藏南吉隆地区大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩的新生代变质作用和构造意义
|
摘要
大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩位于喜马拉雅造山带的核部,其变质作用的研究是揭示碰撞造山作用和动力学的关键。本文对喜马拉雅造山带中部吉隆地区的大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩中的片麻岩和片岩进行了岩石学和锆石U-Pb年代学的研究,表明这些高级变质岩经历了高角闪岩相的变质作用和部分熔融,以及近等温降压的退变质过程。片麻岩和片岩的峰期变质矿物组合为斜长石+钾长石+黑云母+白云母+石英±石榴子石±钛铁矿和石榴子石+蓝晶石+斜长石+黑云母+白云母+钛铁矿+石英,晚期退变质矿物组合为斜长石+钾长石+黑云母+白云母+夕线石+石英±石榴子石和石榴子石+夕线石+斜长石+黑云母+白云母+钛铁矿+石英。相平衡模拟研究表明,岩石的峰期变质条件为685~755℃和9.5~12kbar,退变质作用条件为675~685℃和6~7.4kbar。锆石U-Pb年代学表明,高级变质岩的部分熔融时间为38~16Ma,熔体结晶时间为17~15Ma。本次研究表明,大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩中、上部并没有普遍经历高压麻粒岩相变质作用,部分地区包括吉隆地区经历的是高角闪岩相变质作用。此外,本文在吉隆地区高级变质的大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩中识别出较低级变质的特提斯喜马拉雅岩系单元。结合已发表的藏南拆离断裂的主要活动时间,本文认为构造楔模型更适用于研究区喜马拉雅造山过程的解释。
The Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex located at the core of the Himalayan orogenic belt is key to reveal the collisional orogenesis and dynamics. Here,we present the petrology and zircon U-Pb chronology of the gneisses and schists from the Gyirong area,central Himalayan orogen. The results show that these high-grade metamorphic rocks have experienced a peakmetamorphism of the upper-amphibolite facies and partial melting,and then a retrograde process of isothermal decompression. The peak-metamorphic mineral assemblages are plagioclase + K-feldspar + biotite + muscovite + quartz ± garnet ± ilmenite and garnet +kyanite + plagioclase + biotite + muscovite + ilmenite + quartz,and the retrograde mineral assemblages are plagioclase + K-feldspar +biotite + muscovite + sillimanite + quartz ± garnet and garnet + sillimanite + plagioclase + biotite + muscovite + ilmenite + quartz. Phase equilibria modeling shows that these high-grade metamorphic rocks have underwent peak metamorphic conditions of 685 ~ 755℃ and9. 5 ~ 12 kbar,retrograde metamorphic conditions of 675 ~ 685℃ and 6 ~ 7. 4kbar. Zircon U-Pb chronology indicates that the partial melting occurred at ca. 38 ~ 16 Ma,and melt crystallization at ca. 17 ~ 15 Ma. The present study elucidates that the middle-upper section of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex haven't generally experienced high-pressure granulite facies metamorphism,but rather the upper-amphibolite facies metamorphism in some areas including the Gyirong area. A lower metamorphic unit of the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence is identified within the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex from the Gyirong area. Combined with the published motion time of the South Tibet Detachment,this study suggests that the tectonic wedge model is more suitable for the interpretation of the Himalayan orogeny in the study area.
The Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex located at the core of the Himalayan orogenic belt is key to reveal the collisional orogenesis and dynamics. Here,we present the petrology and zircon U-Pb chronology of the gneisses and schists from the Gyirong area,central Himalayan orogen. The results show that these high-grade metamorphic rocks have experienced a peakmetamorphism of the upper-amphibolite facies and partial melting,and then a retrograde process of isothermal decompression. The peak-metamorphic mineral assemblages are plagioclase + K-feldspar + biotite + muscovite + quartz ± garnet ± ilmenite and garnet +kyanite + plagioclase + biotite + muscovite + ilmenite + quartz,and the retrograde mineral assemblages are plagioclase + K-feldspar +biotite + muscovite + sillimanite + quartz ± garnet and garnet + sillimanite + plagioclase + biotite + muscovite + ilmenite + quartz. Phase equilibria modeling shows that these high-grade metamorphic rocks have underwent peak metamorphic conditions of 685 ~ 755℃ and9. 5 ~ 12 kbar,retrograde metamorphic conditions of 675 ~ 685℃ and 6 ~ 7. 4kbar. Zircon U-Pb chronology indicates that the partial melting occurred at ca. 38 ~ 16 Ma,and melt crystallization at ca. 17 ~ 15 Ma. The present study elucidates that the middle-upper section of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex haven't generally experienced high-pressure granulite facies metamorphism,but rather the upper-amphibolite facies metamorphism in some areas including the Gyirong area. A lower metamorphic unit of the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence is identified within the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex from the Gyirong area. Combined with the published motion time of the South Tibet Detachment,this study suggests that the tectonic wedge model is more suitable for the interpretation of the Himalayan orogeny in the study area.
