Is bi-seasonal germination an optimal choice for an ephemeral plant living in a cold desert?
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摘要
Research on germination strategies has been proposed as a tool for understanding the evolutionary patterns of plant species living in extreme climate conditions. Previous research has concentrated on spring-germinated plants, while there has been little investigation on the ecological significance of ephemeral plants that germinate in both autumn and spring. The biological characteristics and life history strategies of autumn-and spring-germinated plants of Hypecoum erectum L. that belongs to Hypecoum in Papaveraceae family in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China, were investigated from 2016 to 2017. Results showed that:(1) the interval from seedling emergence to the end of the life cycle in autumn-germinated plants(202–208 d) was significantly longer than that in spring-germinated plants(53–65 d);(2) the height, crown, principal axis and the number of leaves of autumn-germinated plants were much greater than those of spring-germinated plants;(3) allocation of dry mass to reproduction was 30.24%(±2.41%) and 10.12%(±0.68%) in autumn-and spring-germinated plants, respectively. Autumn-germinated seedlings of H. erectum had an advantage in avoiding the competition between annual and perennial herbs that had longer periods of vegetative growth.Spring-germinated seedlings need to ensure the survival of population when only a fewer autumn-germinated seedlings successfully overwinter. In an unpredictable environment, the germination strategy of bet hedging not only utilizes the resources and reduces the competition intensity in offspring,but also ensures the survival of the plant population.
Research on germination strategies has been proposed as a tool for understanding the evolutionary patterns of plant species living in extreme climate conditions. Previous research has concentrated on spring-germinated plants, while there has been little investigation on the ecological significance of ephemeral plants that germinate in both autumn and spring. The biological characteristics and life history strategies of autumn-and spring-germinated plants of Hypecoum erectum L. that belongs to Hypecoum in Papaveraceae family in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China, were investigated from 2016 to 2017. Results showed that:(1) the interval from seedling emergence to the end of the life cycle in autumn-germinated plants(202–208 d) was significantly longer than that in spring-germinated plants(53–65 d);(2) the height, crown, principal axis and the number of leaves of autumn-germinated plants were much greater than those of spring-germinated plants;(3) allocation of dry mass to reproduction was 30.24%(±2.41%) and 10.12%(±0.68%) in autumn-and spring-germinated plants, respectively. Autumn-germinated seedlings of H. erectum had an advantage in avoiding the competition between annual and perennial herbs that had longer periods of vegetative growth.Spring-germinated seedlings need to ensure the survival of population when only a fewer autumn-germinated seedlings successfully overwinter. In an unpredictable environment, the germination strategy of bet hedging not only utilizes the resources and reduces the competition intensity in offspring,but also ensures the survival of the plant population.
Research on germination strategies has been proposed as a tool for understanding the evolutionary patterns of plant species living in extreme climate conditions. Previous research has concentrated on spring-germinated plants, while there has been little investigation on the ecological significance of ephemeral plants that germinate in both autumn and spring. The biological characteristics and life history strategies of autumn-and spring-germinated plants of Hypecoum erectum L. that belongs to Hypecoum in Papaveraceae family in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China, were investigated from 2016 to 2017. Results showed that:(1) the interval from seedling emergence to the end of the life cycle in autumn-germinated plants(202–208 d) was significantly longer than that in spring-germinated plants(53–65 d);(2) the height, crown, principal axis and the number of leaves of autumn-germinated plants were much greater than those of spring-germinated plants;(3) allocation of dry mass to reproduction was 30.24%(±2.41%) and 10.12%(±0.68%) in autumn-and spring-germinated plants, respectively. Autumn-germinated seedlings of H. erectum had an advantage in avoiding the competition between annual and perennial herbs that had longer periods of vegetative growth.Spring-germinated seedlings need to ensure the survival of population when only a fewer autumn-germinated seedlings successfully overwinter. In an unpredictable environment, the germination strategy of bet hedging not only utilizes the resources and reduces the competition intensity in offspring,but also ensures the survival of the plant population.
