内河船舶大气污染物排放特征实测研究
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摘要
为获得内河船舶航行时的大气污染物排放特征,本研究基于船舶尾气测试系统测试了珠三角西江水域内航行的5艘内河船舶,识别了内河船舶气态污染物瞬时排放特征及基于燃油消耗量的排放因子,并探讨了船舶排放的PM_(2.5)化学组分特征及来源.结果表明:船舶在巡航行驶状态下气态污染物的排放浓度变化都较为平稳,货船污染物排放浓度明显高于快艇.CO_2、CO、NO、NO_2、NO_x、SO_2与PM_(2.5)的排放因子范围分别是3135.90～3149.90、3.10～12.03、30.87～41.18、3.90～7.43、36.36～48.61、0.08～5.50、0.32～4.17 g·kg~(-1).内河船舶排放的PM_(2.5)中碳组分、水溶性离子和金属元素的贡献占比分别为43.8%～64.2%、9.7%～39.0%和0.6%～3.4%,其中,有机碳/元素碳(OC/EC)比值范围为0.40～2.69,OC可能受船舶制动影响较大,润滑油损耗是重要来源.
In order to characterize gas-and particle-phase pollutants from river vessels, five cruising ships were measured by using portable emission measurement system in the Xijiang River in the Pearl River Delta. In this study, we identified the instantaneous emission characteristics of gaseous pollutants from inland river ships, evaluated emission factors based on fuel consumption, and discussed the chemical composition and potential causes of PM_(2.5). Results showed that gaseous pollutant concentrations during cruising are slightly fluctuant, and emission concentration of cargo ships are significantly higher than that of speedboats. The emission factors for CO_2, CO, NO, NO_2, NO_x, SO_2 and PM_(2.5) from river ships were 3135.90～3149.90, 3.10～12.03, 30.87～41.18, 3.90～7.43, 36.36～48.61, 0.08～5.50 and 0.32～4.17 g·kg~(-1), respectively. The contribution of carbon components, water-soluble ions, and metal elements in PM_(2.5) accounted for 43.8%～64.2%, 9.7%～39.0%, and 0.6%～3.4%, in which the ratio of organic carbon/elemental carbon(OC/EC) ranged from 0.40 to 2.69. It also indicates that OC emission likely comes from lubricant burning, which highly depends on ship braking system.
In order to characterize gas-and particle-phase pollutants from river vessels, five cruising ships were measured by using portable emission measurement system in the Xijiang River in the Pearl River Delta. In this study, we identified the instantaneous emission characteristics of gaseous pollutants from inland river ships, evaluated emission factors based on fuel consumption, and discussed the chemical composition and potential causes of PM_(2.5). Results showed that gaseous pollutant concentrations during cruising are slightly fluctuant, and emission concentration of cargo ships are significantly higher than that of speedboats. The emission factors for CO_2, CO, NO, NO_2, NO_x, SO_2 and PM_(2.5) from river ships were 3135.90～3149.90, 3.10～12.03, 30.87～41.18, 3.90～7.43, 36.36～48.61, 0.08～5.50 and 0.32～4.17 g·kg~(-1), respectively. The contribution of carbon components, water-soluble ions, and metal elements in PM_(2.5) accounted for 43.8%～64.2%, 9.7%～39.0%, and 0.6%～3.4%, in which the ratio of organic carbon/elemental carbon(OC/EC) ranged from 0.40 to 2.69. It also indicates that OC emission likely comes from lubricant burning, which highly depends on ship braking system.