引文
Alexander WA.2013.Preliminary palinspastic reconstruction of Cenozoic deformation across the Himachal Himalaya(northwestern India).Geosphere,9(3):572-587
Beaumont C,Jamieson RA,Nguyen MH and Lee B.2001.Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation.Nature,414(6865):738-742
Beaumont C,Jamieson RA,Nguyen MH and Medvedev S.2004.Crustal channel flows:1.Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen.Journal of Geophysical Research,109(B6):B06406,doi:10.1029/2003JB002809
Burchfiel BC and Royden LH.1985.North-south extension within the convergent Himalayan region.Geology,13(10):679-682
Cawood PA and Buchan C.2007.Linking accretionary orogenesis with supercontinent assembly.Earth Science Review,82(3-4):217-256
Cawood PA,Johnson MRW and Nernch AA.2007.Early Palaeozoic orogenesis along the Indian margin of Gondwana:Tectonic response to Gondwana assembly.Earth Planetary and Science Letters,255(1-2):70-84
Chakungal J,Dostal J,Grujic D,Duchêne S and Ghalley KS.2010.Provenance of the Greater Himalayan sequence:Evidence from mafic granulites and amphibolites in NW Bhutan.Tectonophysics,480(1-4):198-212
Chen YP,Wei CJ,Zhang JR and Chu H.2015.Metamorphism and zircon U-Pb dating of garnet amphibolite in the Baoyintu Group,Inner Mongolia.Science Bulletin,60(19):1698-1707
Connolly JAD.2005.Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming:A tool for geodynamic modeling and its application to subdution zone decarbonation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,236(1-2):524-541
De Celles PG,Gehrels GE,Quade J and Ojha TP.1998.Eocene-Early Miocene foreland basin development and the history of Himalayan thrusting,western and central Nepal.Tectonics,17(5):741-765
De Celles PG,Gehrels GE,Quade J,LaReau B and Spurlin M.2000.Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal.Science,288(5465):497-499
Faak K,Chakraborty S and Dasgupta S.2012.Petrology and tectonic significance of metabasite slivers in the Lesser and Higher Himalayan domains of Sikkim,India.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,30(6):599-622
Frank W,Grasemann B,Guntli P and Miller C.1995.Geological map of the Kishwar-Chamba-Kulu region(NW Himalayas India).Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt,138:299-308
Gansser A.1964.Geology of the Himalayas.New York:Wiley Interscience,289
Gao LE,Zeng LS,Xu ZQ and Wang L.2015.Himalaya in the Caledonia time:A record from the Malashan-Gyirong area,southern Tibet.Acta Petrologica Sinica,31(5):1200-1218(in Chinese with English abstract)
Garzanti E,Gorza M,Martellini L and Nicora A.1994.Transition from diagenesis to metamorphism in the Paleozoic to Mesozoic succession of the Dolpo-Manang Synclinorium and Thakkhola Graben(Nepal Tethys Himalaya).Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,87(2):613-632
Groppo C,Rubatto D,Rolfo F and Lombardo B.2010.Early Oligocene partial melting in the Main Central Thrust Zone(Arun valley,eastern Nepal Himalaya).Lithos,118(3-4):287-301
Grujic D,Casey M,Davidson C,Hollister LS,Kündig R,Pavlis T and Schmid S.1996.Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in Bhutan:Evidence from quartz microfabrics.Tectonophysics,260(1-3):21-43
Guillot S,Mahéo G,de Sigoyer J,Hattori KH and Pêcher A.2008.Tethyan and Indian subduction viewed from the Himalayan high-to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks.Tectonophysics,451(1-4):225-241
Guilmette C,Indares A and Hébert R.2011.High-pressure anatectic paragneisses from the Namche Barwa,Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis:Textural evidence for partial melting,phase equilibria modeling and tectonic implications.Lithos,124(1-2):66-81
Hermann J.2002.Allanite:Thorium and light rare earth element carrier in subducted crust.Chemical Geology,192(3-4):289-306
Hodges KV.2000.Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives.Geological Society of America Bulletin,112(3):324-350