引文
Chen Z C,Shi Z Y,Tian C Y,et al.2008.Diversity and spatial distribution characteristics of ephemeral plants germinated in autumn in the southern edge of Gurbantunggut Desert.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,36(5):2016-2018.(in Chinese)
Cheplick G P.1992.Sibling competition in plants.Journal of Ecology,80(3):567-575.
Chesson P.2000.Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,31(1):343-366.
Dong Z B,Chen W N,Dong G R,et al.1996.Influences of vegetation cover on the wind erosion of sandy soil.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,16(4):437-443.(in Chinese)
Donohue K,de Casas R R,Burghardt L,et al.2010.Germination,postgermination adaptation,and species ecological ranges.Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,41(41):293-319.
Ellner S.1987.Alternate plant life history strategies and coexistence in randomly varying environments.Vegetatio,69(1-3):199-208.
Fabbro T,K?rner C.2004.Altitudinal differences in flower traits and reproductive allocation.Flora,199(1):70-81.
Footitt S,Clay H A,Dent K,et al.2014.Environment sensing in spring-dispersed seeds of a winter annual Arabidopsis influences the regulation of dormancy to align germination potential with seasonal changes.New Phytologist,202(3):929-939.
Gonzálezastorga J,Nú?ezfarfan J.2000.Variable demography in relation to germination time in the annual plant Tagetes micrantha Cav.(Asteraceae).Plant Ecology,151(2):253-259.
Gross K L,Smith A D.1991.Seed mass and emergence time effects on performance of Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.across environments.Oecologia,87(2):270-278.
Gutterman Y.2000.Environmental factors and survival strategies of annual plant species in the Negev Desert,Israel.Plant Species Biology,15(2):113-125.
Huang P Y.2002.Non irrigated vegetation and its restoration in arid areas.Beijing Science Press,80-81.(in Chinese)
Herrera J.1991.Allocation of reproductive resources within and among inflorescences of Lavandula stoechas(Lamiaceae).American Journal of Botany,78(6):789-794.
Klinkhamer P G L,de Jong T J,Metz H.1997.Sex and size in cosexual plants.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,12(7):260-265.
Lambrecht S C,Loik M E,Inouye D W,et al.2007.Reproductive and physiological responses to simulated climate warming for four subalpine species.New Phytologist,173(1):121-134.
Liu X F,Tan D Y.2007.Diaspore characteristics and dispersal strategies of 24 ephemeral species of Brassicaceae in the Junggar Desert of China.Journal of Plant Ecology,31(6):1019-1027.(in Chinese)
Ma S J,Tan D Y.2007.Phenology and sex expression of Junggar Desert ephemerals Neotorularia korolkovii and Isatis violascens(Brassicaceae).Acta Ecologica Sinica,27(2):486-496.(in Chinese)
Masuda M,Washitani I.1992.Differentiation of spring emerging and autumn emerging ecotypes in Galium spurium L.var.echinospermon.Oecologia,89(1):42-46.
Mccauley R A,Allen S D,Breeden M R,et al.2017.Pollination ecology of the newly described narrow endemic Ipomopsis ramosa(Polemoniaceae)in southwestern Colorado.Phytologia,99(2):118-125.
Pan W B.1995.The ecology of four ephemeral plants.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,19(1):85-91.(in Chinese)
Qian Y B,Wu Z N,Zhang L Y,et al.2004.Ground-surface conditions resulting in dust storms in the south Junggar Basin.Arid Land Geography,27(4):540-542.(in Chinese)
Qiu J,Tan D Y,Fan D Y.2007.Characteristics of photosynthesis and biomass allocation of spring ephemerals in the Junggar Desert.Journal of Plant Ecology,31(5):883-891.(in Chinese)
Rameau C,Gouyon P H.1991.Resource allocation to growth,reproduction and survival in Gladiolus:The cost of male function.Journal of Evolutionary Biology,4(2):291-307.
Rittenhouse L R,Sneva F A.1977.A technique for estimating big sagebrush production.Journal of Range Management,30(1):68-70.
Sadeh A,Guterman H,Gersani M,et al.2009 Plastic bet-hedging in an amphicarpic annual:an integrated strategy under variable conditions.Evolutionary Ecology,23(3):373-388.
Sawrey O R P.2013.Effect of altitude and co-occurring species on sequential reproductive stages in a grassland harebell.PhDDissertation.Otago:University of Otago.
