女足运动员Choking心理机制的质性研究
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摘要
本研究对上海女足13名运动员进行半结构式访谈,在运动员了解Choking现象的基础上,让运动员描述比赛Choking的过程,从而探究女足运动员发生比赛Choking的心理机制。从访谈结果来看,运动员发生Choking的主要原因是面对比赛压力时受到各种因素的干扰,导致其注意力不能很好地集中在比赛上,干扰信息导致其技术动作的自动化过程受阻,在压力认知和决策的执行动态过程中,由于受到多元因素的影响最终发生Choking。通过对访谈结果进行归纳分析,共归纳出26个原始数据主题,进一步总结出9个高级主题,在9个高级主题的基础上归纳出3个概括性维度,分别是压力来源、压力下的反应以及压力导致的结果 ,这3个概括性维度对应了Choking的诱因、Choking的表现和Choking的结果。由此得出以下结论:女足运动员发生Choking的心理机制是赛前来自各方面的干扰因素引发了运动员比赛时生理和心理上的Choking表现,最终导致技战术发挥失常,女足运动员比赛Choking的现象会在队友之间相互"传染"。
This study conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 female football players in Shanghai. After learning about the phenomenon of Choking, the athletes were asked to describe their experience of Choking in competition, so as to explore the psychological mechanism of Choking in competition. According to the interviews, the main reason for Choking is that athletes are disturbed by various factors when facing competition pressure, which results in their inability to focus their attention well on the competition. The disturbance blocks the natural proceeding of their technical actions. In the dynamic process of pressure awareness and decision-making, Choking eventually occurs under the influence of multiple factors. With the interview results, a total of 26 topics were located from the original data, and then 9 advanced topics were further summarized, on the basis of which 3 general dimensions were concluded: the source of pressure, the reaction under pressure and the results caused by pressure. These 3 dimensions correspond with the causes, symptoms and results of Choking. Accordingly, it is concluded that the Choking of female football players is resulted from various interference before the competition. The interference triggers their physical and psychological Choking symptoms during the competition, and ultimately leads to the abnormal performance of techniques and tactics. The Choking of female football players in competition will "pass on" to their teammates.
This study conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 female football players in Shanghai. After learning about the phenomenon of Choking, the athletes were asked to describe their experience of Choking in competition, so as to explore the psychological mechanism of Choking in competition. According to the interviews, the main reason for Choking is that athletes are disturbed by various factors when facing competition pressure, which results in their inability to focus their attention well on the competition. The disturbance blocks the natural proceeding of their technical actions. In the dynamic process of pressure awareness and decision-making, Choking eventually occurs under the influence of multiple factors. With the interview results, a total of 26 topics were located from the original data, and then 9 advanced topics were further summarized, on the basis of which 3 general dimensions were concluded: the source of pressure, the reaction under pressure and the results caused by pressure. These 3 dimensions correspond with the causes, symptoms and results of Choking. Accordingly, it is concluded that the Choking of female football players is resulted from various interference before the competition. The interference triggers their physical and psychological Choking symptoms during the competition, and ultimately leads to the abnormal performance of techniques and tactics. The Choking of female football players in competition will "pass on" to their teammates.
引文
[1]石岩.我国备战与征战奥运会过程中值得关注的几个问题[J].体育与科学,2004(1):42-46.
[2]汪如锋,杨斌.体育比赛中的“Choking”现象---一个亟待解决的心理学问题[J].体育科技,2007(1):49-52.
[3]王进.为什么到手的金牌会“飞走”:竞赛中“Choking”现象[J].心理学报,2003,35(2):274-281
[4]Anshel M.Anxiety in sport In:Morris T,Summers J ed.Sport psychology:Theory,applications and issues.Brisbane,Australia:Wiley,1995.29-62.
[5]Hanrahan S.Choking:An avoidable-disappointment[J].The Masters Athlete,1996,(10):3.
[6]王进.解读“反胜为败”的现象:一个“Choking”过程理论[J].心理学报,2004,36(5):621-629
[7]Baumeister R.F.Choking under pressure:Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1984,46:610-620.
[8]Nideffer R.M.Psyched to win Champaign IL:Leisure Press,1992.
[9]Nideffer R M,Sagal M S.Concentration and attention control training.In:Williams J M.(Ed.)Applied sport psychology:Personal growth to peak performance(3rd ed)[M].Mountain View,CA:Mayfield,1998.296-315.
[10]Moran A.P.The psychology of concentration in sport performances:A cognitive analysis.East Sussex,England:Taylor&Francis,1996.
[11]钟玉芳,周爱保,余青云,何养成.压力下运动员“Choking”现象的实验研究[J].心理研究,2017,10(4):52-59.
[12]Gibbons F.X.Self-evaluation and self-perception:The role of attention in the experience of anxiety.In:Schwarzer R,Wicklund R A ed.Anxiety and self-focused attention[M].Chur,Switzerland:Harwood Academic,1991,15-26.
[13]Lewis B.P.,Linder D.E.Thinking about Choking?Attentional processes and paradoxical performance.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1997,23:937-944.
[14]Beilock S.L.,Carr T.H.On the fragility of skilled performance:What governs Choking under pressure?[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology,2001,130:701-725.
[15]Butler J.L.,Baumeister R.F.The trouble with friendly faces:Skilled performance with a supportive audience[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1998,75:1213-1230.
[16]陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000.