Hodges KV,Hurtado JM and Whipple KX.2001.Southward extrusion of Tibetan crust and its effect on Himalayan tectonics.Tectonics,29(6):799-809
Holland TJB and Powell R.1998.An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,16(3):309-343
Holness MB and Sawyer EW.2008.On the pseudomorphing of melt-filled pores during the crystallization of migmatites.Journal of Petrology,49(7):1343-1363
Imayama T,Takeshita T,Yi K,Cho DL,Kitajima K,Tsutsumi Y,Kayama M,Nishido H,Okumura T,Yagi K,Itaya T and Sano Y.2012.Two-stage partial melting and contrasting cooling history within the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence in the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya.Lithos,134-135:1-22
Jia JC,Lu YM and Zhang ZL.2002.New progress in the study of the Nyalam Group in the Gyirong area,southern Tibet.Geology in China,29(2):178-180(in Chinese with English abstract)
Kellett D,Grujic D,Warren C,Cottle J,Jamieson R and Tenzin T.2010.Metamorphic history of a syn-convergent orogen-parallel detachment:The South Tibetan detachment system,Bhutan Himalaya.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,28(8):785-808
Kohn MJ.2008.P-T-t data from central Nepal support critical taper and repudiate large-scale channel flow of the Greater Himalayan Sequence.Geological Society of America Bulletin,120(3-4):259-273
Kohn MJ.2014.Himalayan metamorphism and its tectonic implications.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,42(1):381-419
Le Fort P.1975.Himalayas,the collided range:Present knowledge of the continental arc.American Journal of Science,275:1-44
Le Fort P.1989.The Himalayan orogenic segment.In:Sengor AMC(ed.).Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region.Berlin:Springer,289-386
Li XH and Li QL.2016.Major advances in microbeam analytical techniques and their applications in Earth Science.Science Bulletin,61(23):1785-1787
Liu GH and Einsele G.1994.Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalayas.Geologische Rundschau,82(1):32-61
Liu YS,Hu ZC,Gao S,Günthe D,Xu J,Gao CG and Chen HH.2008.In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard.Chemical Geology,257(1-2):34-43
Liu YS,Gao S,Hu ZC,Gao CG,Zong KQ and Wang DB.2010.Continental and oceanic crust recycling-induced melt-peridotite interactions in the Trans-North China Orogen:U-Pb dating,Hf isotopes and trace elements in zircons of mantle xenoliths.Journal of Petrology,51(1-2):537-571
Long S,Mc Quarrie N,Tobgay T and Grujic D.2011.Geometry and crustal shortening of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt,eastern and central Bhutan.Geological Society of America Bulletin,123(7-8):1427-1447
Ludwig KR.2003.ISOPLOT 3.00:A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel.Berkeley,CA:Berkeley Geochronology Center
Miller C,Th9ni M,Frank W,Grasemann B,Kl9tzli U,Guntli P and Draganits E.2001.The Early Palaeozoic magmatic event in the Northwest Himalaya,India:Source,tectonic setting and age of emplacement.Geological Magazine,138(3):237-251
Mojzsis SJ and Mark Harrison T.2002.Establishment of a 3.83Ga magmatic age for the Akilia tonalite(southern West Greenland).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,202(3-4):563-576
Nelson KD,Zhao W,Brown LD et al..1996.Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet:Synthesis of Project INDEPTH results.Science,274(5293):1684-1688
Parrish RR and Hodges KV.1996.Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences,Nepalese Himalaya.Geological Society of America Bulletin,108(7):904-911
Rowley DB,Xue F,Tucker RD,Peng ZX,Baker J and Davis A.1997.Ages of ultrahigh pressure metamorphism and protolith orthogneisses from the eastern Dabie Shan:U/Pb zircon geochronology.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,151(3-4):191-203
Rubatto D.2002.Zircon trace element geochemistry:Partitioning with garnet and the link between U-Pb ages and metamorphism.Chemical Geology,184(1-2):123-138