Shreve F.1936.The plant life of the Sonoran Desert.Scientific Monthly,42(3):195-213.
Silvertown J,Charlesworth D.1993.Introduction to Plant Population Biology.Oxford:Blackwell Science Publication,284-286.
Susko D J,Lovett-Doust L.2000.Plant-size and fruit-position effects on reproductive allocation in Alliaria petiolata(Brassicaceae).Canadian Journal of Botany,78(11):1398-1407.
Tan D Y,Tian Y W,Aihemaiti.1996a.Microsporogenesis and the formation of malegametophyte on ephemeral plant in Plantago lessingii.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,16(2):164-168.(in Chinese)
Tan D Y,Yu X F,Tian Y W.1996b.Studies on embryology of ephemeral in Koelpinia linearis Pall.Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,19(1):8-14.(in Chinese)
Venable D L.1985.The evolutionary ecology of seed heteromorphism.American Naturalist,126(5):577-595.
Wan M W,Liu X Z.1987.The Observation Methods of Phenology in China.Beijing Science Press,56-57.(in Chinese)
Wang X Q,Jiang J,Lei J Q,et al.2003.The distribution of ephemeral vegetation on the longitudinal dune surface and its stabilization significance in the Gurbantunggut Desert.Acta Geographica Sinica,58(4):598-605.(in Chinese)
Went F W.1948.Ecology of desert plants.I.Observations on germination in the Joshua tree National Monument,California.Ecology,29(3):242-253.
Wolfe S A,Nickling W G.1993.The protective role of sparse vegetation in wind erosion.Progress in Physical Geography,17(1):50-68.
Yang G.1991.The study on anatomy of the vegetative organ in spring ephemeral plants.Beijing:Science Press,203-211.(in Chinese)
Yang S L,Shi X,Dong J X,et al.2015.The community characteristics and biological characteristics of psammophytes ephemeral plant Hypecoum erectum L.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,35(11):2299-2306.(in Chinese)
Yang S L.2016.The reproductive ecology of Hypecoum erectum L.(poppy family).PhD Dissertation.Shihezi:Shihezi University.(in Chinese)
Yang X H,Wang Y B,Cui D,et al.2005.Some issues of engineering geology in Gurbantunggut Desert:as illustration of a water conducting engineering.Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,32(3):23-26.
Yao H.2005.The reproductive ecology of four ephemeral species of Trigonella.PhD Dissertation.Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University.(in Chinese)
Yao H,Tan D Y.2005.Size-dependent reproductive output and life-history strategies in four ephemeral species of Trigonella.Journal of Plant Ecology,29(6):954-960.(in Chinese)
Zeng X L.2011.Characters and trend of seeds germinate in autumn in Gurbantuggut Desert,China.PhD Dissertation.Shihezi:Shihezi University.(in Chinese)
Zeng X L,Liu T,Shen X Y,et al.2011.Environment-dependence of seed germination in autumn in Gurbantunggut Desert.Chinese Journal of Ecology,30(8):1604-1611.
Zeng X L,Liu T,Zhang W B,et al.2012.Variations in groundwater levels and quality and their effects on vegetation in the western Gurbantunggut Desert.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(5):1490-1501.(in Chinese)
Zhang L Y.2002.The ephemeral plants in Xinjiang I-Unique ecological and biological characteristics.Plants,1:4-6.
Zhang T,Sun Y,Tian C Y,et al.2007.Ecological and biological differences between spring and autumn plants of two desert ephemerals.Journal of Plant Ecology,31(6):1174-1180.(in Chinese)
Zhou H F,Li Y,Tang Y,et al.2009.The characteristics of the snow-cover and-snowmelt water storage in Gurbantunggut Desert.Arid Zone Research,26(3):312-317.(in Chinese)
Zhuang Z,Tian Y W.1990a.A study of morphology of short lived plant Lepidium perfoliatum L.I anatomical structure of the vegetative organ.Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,13(3):50-56.(in Chinese)
Zhuang Z,Tian Y W.1990b.A study of morphology of short lived plant Lepidium perfoliatum L.II anatomical structure of the reproductive organ.Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,13(4):42-47.(in Chinese)
Cheplick G P.1992.Sibling competition in plants.Journal of Ecology,80(3):567-575.