引文
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Andersson C,Bergstr?m R,Johansson C.2009.Population exposure and mortality due to regional background PM in Europe-Long-term simulations of source region and shipping contributions[J].Atmospheric Environment,43(22/23):3614-3620
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Haglind F.2008.A review on the use of gas and steam turbine combined cycles as prime movers for large ships.Part III:Fuels and emissions[J].Energy Conversion & Management,49(12):3476-3482
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Jayaram V,Agrawal H,Welch W A,et al.2011.Real-time gaseous,PM and ultrafine particle emissions from a modern marine engine operating on biodiesel.[J].Environmental Science & Technology,45(6):2286-2292
Kasper M,Sattler K,Siegmann K,et al.1999.The influence of fuel additives on the formation of carbon during combustion[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,30(2):217-225
Khan M Y,Giordano M,Gutierrez J,et al.2012.Benefits of two mitigation strategies for container vessels:Cleaner engines and cleaner fuels[J].Environmental Science & Technology,46(9):5049-5056
Lack D A,Corbett J J,Onasch T,et al.2009.Particulate emissions from commercial shipping:Chemical,physical,and optical properties[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,114:1-16
Ladji R,Yassaa N,Balducci C,et al.2009.Annual variation of particulate organic compounds in PM 10 in the urban atmosphere of Algiers[J].Atmospheric Research,92(2):258-269
Li C,Borken-Kleefeld J,Zheng J,et al.2018.Decadal evolution of ship emissions in China from 2004 to 2013 by using an integrated AIS-based approach and projection to 2040[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,18(8):6075-6093
李明月.2016.移动污染源排放清单研究[D].北京:北京理工大学.93
Liu H,Fu M,Jin X,et al.2016.Health and climate impacts of ocean-going vessels in East Asia[J].Nature Climate Change,6(11):1037-1041
Moldanová J,Fridell E,Popovicheva O,et al.2009.Characterisation of particulate matter and gaseous emissions from a large ship diesel engine[J].Atmospheric Environment,43(16):2632-2641
Moldanová J,Fridell E,Winnes H,et al.2013.Physical and chemical characterisation of PM emissions from two ships operating in European emission control areas[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,6(12):3577-3596
Mueller L,Jakobi G,Czech H,et al.2015.Characteristics and temporal evolution of particulate emissions from a ship diesel engine[J].Applied Energy,155:204-217
Murphy S M,Agrawal H,Sorooshian A,et al.2009.Comprehensive simultaneous shipboard and airborne characterization of exhaust from a modern container ship at sea.[J].Environmental Science & Technology,43(13):4626-4640
聂育仁.2014.2013年水路运输船舶油耗监测分析[J].水运管理,36(9):10-12
Sinha P,Hobbs P V,Yokelson R J,et al.2003.Emissions of trace gases and particles from two ships in the southern Atlantic Ocean[J].Atmospheric Environment,37(15):2139-2148
Sippula O,Stengel B,Sklorz M,et al.2014.Particle emissions from a marine engine:chemical composition and aromatic emission profiles under various operating conditions[J].Environmental Science & Technology,48(19):11721-11729
宋亚楠.2015.内河和近海船舶排放特性及排放清单研究[D].北京:北京理工大学.94
孙蜀.2015.成都市柴油车颗粒物排放特征分析[D].成都:西南交通大学
Viana M,Hammingh P,Colette A,et al.2014.Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe[J].Atmospheric Environment,90:96-105
万霖,何凌燕,黄晓锋.2013.船舶大气污染排放的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,36(5):57-62
Williams E J,Lerner B M,Murphy P C,et al.2009.Emissions of NOx,SO2,CO,and HCHO from commercial marine shipping during Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) 2006[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,114(D21):D21306
Woodyard D.2009.Pounder′s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines[M].Oxford:Elsevier LTD.531-535
Zhang F,Chen Y,Tian C,et al.2016.Emission factors for gaseous and particulate pollutants from offshore diesel engine vessels in China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,16(10):6319-6334
Zhang F,Chen Y,Tian C,et al.2014.Identification and quantification of shipping emissions in Bohai Rim,China[J].Science of the Total Environments,497-498:570-577
张礼俊,郑君瑜,尹沙沙,等.2010.珠江三角洲非道路移动源排放清单开发[J].环境科学,31(4):886-891
Anderson M,Salo K,Hallquist ? M,et al.2015.Characterization of particles from a marine engine operating at low loads[J].Atmospheric Environment,101:65-71
Andersson C,Bergstr?m R,Johansson C.2009.Population exposure and mortality due to regional background PM in Europe-Long-term simulations of source region and shipping contributions[J].Atmospheric Environment,43(22/23):3614-3620
Celo V,Dabek-Zlotorzynska E,Mccurdy M.2015.Chemical characterization of exhaust emissions from selected Canadian marine vessels:The case of trace metals and lanthanoids[J].Environmental Science & Technology,49(8):5220-5226