Rubatto D,Chakraborty S and Dasgupta S.2013.Timescales of crustal melting in the Higher Himalayan Crystallines(Sikkim,Eastern Himalaya)inferred from trace element constrained monazite and zircon chronology.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,165(2):349-372
Sorcar N,Hoppe U,Dasgupta S and Chakraborty S.2014.Hightemperature cooling histories of migmatites from the High Himalayan Crystallines in Sikkim,India:Rapid cooling unrelated to exhumation?Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,167(2):1-34
Sun SS and Mc Donough WF.1989.Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts:Implicaions for mantle composition and processes.In:Sanders AD and Norry MJ(eds.).Magmatism in Ocean Basins.Geological Society,London,Special Publication,42:313-345
Tian ZL,Zhang ZM and Dong X.2016.Metamorphism of high-Pmetagreywacke from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis:Phase equilibria and P-T path.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,34(7):697-718
Upreti BN.1999.An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,17(5-6):577-606
Vannay JC and Grasemann B.1998.Inverted metamorphism in the High Himalaya of Himachal Pradesh(NW India):Phase equilibria versus thermobarometry.Swiss Journal of Geosciences Supplement,78:107-132
Viskupic K,Hodges KV and Bowring SA.2005.Timescales of melt generation and the thermal evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core,Everest region,eastern Nepal.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,149(1):1-21
Wang JM,Zhang JJ and Wang XX.2013.Structural kinematics,metamorphic P-T profiles and zircon geochronology across the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex in south-central Tibet:Implication for a revised channel flow.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,31(6):607-628
Wang JM,Zhang JJ,Liu K,Zhang B,Wang XX,Rai SM and Scheltens M.2016.Spatial and temporal evolution of tectonometamorphic discontinuities in the central Himalaya:Constraints from P-T paths and geochronology.Tectonophysics,679:41-60
Wang XX,Zhang JJ,Yang XY and Zhang B.2011.Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages,Hf isotopic features and their geological significance of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex augen gneiss in Gyirong Area,south Tibet.Earth Science Frontiers,18(2):127-139(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang XX,Zhang JJ and Wang JM.2016.Early paleozoic magmatism in Himalayan orogen:The geochronological study on augen gneisses from Gyirong and Nyalam areas,southern Tibet.Advances in Earth Science,31(4):391-402(in Chinese with English abstract)
Warren CJ,Grujic D,Kellett DA,Cottle J,Jamieson R and Ghalley KS.2011.Probing the depths of the Indian-Asia collision:U-Th-Pb monazite chronology of granulites from NW Buthan.Tectonics,30:1-24
Waters DJ.2001.The significance of prograde and retrograde quartzbearing intergrowth microstructures in partially melted granulite facies rocks.Lithos,56(1):97-110
Webb A,Alexander G,Yin A,Harrison TM,Célérier J and Burgess WP.2007.The leading edge of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex revealed in the NW Indian Himalaya:Implications for the evolution of the Himalayan Orogen.Geology,35(10):955-958
Webb A,Alexander G,Yin A,Harrison TM,Célérier J,Gehrels GE,Manning CE and Grove M.2011.Cenozoic tectonic history of the Himachal Himalaya(northwestern India)and its constraints on the formation mechanism of the Himalayan orogen.Geosphere,7(4):1013-1061
Whitney DL and Evans BW.2010.Abbreviations for names of rockforming minerals.American Mineralogist,95(1):185-187
Xu ZQ,Wang Q,Pêcher A,Liang FH,Qi XX,Cai ZH,Li HQ,Zeng LS and Cao H.2013.Orogen-parallel ductile extension and extrusion of the Greater Himalaya in the late Oligocene and Miocene.Tectonics,32(2):191-215
Yang XY,Zhang JJ,Qi GW,Wang DC,Guo L,Li PY and Liu J.2009.Structure and deformation around the Gyirong basin,North Himalaya,and onset of the South Tibetan Detachment System.Science in China(Series D),52(8):1046-1058