Chesson P.2000.Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,31(1):343-366.
Dong Z B,Chen W N,Dong G R,et al.1996.Influences of vegetation cover on the wind erosion of sandy soil.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,16(4):437-443.(in Chinese)
Donohue K,de Casas R R,Burghardt L,et al.2010.Germination,postgermination adaptation,and species ecological ranges.Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,41(41):293-319.
Ellner S.1987.Alternate plant life history strategies and coexistence in randomly varying environments.Vegetatio,69(1-3):199-208.
Fabbro T,K?rner C.2004.Altitudinal differences in flower traits and reproductive allocation.Flora,199(1):70-81.
Footitt S,Clay H A,Dent K,et al.2014.Environment sensing in spring-dispersed seeds of a winter annual Arabidopsis influences the regulation of dormancy to align germination potential with seasonal changes.New Phytologist,202(3):929-939.
Gonzálezastorga J,Nú?ezfarfan J.2000.Variable demography in relation to germination time in the annual plant Tagetes micrantha Cav.(Asteraceae).Plant Ecology,151(2):253-259.
Gross K L,Smith A D.1991.Seed mass and emergence time effects on performance of Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.across environments.Oecologia,87(2):270-278.
Gutterman Y.2000.Environmental factors and survival strategies of annual plant species in the Negev Desert,Israel.Plant Species Biology,15(2):113-125.
Huang P Y.2002.Non irrigated vegetation and its restoration in arid areas.Beijing Science Press,80-81.(in Chinese)
Herrera J.1991.Allocation of reproductive resources within and among inflorescences of Lavandula stoechas(Lamiaceae).American Journal of Botany,78(6):789-794.
Klinkhamer P G L,de Jong T J,Metz H.1997.Sex and size in cosexual plants.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,12(7):260-265.
Lambrecht S C,Loik M E,Inouye D W,et al.2007.Reproductive and physiological responses to simulated climate warming for four subalpine species.New Phytologist,173(1):121-134.
Liu X F,Tan D Y.2007.Diaspore characteristics and dispersal strategies of 24 ephemeral species of Brassicaceae in the Junggar Desert of China.Journal of Plant Ecology,31(6):1019-1027.(in Chinese)
Ma S J,Tan D Y.2007.Phenology and sex expression of Junggar Desert ephemerals Neotorularia korolkovii and Isatis violascens(Brassicaceae).Acta Ecologica Sinica,27(2):486-496.(in Chinese)
Masuda M,Washitani I.1992.Differentiation of spring emerging and autumn emerging ecotypes in Galium spurium L.var.echinospermon.Oecologia,89(1):42-46.
Mccauley R A,Allen S D,Breeden M R,et al.2017.Pollination ecology of the newly described narrow endemic Ipomopsis ramosa(Polemoniaceae)in southwestern Colorado.Phytologia,99(2):118-125.
Pan W B.1995.The ecology of four ephemeral plants.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,19(1):85-91.(in Chinese)
Qian Y B,Wu Z N,Zhang L Y,et al.2004.Ground-surface conditions resulting in dust storms in the south Junggar Basin.Arid Land Geography,27(4):540-542.(in Chinese)
Qiu J,Tan D Y,Fan D Y.2007.Characteristics of photosynthesis and biomass allocation of spring ephemerals in the Junggar Desert.Journal of Plant Ecology,31(5):883-891.(in Chinese)
Rameau C,Gouyon P H.1991.Resource allocation to growth,reproduction and survival in Gladiolus:The cost of male function.Journal of Evolutionary Biology,4(2):291-307.
Rittenhouse L R,Sneva F A.1977.A technique for estimating big sagebrush production.Journal of Range Management,30(1):68-70.
Sadeh A,Guterman H,Gersani M,et al.2009 Plastic bet-hedging in an amphicarpic annual:an integrated strategy under variable conditions.Evolutionary Ecology,23(3):373-388.
Sawrey O R P.2013.Effect of altitude and co-occurring species on sequential reproductive stages in a grassland harebell.PhDDissertation.Otago:University of Otago.
