T矩阵散射模拟双偏振测雨雷达偏振及衰减特性
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摘要
通过T矩阵散射模拟,研究X、C和S波段双偏振测雨雷达在单分散雨滴谱、不同雨强和不同最大雨滴直径下的偏振和雨区衰减特性,分别建立三种不同波段双偏振雷达反射率因子和差分反射率的雨区衰减订正关系.最后,用实测雨滴谱数据和X波段双偏振雷达实测反射率数据验证散射模拟结果的准确性.
We investigate polarization and attenuation characteristics of X,C and S bands of dual-polarization radars with monodisperse raindrops of equivalent spherical diameter, different rainfall intensities and different maximum raindrops diameters using by T-matrix scattering simulation. Attenuation correction relation of radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity is established for the three bands of dual-polarization radars in medium of rain. Finally, accuracy of the scattering simulation results is verified by measured raindrop spectrum data and measured reflectivity data of X-band dual-polarization radar.
We investigate polarization and attenuation characteristics of X,C and S bands of dual-polarization radars with monodisperse raindrops of equivalent spherical diameter, different rainfall intensities and different maximum raindrops diameters using by T-matrix scattering simulation. Attenuation correction relation of radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity is established for the three bands of dual-polarization radars in medium of rain. Finally, accuracy of the scattering simulation results is verified by measured raindrop spectrum data and measured reflectivity data of X-band dual-polarization radar.
引文
[1] 魏庆,胡志群,刘黎平,等. C波段偏振雷达数据预处理及在降水估计中的应用[J]. 高原气象,2016, 35(1): 231-243.
[2] 郭凤霞,马学谦,王涛,等. 基于X波段双线偏振天气雷达的雷暴云粒子识别[J]. 气象学报, 2014, 72(6): 1231-1244.
[3] BRINGI V N, CHANDRASEKAR V, BALAKRISHNAN N, et al. An examination of propagation effects in rainfall on radar measurements at microwave frequencies[J]. J Atmos Ocean Technol, 1990, 7(6):829-840.
[4] ZRNIC D S, KEENAN T D, CAREY L D, et al. Sensitivity analysis of polarimetric variables at a 5-cm wavelength in rain[J]. J Appl Meteor, 2000, 39(9):1514-1526.
[5] KEENAN T, CAREY L D, ZRNIC D S, et al. Sensitivity of 5-cm wavelength polarimetric radar variables to raindrop axial ratio and drop size distribution[J]. J Appl Meteor, 2001, 40(3):526-545.
[6] 蔡启铭,徐宝祥,刘黎平. 降雨强度、雨区衰减与双线偏振雷达观测量关系的研究[J]. 高原气象, 1990, 9(4):347-355.
[7] 刘黎平,徐宝祥. 不同相态的模式雹块对5.6cm雷达波散射及衰减特性的研究[J]. 高原气象, 1991,10(1): 26-33.
[8] 刘黎平,徐宝祥. 双线偏振雷达雨区衰减订正问题的模拟计算与讨论[J]. 高原气象, 1992, 11(3): 235-240.
[9] 刘黎平,葛润生,张沛源. 双线偏振多普勒天气雷达遥测降水强度和液态水含量的方法和精度研究[J]. 大气科学,2002, 26(5): 709-719.
[10] WATERMAN P C. Matrix formulation of electromagnetic scattering[J]. Proc IEEE, 1965, 53:805-812.
[11] WATERMAN P C. Symmetry, unitarity and geometry in electromagnetic scattering[J]. Phys Rev, 1971, 3:825-839.
[12] 薛晓春,王雪华. 用二维时域有限差分法计算机翼雷达散射截面[J]. 计算物理,2005, 22(1): 65-69.
[13] 匡磊,金亚秋. 三维随机粗糙面与目标复合电磁波的FDTD方法[J]. 计算物理,2007, 24(5):550-560.
[14] MISHCHENKO M I, TRAVIS L D. T-matrix computations of light scattering by large spheroidal particles[J]. Opt Commun, 1994, 109: 16-21.
[15] BARBER P, YEH C. Scattering of electromagnetic waves by arbitrarily shaped dielectric bodies[J]. Applied Optics, 1975, 14(12): 2864-2872.