Yin A and Harrison TM.2000.Geologic evolution of the HimalayanTibetan orogen.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,28(1):211-280
Yin A.2006.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry,exhumation history,and foreland sedimentation.Earth-Science Reviews,76(1-2):1-131
Yu SY,Zhang JX,Sun DY,Li YS and Gong JH.2015.Anatexis of ultrahigh-pressure eclogite during exhumation in the North Qaidam ultrahigh-pressure terrane:Constraints from petrology,zircon U-Pb dating,and geochemistry.Geological Society of American Bulletin,127(9-10):1290-1312
Zhang JJ.2007.A review on the extensional structures in the northern Himalaya and southern Tibet.Geological Bulletin of China,26(6):639-649(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang JJ,Santosh M,Wang XX,Guo L,Yang XY and Zhang B.2012a.Tectonics of the northern Himalaya since the India-Asia collision.Gondwana Research,21(4):939-960
Zhang ZM,Dong X,Santosh M,Liu F,Wang W,Yu F,He ZY and Shen K.2012b.Petrology and geochronology of the Namche Barwa Complex in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis,Tibet:Constraints on the origin and evolution of the north-eastern margin of the Indian Craton.Gondwana Research,21(1):123-137
Zhang ZM,Xiang H,Dong X,Ding HX and He ZY.2015.Long-lived high-temperature granulite-facies metamorphism in the Eastern Himalayan orogen,south Tibet.Lithos,212-215:1-15
Zhang ZM,Xiang H,Dong X,Li WC,Ding HX,Gou ZB and Tian ZL.2017.Oligocene HP metamorphism and anatexis of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence in Yadong region,east-central Himalaya.Gondwana Research,41:173-187
高利娥,曾令森,许志琴,王莉.2015.喜马拉雅造山带加里东期构造作用:以马拉山-吉隆构造带为例.岩石学报,31(5):1200-1218
贾建称,鲁艳明,张振利.2002.藏南吉隆地区聂拉木群的研究.中国地质,29(2):178-180
王晓先,张进江,杨雄英,张波.2011.藏南吉隆地区早古生代大喜马拉雅片麻岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义.地球前缘,18(2):127-139
王晓先,张进江,王佳敏.2016.喜马拉雅早古生代岩浆事件:以吉隆和聂拉木眼球状片麻岩为例.地球科学进展,31(4):391-402
杨雄英,张进江,戚国伟,王德朝,郭磊,李鹏远,刘江.2009.吉隆盆地周缘构造变形特征及藏南拆离系启动年龄.中国科学(D辑),39(8):1128-1139
张进江.2007.北喜马拉雅及藏南伸展构造综述.地质通报,26(6):639-649
Beaumont C,Jamieson RA,Nguyen MH and Lee B.2001.Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation.Nature,414(6865):738-742
Beaumont C,Jamieson RA,Nguyen MH and Medvedev S.2004.Crustal channel flows:1.Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen.Journal of Geophysical Research,109(B6):B06406,doi:10.1029/2003JB002809
Burchfiel BC and Royden LH.1985.North-south extension within the convergent Himalayan region.Geology,13(10):679-682
Cawood PA and Buchan C.2007.Linking accretionary orogenesis with supercontinent assembly.Earth Science Review,82(3-4):217-256
Cawood PA,Johnson MRW and Nernch AA.2007.Early Palaeozoic orogenesis along the Indian margin of Gondwana:Tectonic response to Gondwana assembly.Earth Planetary and Science Letters,255(1-2):70-84
Chakungal J,Dostal J,Grujic D,Duchêne S and Ghalley KS.2010.Provenance of the Greater Himalayan sequence:Evidence from mafic granulites and amphibolites in NW Bhutan.Tectonophysics,480(1-4):198-212
Chen YP,Wei CJ,Zhang JR and Chu H.2015.Metamorphism and zircon U-Pb dating of garnet amphibolite in the Baoyintu Group,Inner Mongolia.Science Bulletin,60(19):1698-1707
Connolly JAD.2005.Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming:A tool for geodynamic modeling and its application to subdution zone decarbonation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,236(1-2):524-541
De Celles PG,Gehrels GE,Quade J and Ojha TP.1998.Eocene-Early Miocene foreland basin development and the history of Himalayan thrusting,western and central Nepal.Tectonics,17(5):741-765
De Celles PG,Gehrels GE,Quade J,LaReau B and Spurlin M.2000.Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal.Science,288(5465):497-499
Faak K,Chakraborty S and Dasgupta S.2012.Petrology and tectonic significance of metabasite slivers in the Lesser and Higher Himalayan domains of Sikkim,India.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,30(6):599-622