Shreve F.1936.The plant life of the Sonoran Desert.Scientific Monthly,42(3):195-213.
Silvertown J,Charlesworth D.1993.Introduction to Plant Population Biology.Oxford:Blackwell Science Publication,284-286.
Susko D J,Lovett-Doust L.2000.Plant-size and fruit-position effects on reproductive allocation in Alliaria petiolata(Brassicaceae).Canadian Journal of Botany,78(11):1398-1407.
Tan D Y,Tian Y W,Aihemaiti.1996a.Microsporogenesis and the formation of malegametophyte on ephemeral plant in Plantago lessingii.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,16(2):164-168.(in Chinese)
Tan D Y,Yu X F,Tian Y W.1996b.Studies on embryology of ephemeral in Koelpinia linearis Pall.Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,19(1):8-14.(in Chinese)
Venable D L.1985.The evolutionary ecology of seed heteromorphism.American Naturalist,126(5):577-595.
Wan M W,Liu X Z.1987.The Observation Methods of Phenology in China.Beijing Science Press,56-57.(in Chinese)
Wang X Q,Jiang J,Lei J Q,et al.2003.The distribution of ephemeral vegetation on the longitudinal dune surface and its stabilization significance in the Gurbantunggut Desert.Acta Geographica Sinica,58(4):598-605.(in Chinese)
Went F W.1948.Ecology of desert plants.I.Observations on germination in the Joshua tree National Monument,California.Ecology,29(3):242-253.
Wolfe S A,Nickling W G.1993.The protective role of sparse vegetation in wind erosion.Progress in Physical Geography,17(1):50-68.
Yang G.1991.The study on anatomy of the vegetative organ in spring ephemeral plants.Beijing:Science Press,203-211.(in Chinese)
Yang S L,Shi X,Dong J X,et al.2015.The community characteristics and biological characteristics of psammophytes ephemeral plant Hypecoum erectum L.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,35(11):2299-2306.(in Chinese)
Yang S L.2016.The reproductive ecology of Hypecoum erectum L.(poppy family).PhD Dissertation.Shihezi:Shihezi University.(in Chinese)
Yang X H,Wang Y B,Cui D,et al.2005.Some issues of engineering geology in Gurbantunggut Desert:as illustration of a water conducting engineering.Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,32(3):23-26.
Yao H.2005.The reproductive ecology of four ephemeral species of Trigonella.PhD Dissertation.Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University.(in Chinese)
Yao H,Tan D Y.2005.Size-dependent reproductive output and life-history strategies in four ephemeral species of Trigonella.Journal of Plant Ecology,29(6):954-960.(in Chinese)
Zeng X L.2011.Characters and trend of seeds germinate in autumn in Gurbantuggut Desert,China.PhD Dissertation.Shihezi:Shihezi University.(in Chinese)
Zeng X L,Liu T,Shen X Y,et al.2011.Environment-dependence of seed germination in autumn in Gurbantunggut Desert.Chinese Journal of Ecology,30(8):1604-1611.
Zeng X L,Liu T,Zhang W B,et al.2012.Variations in groundwater levels and quality and their effects on vegetation in the western Gurbantunggut Desert.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(5):1490-1501.(in Chinese)
Zhang L Y.2002.The ephemeral plants in Xinjiang I-Unique ecological and biological characteristics.Plants,1:4-6.
Zhang T,Sun Y,Tian C Y,et al.2007.Ecological and biological differences between spring and autumn plants of two desert ephemerals.Journal of Plant Ecology,31(6):1174-1180.(in Chinese)
Zhou H F,Li Y,Tang Y,et al.2009.The characteristics of the snow-cover and-snowmelt water storage in Gurbantunggut Desert.Arid Zone Research,26(3):312-317.(in Chinese)
Zhuang Z,Tian Y W.1990a.A study of morphology of short lived plant Lepidium perfoliatum L.I anatomical structure of the vegetative organ.Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,13(3):50-56.(in Chinese)
Zhuang Z,Tian Y W.1990b.A study of morphology of short lived plant Lepidium perfoliatum L.II anatomical structure of the reproductive organ.Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,13(4):42-47.(in Chinese)