[16] BARBER P, HILL S C. Light scattering by particles: Computational methods[M]. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 1990.
[17] 黄兴忠,金亚秋. 群聚球形粒子极化散射的T矩阵数值模拟[J]. 计算物理,1997, 14(1):26-34.
[18] MISHCHENKO M I, TRAVIS L D, MACKOWSKI D W. T-matrix computation of light scattering by nonspherical particles: A review[J]. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 1996, 55(5): 535-575.
[19] MISHCHENKO M I, TRAVIS L D. Capabilities and limitations of a current fortran implementation of the T-matrix method for randomly oriented, rotationally symmetric scatterers[J]. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 1998, 60(3): 309-324.
[20] MISHCHENKO M I. Calculation of the amplitude matrix for a nonspherical particle in a fixed orientation[J]. Applied Optics, 2000, 39(6): 1026-1031.
[21] CHANG A T C, WILHEIT T T. Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed at the ocean surface by passive microwave techniques from the Nimbus 5 satellite[J]. Radio Sci, 1979, 14(5): 793-802.
[22] TANG Q, XIAO H, GUO C W, et al. Characteristics of the raindrop size distributions and their retrieved polarimetric radar parameters in northern and southern China[J]. Atoms Res, 2014, 135-136: 59-75.
[23] MARSHALL J S, PALMER W M. The distribution of rain drops with size[J]. J Meteor, 1948, 5:165-166.
[24] ULBRICH C W. Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution[J]. J Climate Appl Meteor, 1983, 22(10):1764-1775.
[25] SEKINE M, LIND G. Rain attenuation of centimeter, millimeter and submillimeter radio waves[C]. Proceedings of the 12th European Microwave Conference, Helsinki, Finland, 1982.
[26] JIANG H, SANO M, SEKINE M. Weibull raindrop size distribution and its application to rain attenuation[J]. IEE Proc Microwaves Antennas Propagation, 1997, 144: 197-200.
[27] 宫富久,刘吉成,李子华. 三类降水云雨滴谱特征研究[J]. 大气科学, 1997, 21(5): 607-614.
[28] 陈宝君,李子华,刘吉成. 三类降水云雨滴谱分布模式[J].气象学报, 1998, 56(4):506-512.
[29] 柳臣中,周筠珺,谷娟,等. 成都地区雨滴谱特征[J].应用气象学报, 2015, 26(1):112-121.
[30] PARK S G, BRINGI V N, CHANDRASEKAR V, et al. Correction of radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity for rain attenuation at X band Part I: Theoretical and empirical basis[J]. J Atmos Ocean Technol, 2005, 22(11):1621-1632.
[31] ANDSAGER K, BEARD K V, LAIRD N F. Laboratory measurements of axis ratios for large raindrops[J]. J Atmos Sci, 1999, 56(15):2673-2683.
[32] WEN G, XIAO H, YANG H, et al. Characteristics of summer and winter precipitation over northern China[J]. Atmos Res, 2017, 197: 390-406.
[2] 郭凤霞,马学谦,王涛,等. 基于X波段双线偏振天气雷达的雷暴云粒子识别[J]. 气象学报, 2014, 72(6): 1231-1244.
[3] BRINGI V N, CHANDRASEKAR V, BALAKRISHNAN N, et al. An examination of propagation effects in rainfall on radar measurements at microwave frequencies[J]. J Atmos Ocean Technol, 1990, 7(6):829-840.
[4] ZRNIC D S, KEENAN T D, CAREY L D, et al. Sensitivity analysis of polarimetric variables at a 5-cm wavelength in rain[J]. J Appl Meteor, 2000, 39(9):1514-1526.
[5] KEENAN T, CAREY L D, ZRNIC D S, et al. Sensitivity of 5-cm wavelength polarimetric radar variables to raindrop axial ratio and drop size distribution[J]. J Appl Meteor, 2001, 40(3):526-545.
[6] 蔡启铭,徐宝祥,刘黎平. 降雨强度、雨区衰减与双线偏振雷达观测量关系的研究[J]. 高原气象, 1990, 9(4):347-355.
[7] 刘黎平,徐宝祥. 不同相态的模式雹块对5.6cm雷达波散射及衰减特性的研究[J]. 高原气象, 1991,10(1): 26-33.