Frank W,Grasemann B,Guntli P and Miller C.1995.Geological map of the Kishwar-Chamba-Kulu region(NW Himalayas India).Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt,138:299-308
Gansser A.1964.Geology of the Himalayas.New York:Wiley Interscience,289
Gao LE,Zeng LS,Xu ZQ and Wang L.2015.Himalaya in the Caledonia time:A record from the Malashan-Gyirong area,southern Tibet.Acta Petrologica Sinica,31(5):1200-1218(in Chinese with English abstract)
Garzanti E,Gorza M,Martellini L and Nicora A.1994.Transition from diagenesis to metamorphism in the Paleozoic to Mesozoic succession of the Dolpo-Manang Synclinorium and Thakkhola Graben(Nepal Tethys Himalaya).Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,87(2):613-632
Groppo C,Rubatto D,Rolfo F and Lombardo B.2010.Early Oligocene partial melting in the Main Central Thrust Zone(Arun valley,eastern Nepal Himalaya).Lithos,118(3-4):287-301
Grujic D,Casey M,Davidson C,Hollister LS,Kündig R,Pavlis T and Schmid S.1996.Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in Bhutan:Evidence from quartz microfabrics.Tectonophysics,260(1-3):21-43
Guillot S,Mahéo G,de Sigoyer J,Hattori KH and Pêcher A.2008.Tethyan and Indian subduction viewed from the Himalayan high-to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks.Tectonophysics,451(1-4):225-241
Guilmette C,Indares A and Hébert R.2011.High-pressure anatectic paragneisses from the Namche Barwa,Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis:Textural evidence for partial melting,phase equilibria modeling and tectonic implications.Lithos,124(1-2):66-81
Hermann J.2002.Allanite:Thorium and light rare earth element carrier in subducted crust.Chemical Geology,192(3-4):289-306
Hodges KV.2000.Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives.Geological Society of America Bulletin,112(3):324-350
Hodges KV,Hurtado JM and Whipple KX.2001.Southward extrusion of Tibetan crust and its effect on Himalayan tectonics.Tectonics,29(6):799-809
Holland TJB and Powell R.1998.An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,16(3):309-343
Holness MB and Sawyer EW.2008.On the pseudomorphing of melt-filled pores during the crystallization of migmatites.Journal of Petrology,49(7):1343-1363
Imayama T,Takeshita T,Yi K,Cho DL,Kitajima K,Tsutsumi Y,Kayama M,Nishido H,Okumura T,Yagi K,Itaya T and Sano Y.2012.Two-stage partial melting and contrasting cooling history within the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence in the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya.Lithos,134-135:1-22
Jia JC,Lu YM and Zhang ZL.2002.New progress in the study of the Nyalam Group in the Gyirong area,southern Tibet.Geology in China,29(2):178-180(in Chinese with English abstract)
Kellett D,Grujic D,Warren C,Cottle J,Jamieson R and Tenzin T.2010.Metamorphic history of a syn-convergent orogen-parallel detachment:The South Tibetan detachment system,Bhutan Himalaya.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,28(8):785-808
Kohn MJ.2008.P-T-t data from central Nepal support critical taper and repudiate large-scale channel flow of the Greater Himalayan Sequence.Geological Society of America Bulletin,120(3-4):259-273
Kohn MJ.2014.Himalayan metamorphism and its tectonic implications.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,42(1):381-419
Le Fort P.1975.Himalayas,the collided range:Present knowledge of the continental arc.American Journal of Science,275:1-44
Le Fort P.1989.The Himalayan orogenic segment.In:Sengor AMC(ed.).Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region.Berlin:Springer,289-386
Li XH and Li QL.2016.Major advances in microbeam analytical techniques and their applications in Earth Science.Science Bulletin,61(23):1785-1787
Liu GH and Einsele G.1994.Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalayas.Geologische Rundschau,82(1):32-61
Liu YS,Hu ZC,Gao S,Günthe D,Xu J,Gao CG and Chen HH.2008.In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard.Chemical Geology,257(1-2):34-43
