall R.Motivations for leisure.Journal of Leisure Research,1980,12(1):45-54.
[36]宋子千,蒋艳.城市居民休闲生活满意度及其影响机制:以杭州为例.人文地理,2014,29(2):53-60.[Song Ziqian,Jiang Yan.Leisure life satisfaction of urban residents and its influential mechanism:A case study of Hangzhou.Human Geography,2014,29(2):53-60.]
[37]Newman D B,Tay L,Diener E.Leisure and subjective well-being:A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors.Journal of Happiness Studies,2014,15(3):555-578.
[38]Mannell R C,Kleiber D A.A social psychology of leisure.Annals of Leisure Research,1997,17(2):239-240.
[39]Kuykendall L,Tay L,Ng V.Leisure engagement and subjective well-being:A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin,2015,141(2):364-403.
[40]党云晓,张文忠,谌丽,等.居民幸福感的城际差异及其影响因素探析--基于多尺度模型的研究.地理研究,2018,37(3):539-550.[Dang Yunxiao,Zhang Wenzhong,Chen Li,et al.Inter-city difference and influencing factors of residents'subjective well-being:A study based on multilevel modelling.Geographical Research,2018,37(3):539-550.]
[41]Diener E.Subjective well-being.Psychological Bulletin,1984,95(3):542-575.
[42]Diener E,Emmons R A.The independence of positive and negative affect.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,1984,47(5):1105-1117.
[43]Diener E,Smith H,Fujita F.The personality structure of affect.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,1995,69(1):130-141.
[44]曹新向,苗长虹,陈玉英,等.休闲城市评价指标体系及其实证研究.地理研究,2010,29(9):1695-1705.[Cao Xinxiang,Miao Changhong,Chen Yuying,et al.Study on the index system to evaluate leisure city and its application.Geographical Research,2010,29(9):1695-1705.]
[45]林敏慧,保继刚.城市广场舞休闲研究:以广州为例.旅游学刊,2016,31(6):60-72.[Lin Minhui,Bao Jigang.Research on“Carnivalesque Dancing”:A case study of Guangzhou.Tourism Tribune,2016,31(6):60-72.]
[46]Tuan Y F.Geography,phenomenology and the study of human nature.Canadian Geographer.2008,15(3):181-192.