Corbett J J,Winebrake J J,Green E H,et al.2007.Mortality from ship emissions:a global assessment[J].Environmental Science & Technology,41(24):8512-8518
Endresen ?,S?rg?rd E,Sundet J K,et al.2003.Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,108(D17):1-21Fridell E,Steen E K.2008.Primary particles in ship emissions[J].Atmospheric Environment,42(6):1160-1168
Fu M,Ding Y,Ge Y,et al.2013.Real-world emissions of inland ships on the Grand Canal,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,81:222-229
交通运输部. 2015—2017.交通运输行业发展统计公报[R].北京:交通运输部
交通运输部综合规划司.2013—2014.交通运输行业发展统计公报[R].北京:交通运输部综合规划司
交通运输部综合规划司.2010—2012.公路水路交通运输行业发展统计公报[R]. 北京:交通运输部综合规划司
Haglind F.2008.A review on the use of gas and steam turbine combined cycles as prime movers for large ships.Part III:Fuels and emissions[J].Energy Conversion & Management,49(12):3476-3482
International Maritime Organization(IMO)2009.Second IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2009 [OL].2018-07-02. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/SecondIMOGHGStudy2009.pdf
Jayaram V,Agrawal H,Welch W A,et al.2011.Real-time gaseous,PM and ultrafine particle emissions from a modern marine engine operating on biodiesel.[J].Environmental Science & Technology,45(6):2286-2292
Kasper M,Sattler K,Siegmann K,et al.1999.The influence of fuel additives on the formation of carbon during combustion[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,30(2):217-225
Khan M Y,Giordano M,Gutierrez J,et al.2012.Benefits of two mitigation strategies for container vessels:Cleaner engines and cleaner fuels[J].Environmental Science & Technology,46(9):5049-5056
Lack D A,Corbett J J,Onasch T,et al.2009.Particulate emissions from commercial shipping:Chemical,physical,and optical properties[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,114:1-16
Ladji R,Yassaa N,Balducci C,et al.2009.Annual variation of particulate organic compounds in PM 10 in the urban atmosphere of Algiers[J].Atmospheric Research,92(2):258-269
Li C,Borken-Kleefeld J,Zheng J,et al.2018.Decadal evolution of ship emissions in China from 2004 to 2013 by using an integrated AIS-based approach and projection to 2040[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,18(8):6075-6093
李明月.2016.移动污染源排放清单研究[D].北京:北京理工大学.93
Liu H,Fu M,Jin X,et al.2016.Health and climate impacts of ocean-going vessels in East Asia[J].Nature Climate Change,6(11):1037-1041
Moldanová J,Fridell E,Popovicheva O,et al.2009.Characterisation of particulate matter and gaseous emissions from a large ship diesel engine[J].Atmospheric Environment,43(16):2632-2641
Moldanová J,Fridell E,Winnes H,et al.2013.Physical and chemical characterisation of PM emissions from two ships operating in European emission control areas[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,6(12):3577-3596
Mueller L,Jakobi G,Czech H,et al.2015.Characteristics and temporal evolution of particulate emissions from a ship diesel engine[J].Applied Energy,155:204-217
Murphy S M,Agrawal H,Sorooshian A,et al.2009.Comprehensive simultaneous shipboard and airborne characterization of exhaust from a modern container ship at sea.[J].Environmental Science & Technology,43(13):4626-4640
聂育仁.2014.2013年水路运输船舶油耗监测分析[J].水运管理,36(9):10-12
Sinha P,Hobbs P V,Yokelson R J,et al.2003.Emissions of trace gases and particles from two ships in the southern Atlantic Ocean[J].Atmospheric Environment,37(15):2139-2148
Sippula O,Stengel B,Sklorz M,et al.2014.Particle emissions from a marine engine:chemical composition and aromatic emission profiles under various operating conditions[J].Environmental Science & Technology,48(19):11721-11729
宋亚楠.2015.内河和近海船舶排放特性及排放清单研究[D].北京:北京理工大学.94
孙蜀.2015.成都市柴油车颗粒物排放特征分析[D].成都:西南交通大学
Viana M,Hammingh P,Colette A,et al.2014.Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe[J].Atmospheric Environment,90:96-105
万霖,何凌燕,黄晓锋.2013.船舶大气污染排放的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,36(5):57-62
Williams E J,Lerner B M,Murphy P C,et al.2009.Emissions of NOx,SO2,CO,and HCHO from commercial marine shipping during Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) 2006[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,114(D21):D21306
Woodyard D.2009.Pounder′s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines[M].Oxford:Elsevier LTD.531-535
Zhang F,Chen Y,Tian C,et al.2016.Emission factors for gaseous and particulate pollutants from offshore diesel engine vessels in China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,16(10):6319-6334
Zhang F,Chen Y,Tian C,et al.2014.Identification and quantification of shipping emissions in Bohai Rim,China[J].Science of the Total Environments,497-498:570-577
张礼俊,郑君瑜,尹沙沙,等.2010.珠江三角洲非道路移动源排放清单开发[J].环境科学,31(4):886-891