[17]刘书强,胡旭丹.中国跳水运动员备战伦敦奥运会赛前的心理准备[J].体育科研,2015,36(4):92-95.
[18]刘书强.高水平跳水运动员备战重大比赛心理监控与调节研究[D].武汉体育学院,2013.
[19]姒刚彦,张忠秋,张春青等.中国运动员备战2008年北京奥运会的心理服务[J].中国体育科技,2012,48(4):3-20.
[20]C?téJ.,Salmela J.H.,Baria A.,et al.Organizing and interpreting un-structured qualitative date[J].Sport Psycho,1993,7(2):127-137.
[21]Creswell J.W.Qualitative inquiry and research method:Choosing among five approaches(2nd.ed.)[M].Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,2007.
[22]邹菲.内容分析法的理论与实践研究[D].武汉大学,2004.
[23]Sparkes A.C.Validity in qualitative inquiry and the problem of criteria:Implication for sport psychology[J].Sport Psycho,1998,12(4):363-386
[24]Merriam S.B.Qualitative research:A guide to design and implementation(Revised and expanded from qualitative re-search and case study application in education)[M].San Francisco:Jossey Bass Publishers,2009.
[25]TESCH R.Qualitative analysis for social scientists[M].Cambridge University Press:New York,1987.
[26]张力为.运动竞赛焦虑研究的发展动态[J].体育学刊,1995(3):62-65.
[27]Jean-Paul Brigger,Prisca Steinegger.Physical Analysis of the FIFA Women’s World Cup Germany 2011?[R].Zurich:FIFA Technical Study Group,2012:9-36.
[28]Charles Hughes.足球获胜公式[M].杨一民,译.北京:人民体育出版社,1999:1.
[2]汪如锋,杨斌.体育比赛中的“Choking”现象---一个亟待解决的心理学问题[J].体育科技,2007(1):49-52.
[3]王进.为什么到手的金牌会“飞走”:竞赛中“Choking”现象[J].心理学报,2003,35(2):274-281
[4]Anshel M.Anxiety in sport In:Morris T,Summers J ed.Sport psychology:Theory,applications and issues.Brisbane,Australia:Wiley,1995.29-62.
[5]Hanrahan S.Choking:An avoidable-disappointment[J].The Masters Athlete,1996,(10):3.
[6]王进.解读“反胜为败”的现象:一个“Choking”过程理论[J].心理学报,2004,36(5):621-629
[7]Baumeister R.F.Choking under pressure:Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1984,46:610-620.
[8]Nideffer R.M.Psyched to win Champaign IL:Leisure Press,1992.
[9]Nideffer R M,Sagal M S.Concentration and attention control training.In:Williams J M.(Ed.)Applied sport psychology:Personal growth to peak performance(3rd ed)[M].Mountain View,CA:Mayfield,1998.296-315.
[10]Moran A.P.The psychology of concentration in sport performances:A cognitive analysis.East Sussex,England:Taylor&Francis,1996.
[11]钟玉芳,周爱保,余青云,何养成.压力下运动员“Choking”现象的实验研究[J].心理研究,2017,10(4):52-59.
[12]Gibbons F.X.Self-evaluation and self-perception:The role of attention in the experience of anxiety.In:Schwarzer R,Wicklund R A ed.Anxiety and self-focused attention[M].Chur,Switzerland:Harwood Academic,1991,15-26.
[13]Lewis B.P.,Linder D.E.Thinking about Choking?Attentional processes and paradoxical performance.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1997,23:937-944.
[14]Beilock S.L.,Carr T.H.On the fragility of skilled performance:What governs Choking under pressure?[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology,2001,130:701-725.
[15]Butler J.L.,Baumeister R.F.The trouble with friendly faces:Skilled performance with a supportive audience[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1998,75:1213-1230.
[16]陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000.
[17]刘书强,胡旭丹.中国跳水运动员备战伦敦奥运会赛前的心理准备[J].体育科研,2015,36(4):92-95.
[18]刘书强.高水平跳水运动员备战重大比赛心理监控与调节研究[D].武汉体育学院,2013.
[19]姒刚彦,张忠秋,张春青等.中国运动员备战2008年北京奥运会的心理服务[J].中国体育科技,2012,48(4):3-20.
[20]C?téJ.,Salmela J.H.,Baria A.,et al.Organizing and interpreting un-structured qualitative date[J].Sport Psycho,1993,7(2):127-137.
[21]Creswell J.W.Qualitative inquiry and research method:Choosing among five approaches(2nd.ed.)[M].Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,2007.
[22]邹菲.内容分析法的理论与实践研究[D].武汉大学,2004.
[23]Sparkes A.C.Validity in qualitative inquiry and the problem of criteria:Implication for sport psychology[J].Sport Psycho,1998,12(4):363-386
[24]Merriam S.B.Qualitative research:A guide to design and implementation(Revised and expanded from qualitative re-search and case study application in education)[M].San Francisco:Jossey Bass Publishers,2009.
[25]TESCH R.Qualitative analysis for social scientists[M].Cambridge University Press:New York,1987.
[26]张力为.运动竞赛焦虑研究的发展动态[J].体育学刊,1995(3):62-65.
[27]Jean-Paul Brigger,Prisca Steinegger.Physical Analysis of the FIFA Women’s World Cup Germany 2011?[R].Zurich:FIFA Technical Study Group,2012:9-36.
[28]Charles Hughes.足球获胜公式[M].杨一民,译.北京:人民体育出版社,1999:1.