红枫湖流域非点源污染控制区划
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摘要
非点源污染发生的广域性、分散性、随机性等特征使得对其进行效管控难度较大。以非点源污染关键源区识别为基础,对流域进行分区管控是实现非点源污染控制的有效途径。基于源头削减和过程管控协同管理的思路,将GIS技术、Arc SWAT模型、非参数检验和因子分析技术相结合,以农耕养殖程度较高的贵州红枫湖上游羊昌河流域为研究区,通过对流域近5 a非点源污染负荷特征进行模拟,识别影响非点源污染流失的关键因素,在此基础进行污染控制区划。结果表明:1)总氮和总磷负荷高风险区主要集中于地势较高且农业耕作活动频繁区域,刘官乡、黄腊乡、旧州镇及白云镇是非点源污染控制的重点乡镇;2)采用多因素方差分析7种不同因素对流域非点源污染负荷的影响程度表明,施肥量是影响总氮、总磷输出的最主要的因子,坡长、坡度及土地利用方式是次重要因子。针对羊昌河流域长期传统耕作以及化肥过量施用的现实特征来看,土壤有机磷的含量也会对总磷的输出产生一定的影响;3)羊昌河流域可划分为3个污染控制区,第1类:生态农业综合整治区(以近河道耕种区为主,面积254.4 km2);第2类:污染治理区(农村生活及畜禽养殖区为主,面积405.74 km2);第3类:生态修复区(高坡度强降雨区为主,面积464.47 km2)。研究结果可有效提升羊昌河流域非点源污染治理的效率,为水源地环境保护提供参考。
Eutrophication caused by the enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus is degrading surface water quality throughout the world. Sources of nutrients include over-fertilized agriculture lands, urban areas with excessive usage of herbicides and insecticides, and eroded soils. Due to the variation of nutrient export over the area and time, it is difficult to identify, assess and control nonpoint source(NPS) pollution. The prevention and mitigation of NPS pollution have become priority tasks in water monitoring and restoration programs in many countries. The interaction of human activities with the inherent variations in soil type, climate, topography and hydrology gives rise to large spatial and temporal variation in nutrient concentrations in surface runoff. Many research efforts are made to explore the processes and spatial characteristics of NPS pollution for prevention and mitigation measures. Major pollutants, particularly from agricultural activities, which include nitrogen, phosphorus nutrients and sediment that have been released into aquatic environments, have caused problems in the Hongfenghu Reservoir watershed, Guiyang. It is necessary to identify the spatial and temporal distributions of NPS pollutants and the highly polluted areas for the purpose of watershed management. In this paper, GIS technology, ArcS WAT model, ANOVA(Analysis of Variance) and CA(Cluster analysis) were used to identify the zonation of NPS sources and control in Yangchanghe river watershed which is one of the main tributaries in northwest of Hongfenghu Reservoir watershed, with relative strong intensive agricultural activities. The results showed that the spatial distribution of NPS pollution load in Yangchanghe river watershed was of great heterogeneity, the agricultural land at higher elevation had the highest NPS pollution loads, and the Liu Guang, Huang La, Jiu Zhou and Bai Yun towns were identified as the critical towns for NPS pollution control. In addition, the most important factor for total N(TN) and total P(TP) loss was related to fertilizer application amount. Slope length, land use, and slope degree were also important factors. The content of organic P in soil may contribute to TP loss due to long term cultivation and overuse of fertilizer in Yangchanghe river watershed. Moreover, three zones for NPS control in Yangchanghe river watershed were divided as division zone for eco-agricultural area where the agricultural activities was intensive, pollution treatment zone where was a livestock production area and villages, and ecological restoration zone where there were serious soil erosions at higher elevation. Therefore, optimal strategies and practices were needed to simultaneously control P and N export at the farm and watershed scales. One water quality problem may be aggravated while solving another. In a humid-temperate climate, on-farm practices to reduce surface runoff and P export by increasing infiltration would typically increase ground water P concentration and NO3 leaching. Further, different nutrient control goals require adequate methods for different scales within the Yangchanghe river watershed. For the upstream fresh waters and the fresh water arms of the Yangchanghe river watershed, controlling P export should be the primary concern. For the upstream aquifer systems, and within the Hong Fenghu reservoir, controlling N export should be the primary concern.