[8] 刘黎平,徐宝祥. 双线偏振雷达雨区衰减订正问题的模拟计算与讨论[J]. 高原气象, 1992, 11(3): 235-240.
[9] 刘黎平,葛润生,张沛源. 双线偏振多普勒天气雷达遥测降水强度和液态水含量的方法和精度研究[J]. 大气科学,2002, 26(5): 709-719.
[10] WATERMAN P C. Matrix formulation of electromagnetic scattering[J]. Proc IEEE, 1965, 53:805-812.
[11] WATERMAN P C. Symmetry, unitarity and geometry in electromagnetic scattering[J]. Phys Rev, 1971, 3:825-839.
[12] 薛晓春,王雪华. 用二维时域有限差分法计算机翼雷达散射截面[J]. 计算物理,2005, 22(1): 65-69.
[13] 匡磊,金亚秋. 三维随机粗糙面与目标复合电磁波的FDTD方法[J]. 计算物理,2007, 24(5):550-560.
[14] MISHCHENKO M I, TRAVIS L D. T-matrix computations of light scattering by large spheroidal particles[J]. Opt Commun, 1994, 109: 16-21.
[15] BARBER P, YEH C. Scattering of electromagnetic waves by arbitrarily shaped dielectric bodies[J]. Applied Optics, 1975, 14(12): 2864-2872.
[16] BARBER P, HILL S C. Light scattering by particles: Computational methods[M]. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 1990.
[17] 黄兴忠,金亚秋. 群聚球形粒子极化散射的T矩阵数值模拟[J]. 计算物理,1997, 14(1):26-34.
[18] MISHCHENKO M I, TRAVIS L D, MACKOWSKI D W. T-matrix computation of light scattering by nonspherical particles: A review[J]. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 1996, 55(5): 535-575.
[19] MISHCHENKO M I, TRAVIS L D. Capabilities and limitations of a current fortran implementation of the T-matrix method for randomly oriented, rotationally symmetric scatterers[J]. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 1998, 60(3): 309-324.
[20] MISHCHENKO M I. Calculation of the amplitude matrix for a nonspherical particle in a fixed orientation[J]. Applied Optics, 2000, 39(6): 1026-1031.
[21] CHANG A T C, WILHEIT T T. Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed at the ocean surface by passive microwave techniques from the Nimbus 5 satellite[J]. Radio Sci, 1979, 14(5): 793-802.
[22] TANG Q, XIAO H, GUO C W, et al. Characteristics of the raindrop size distributions and their retrieved polarimetric radar parameters in northern and southern China[J]. Atoms Res, 2014, 135-136: 59-75.
[23] MARSHALL J S, PALMER W M. The distribution of rain drops with size[J]. J Meteor, 1948, 5:165-166.
[24] ULBRICH C W. Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution[J]. J Climate Appl Meteor, 1983, 22(10):1764-1775.
[25] SEKINE M, LIND G. Rain attenuation of centimeter, millimeter and submillimeter radio waves[C]. Proceedings of the 12th European Microwave Conference, Helsinki, Finland, 1982.
[26] JIANG H, SANO M, SEKINE M. Weibull raindrop size distribution and its application to rain attenuation[J]. IEE Proc Microwaves Antennas Propagation, 1997, 144: 197-200.
[27] 宫富久,刘吉成,李子华. 三类降水云雨滴谱特征研究[J]. 大气科学, 1997, 21(5): 607-614.
[28] 陈宝君,李子华,刘吉成. 三类降水云雨滴谱分布模式[J].气象学报, 1998, 56(4):506-512.
[29] 柳臣中,周筠珺,谷娟,等. 成都地区雨滴谱特征[J].应用气象学报, 2015, 26(1):112-121.
[30] PARK S G, BRINGI V N, CHANDRASEKAR V, et al. Correction of radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity for rain attenuation at X band Part I: Theoretical and empirical basis[J]. J Atmos Ocean Technol, 2005, 22(11):1621-1632.
[31] ANDSAGER K, BEARD K V, LAIRD N F. Laboratory measurements of axis ratios for large raindrops[J]. J Atmos Sci, 1999, 56(15):2673-2683.
[32] WEN G, XIAO H, YANG H, et al. Characteristics of summer and winter precipitation over northern China[J]. Atmos Res, 2017, 197: 390-406.