从异文比较看“和上”与“和尚”的历时演变
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摘要
《太平广记》征引《高僧传》的内容中,有将"和上"改为"和尚"的用例。"和尚"与"和上"本为梵语亲教师的两种不同音译形式,音义并无太大差别。二者最早均见于汉译佛经,"和上"产生于西晋,"和尚"则产生于东晋,"和上"的产生时间要稍早于"和尚"。"和上"在东晋时期的用例要多于"和尚",至南北朝,"和尚"用例逐渐增加,其与"和上"在文献中的使用频率可谓旗鼓相当。但到了唐代,在中土僧人的著作中,"和尚"便较"和上"更具优势了。至迟在晚唐五代,"和尚"完成了对"和上"的历时替换。
In the content of Tai Ping Guang Ji cited in Biography of the Eminent Monks, there is a case of changing Heshang to Monk. Monk and Heshang are two different transliteration forms of Sanskrit pro-teachers, and there is not much difference between them. Both of them were first seen in the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures. Heshang was born in the Western Jin Dynasty, Monk was produced in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the Heshang was produced earlier than the Monk. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the use of Heshang was more frequently than that of Monk. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the use of Monk gradually increased, and the frequency of using Heshang in the literature was comparable. However, in the works of the Chinese monks of Tang Dynasty, the monk was more advantageous than the Heshang. At least in late Tang and Five Dynasties, the word monk completed the diachronic replacement of Heshang.
In the content of Tai Ping Guang Ji cited in Biography of the Eminent Monks, there is a case of changing Heshang to Monk. Monk and Heshang are two different transliteration forms of Sanskrit pro-teachers, and there is not much difference between them. Both of them were first seen in the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures. Heshang was born in the Western Jin Dynasty, Monk was produced in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the Heshang was produced earlier than the Monk. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the use of Heshang was more frequently than that of Monk. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the use of Monk gradually increased, and the frequency of using Heshang in the literature was comparable. However, in the works of the Chinese monks of Tang Dynasty, the monk was more advantageous than the Heshang. At least in late Tang and Five Dynasties, the word monk completed the diachronic replacement of Heshang.
引文
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[2]释慧皎,释道宣,释赞宁.高僧传合集[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2011.
[3]上海师范大学古籍整理研究所.全宋笔记(第四编)[M].郑州:大象出版社,2008.
[4]大藏经刊行会.大正新修大藏经[M].台北:新文丰出版股份有限公司,1983.
[5]方一新,高列过.东汉疑伪佛经的语言学考辨[M].北京:人民出版社,2012.
[6]释僧祐.出三藏记集[M].北京:中华书局,1995.
[7]董志翘.中古文献语言论集[M].成都:巴蜀书社,2000.
[8]徐震堮.世说新语校笺[M].北京:中华书局,1984.
[9]沈约.宋书[M].北京:中华书局,2018.
[10]魏收.魏书[M].北京:中华书局,2017.
[11]黄征,张涌泉.敦煌变文校注[M].北京:中华书局,1997.
[12]释静,释筠.祖堂集[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1994.
[13]李宗江.汉语常用词演变研究[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2016.
[14]董诰,阮元,徐松等.全唐文[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1990.
[15]项楚.寒山诗注:附拾得诗注[M].北京:中华书局,2000.
[16]方一新,王云路.中古汉语读本[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2006.
[17]汪维辉.东汉——隋常用词演变研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2017.
[18]向熙.简明汉语史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.
[19]颜洽茂.《大正新修大藏经》平议二题[J].汉语史学报,2002(第2辑):200-206.
[20]真大成.中古译经所反映的“一词多形”现象[J].汉语史学报,2019(第19辑):96-113.
[21]张国风.太平广记会校[M].北京:北京燕山出版社,2011.
[22]朱庆之.佛典与中古汉语词汇研究[M].台北:文津出版社,1982.
[23]谭赤子.“和尚”的俗词源探讨[J].韶关学院学报,2009(4):57-58.