Eutrophication caused by the enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus is degrading surface water quality throughout the world. Sources of nutrients include over-fertilized agriculture lands, urban areas with excessive usage of herbicides and insecticides, and eroded soils. Due to the variation of nutrient export over the area and time, it is difficult to identify, assess and control nonpoint source(NPS) pollution. The prevention and mitigation of NPS pollution have become priority tasks in water monitoring and restoration programs in many countries. The interaction of human activities with the inherent variations in soil type, climate, topography and hydrology gives rise to large spatial and temporal variation in nutrient concentrations in surface runoff. Many research efforts are made to explore the processes and spatial characteristics of NPS pollution for prevention and mitigation measures. Major pollutants, particularly from agricultural activities, which include nitrogen, phosphorus nutrients and sediment that have been released into aquatic environments, have caused problems in the Hongfenghu Reservoir watershed, Guiyang. It is necessary to identify the spatial and temporal distributions of NPS pollutants and the highly polluted areas for the purpose of watershed management. In this paper, GIS technology, ArcS WAT model, ANOVA(Analysis of Variance) and CA(Cluster analysis) were used to identify the zonation of NPS sources and control in Yangchanghe river watershed which is one of the main tributaries in northwest of Hongfenghu Reservoir watershed, with relative strong intensive agricultural activities. The results showed that the spatial distribution of NPS pollution load in Yangchanghe river watershed was of great heterogeneity, the agricultural land at higher elevation had the highest NPS pollution loads, and the Liu Guang, Huang La, Jiu Zhou and Bai Yun towns were identified as the critical towns for NPS pollution control. In addition, the most important factor for total N(TN) and total P(TP) loss was related to fertilizer application amount. Slope length, land use, and slope degree were also important factors. The content of organic P in soil may contribute to TP loss due to long term cultivation and overuse of fertilizer in Yangchanghe river watershed. Moreover, three zones for NPS control in Yangchanghe river watershed were divided as division zone for eco-agricultural area where the agricultural activities was intensive, pollution treatment zone where was a livestock production area and villages, and ecological restoration zone where there were serious soil erosions at higher elevation. Therefore, optimal strategies and practices were needed to simultaneously control P and N export at the farm and watershed scales. One water quality problem may be aggravated while solving another. In a humid-temperate climate, on-farm practices to reduce surface runoff and P export by increasing infiltration would typically increase ground water P concentration and NO3 leaching. Further, different nutrient control goals require adequate methods for different scales within the Yangchanghe river watershed. For the upstream fresh waters and the fresh water arms of the Yangchanghe river watershed, controlling P export should be the primary concern. For the upstream aquifer systems, and within the Hong Fenghu reservoir, controlling N export should be the primary concern.
引文
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[12]武晓峰,李婷.流域内污染负荷分布的评价模型研究--以密云县蛇鱼川小流域为例[J].中国环境科学,2011(4):680-687.Wu Xiaofeng,Li Ting.Study on the assessment model about contaminant load distribution in basins:Take Sheyuchuan small watershed as example[J].China Environmental Science,2011(4):680-687.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]耿润哲,王晓燕,焦帅,等.密云水库流域非点源污染负荷估算及特征分析[J].环境科学学报,2013(5):1484-1492.Geng Runzhe,Wang Xiaoyan,Jiao Shuai,et al.Application of improved export coefficient model in estimating non-point source nutrient load from Miyun reservoir watersheds[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(5):1484-1492.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]张汪寿,耿润哲,王晓燕,等.基于多准则分析的非点源污染评价和分区--以北京怀柔区北宅小流域为例[J].环境科学学报,2013(1):258-266.Zhang Wangshou,Geng Runzhe,Wang Xiaoyan,et al.Assessment and zoning of non-point source pollution by multi-criteria analysis:A case study in the watershed of Beizhai[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(1):258-266.