Liu YS,Gao S,Hu ZC,Gao CG,Zong KQ and Wang DB.2010.Continental and oceanic crust recycling-induced melt-peridotite interactions in the Trans-North China Orogen:U-Pb dating,Hf isotopes and trace elements in zircons of mantle xenoliths.Journal of Petrology,51(1-2):537-571
Long S,Mc Quarrie N,Tobgay T and Grujic D.2011.Geometry and crustal shortening of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt,eastern and central Bhutan.Geological Society of America Bulletin,123(7-8):1427-1447
Ludwig KR.2003.ISOPLOT 3.00:A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel.Berkeley,CA:Berkeley Geochronology Center
Miller C,Th9ni M,Frank W,Grasemann B,Kl9tzli U,Guntli P and Draganits E.2001.The Early Palaeozoic magmatic event in the Northwest Himalaya,India:Source,tectonic setting and age of emplacement.Geological Magazine,138(3):237-251
Mojzsis SJ and Mark Harrison T.2002.Establishment of a 3.83Ga magmatic age for the Akilia tonalite(southern West Greenland).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,202(3-4):563-576
Nelson KD,Zhao W,Brown LD et al..1996.Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet:Synthesis of Project INDEPTH results.Science,274(5293):1684-1688
Parrish RR and Hodges KV.1996.Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences,Nepalese Himalaya.Geological Society of America Bulletin,108(7):904-911
Rowley DB,Xue F,Tucker RD,Peng ZX,Baker J and Davis A.1997.Ages of ultrahigh pressure metamorphism and protolith orthogneisses from the eastern Dabie Shan:U/Pb zircon geochronology.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,151(3-4):191-203
Rubatto D.2002.Zircon trace element geochemistry:Partitioning with garnet and the link between U-Pb ages and metamorphism.Chemical Geology,184(1-2):123-138
Rubatto D,Chakraborty S and Dasgupta S.2013.Timescales of crustal melting in the Higher Himalayan Crystallines(Sikkim,Eastern Himalaya)inferred from trace element constrained monazite and zircon chronology.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,165(2):349-372
Sorcar N,Hoppe U,Dasgupta S and Chakraborty S.2014.Hightemperature cooling histories of migmatites from the High Himalayan Crystallines in Sikkim,India:Rapid cooling unrelated to exhumation?Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,167(2):1-34
Sun SS and Mc Donough WF.1989.Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts:Implicaions for mantle composition and processes.In:Sanders AD and Norry MJ(eds.).Magmatism in Ocean Basins.Geological Society,London,Special Publication,42:313-345
Tian ZL,Zhang ZM and Dong X.2016.Metamorphism of high-Pmetagreywacke from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis:Phase equilibria and P-T path.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,34(7):697-718
Upreti BN.1999.An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,17(5-6):577-606
Vannay JC and Grasemann B.1998.Inverted metamorphism in the High Himalaya of Himachal Pradesh(NW India):Phase equilibria versus thermobarometry.Swiss Journal of Geosciences Supplement,78:107-132
Viskupic K,Hodges KV and Bowring SA.2005.Timescales of melt generation and the thermal evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core,Everest region,eastern Nepal.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,149(1):1-21
Wang JM,Zhang JJ and Wang XX.2013.Structural kinematics,metamorphic P-T profiles and zircon geochronology across the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex in south-central Tibet:Implication for a revised channel flow.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,31(6):607-628
Wang JM,Zhang JJ,Liu K,Zhang B,Wang XX,Rai SM and Scheltens M.2016.Spatial and temporal evolution of tectonometamorphic discontinuities in the central Himalaya:Constraints from P-T paths and geochronology.Tectonophysics,679:41-60
Wang XX,Zhang JJ,Yang XY and Zhang B.2011.Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages,Hf isotopic features and their geological significance of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex augen gneiss in Gyirong Area,south Tibet.Earth Science Frontiers,18(2):127-139(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang XX,Zhang JJ and Wang JM.2016.Early paleozoic magmatism in Himalayan orogen:The geochronological study on augen gneisses from Gyirong and Nyalam areas,southern Tibet.Advances in Earth Science,31(4):391-402(in Chinese with English abstract)
Warren CJ,Grujic D,Kellett DA,Cottle J,Jamieson R and Ghalley KS.2011.Probing the depths of the Indian-Asia collision:U-Th-Pb monazite chronology of granulites from NW Buthan.Tectonics,30:1-24
Waters DJ.2001.The significance of prograde and retrograde quartzbearing intergrowth microstructures in partially melted granulite facies rocks.Lithos,56(1):97-110
Webb A,Alexander G,Yin A,Harrison TM,Célérier J and Burgess WP.2007.The leading edge of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex revealed in the NW Indian Himalaya:Implications for the evolution of the Himalayan Orogen.Geology,35(10):955-958
Webb A,Alexander G,Yin A,Harrison TM,Célérier J,Gehrels GE,Manning CE and Grove M.2011.Cenozoic tectonic history of the Himachal Himalaya(northwestern India)and its constraints on the formation mechanism of the Himalayan orogen.Geosphere,7(4):1013-1061
Whitney DL and Evans BW.2010.Abbreviations for names of rockforming minerals.American Mineralogist,95(1):185-187
Xu ZQ,Wang Q,Pêcher A,Liang FH,Qi XX,Cai ZH,Li HQ,Zeng LS and Cao H.2013.Orogen-parallel ductile extension and extrusion of the Greater Himalaya in the late Oligocene and Miocene.Tectonics,32(2):191-215
Yang XY,Zhang JJ,Qi GW,Wang DC,Guo L,Li PY and Liu J.2009.Structure and deformation around the Gyirong basin,North Himalaya,and onset of the South Tibetan Detachment System.Science in China(Series D),52(8):1046-1058
Yin A and Harrison TM.2000.Geologic evolution of the HimalayanTibetan orogen.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,28(1):211-280
Yin A.2006.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry,exhumation history,and foreland sedimentation.Earth-Science Reviews,76(1-2):1-131
Yu SY,Zhang JX,Sun DY,Li YS and Gong JH.2015.Anatexis of ultrahigh-pressure eclogite during exhumation in the North Qaidam ultrahigh-pressure terrane:Constraints from petrology,zircon U-Pb dating,and geochemistry.Geological Society of American Bulletin,127(9-10):1290-1312
Zhang JJ.2007.A review on the extensional structures in the northern Himalaya and southern Tibet.Geological Bulletin of China,26(6):639-649(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang JJ,Santosh M,Wang XX,Guo L,Yang XY and Zhang B.2012a.Tectonics of the northern Himalaya since the India-Asia collision.Gondwana Research,21(4):939-960
Zhang ZM,Dong X,Santosh M,Liu F,Wang W,Yu F,He ZY and Shen K.2012b.Petrology and geochronology of the Namche Barwa Complex in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis,Tibet:Constraints on the origin and evolution of the north-eastern margin of the Indian Craton.Gondwana Research,21(1):123-137
Zhang ZM,Xiang H,Dong X,Ding HX and He ZY.2015.Long-lived high-temperature granulite-facies metamorphism in the Eastern Himalayan orogen,south Tibet.Lithos,212-215:1-15
Zhang ZM,Xiang H,Dong X,Li WC,Ding HX,Gou ZB and Tian ZL.2017.Oligocene HP metamorphism and anatexis of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence in Yadong region,east-central Himalaya.Gondwana Research,41:173-187
高利娥,曾令森,许志琴,王莉.2015.喜马拉雅造山带加里东期构造作用:以马拉山-吉隆构造带为例.岩石学报,31(5):1200-1218
贾建称,鲁艳明,张振利.2002.藏南吉隆地区聂拉木群的研究.中国地质,29(2):178-180
王晓先,张进江,杨雄英,张波.2011.藏南吉隆地区早古生代大喜马拉雅片麻岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义.地球前缘,18(2):127-139
王晓先,张进江,王佳敏.2016.喜马拉雅早古生代岩浆事件:以吉隆和聂拉木眼球状片麻岩为例.地球科学进展,31(4):391-402
杨雄英,张进江,戚国伟,王德朝,郭磊,李鹏远,刘江.2009.吉隆盆地周缘构造变形特征及藏南拆离系启动年龄.中国科学(D辑),39(8):1128-1139
张进江.2007.北喜马拉雅及藏南伸展构造综述.地质通报,26(6):639-649