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]黄金良,洪华生,张珞平.基于GIS和模型的流域非点源污染控制区划[J].环境科学研究,2006(4):119-124.Huang Jinliang,Hong Huasheng,Zhang Luoping.Control divisions of agricultural non-point source pollution at watershed scale based on GIS and Models[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2006(4):119-124.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]杨柳,马克明,郭青海,等.汉阳非点源污染控制区划[J].环境科学,2006(1):31-36.Yang Liu,Ma Keming,Guo Qinghai,et al.Zoning planning in non-point source pollution control in Hanyang district[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2006(1):31-36.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]张海龙,齐实,路倩倩,等.基于水功能区的湖北省农业非点源污染控制区划[J].中国水土保持科学,2014(2):1-8.Zhang Hailong,Qi Shi,Lu Qianqian,et al.Control zone of agricultural non-point source pollution based on water function zone in Hubei Province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2014(2):1-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]王晓,郝芳华,张璇.丹江口水库流域非点源污染的最佳管理措施优选[J].中国环境科学,2013(7):1335-1343.Wang Xiao,Hao Fanghua,Zhang Xuan.Optimization of best management practices for non-point source pollution in Danjiangkou Reservoir basin[J].China Environmental Science,2013(7):1335-1343.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]杨通铨,刘鸿雁,喻阳华.红枫湖水质变化趋势及原因分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014(增刊1):96-102.Yang Tongquan,Liu Hongyan,Yu Yanghua.Variation trend of water quality and its causing effect of the Hongfeng lake[J].Resources and Environmental in the Yangtze Basin,2014(Supp.1):96-102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Arnold J G,Srinivasan R,Muttiah R S,et al.Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I:Model development1[J].JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1998,34(1):73-89.
[21]Arabi M,Frankenberger J R,Engel B A,et al.Representation of agricultural conservation practices with SWAT[J].Hydrological Processes,2008,22(16):3042-3055.
[22]Moriasi D,Arnold J,Van Liew M,et al.Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J].Trans ASABE,2007,50(3):885-900.
[23]高忠江,施树良,李钰.SPSS方差分析在生物统计的应用[J].现代生物医学进展,2008(11):2116-2120.Gao Zhongjiang,Shi Shuliang,Li Yu.Application of SPSSin ANOVA of biological statistics[J].Progress in Modern Biomedicine,2008(11):2116-2120.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]汤效琴,戴汝源.数据挖掘中聚类分析的技术方法[J].微计算机信息,2003(1):3-4.Tang Xiaoqin,Dai Ruyuan.Technique of cluster analysis in data mining[J].Control&Automation,2003(1):3-4.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Ghebremichael L T,Veith T L,Hamlett J M.Integrated watershed-and farm-scale modeling framework for targeting critical source areas while maintaining farm economic viability[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2013,114:381-394.
[2]贺缠生,傅伯杰,陈利顶.非点源污染的管理及控制[J].环境科学,1998(5):88-92,97.He Chansheng,Fu Bojie,Chen Liding.Non-point source pollution control and management[J].Environmental Science,1998(5):88-92,97.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Maguire R O,Rubaek G H,Haggard B E,et al.Critical evaluation of the implementation of mitigation options for phosphorus from field to catchment scales[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2009,38(5):1989-1997.
[4]Besalatpour A,Hajabbasi M A,Ayoubi S,et al.Identification and prioritization of critical sub-basins in a highly mountainous watershed using SWAT model[J].Eurasian Journal of Soil Science,2012,1:58-63.
[5]张淑荣,陈利顶,傅伯杰.于桥水库流域农业非点源磷污染控制区划研究[J].地理科学,2004,24(2):232-237.Zhang Shurong,Chen Liding,Fu Bojie.Pollution-controlling regionalization of agricultural non-point phosphorous in Yuqiao Reservoir Watershed[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2004,24(2):232-237.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]Liu G,Wu W,Zhang J.Regional differentiation of non-point source pollution of agriculture-derived nitrate nitrogen in groundwater in northern China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2005,107(2):211-220.
[7]段华平.农业非点源污染控制区划方法及其应用研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2010.Duan Huaping.Regionalization Method And Its Application Of Non-Point Source Pollution Control[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Cox C,Madramootoo C.Application of geographic information systems in watershed management planning in St.Lucia[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,1998,20(3):229-250.
[9]Zhou F,Liu Y,Huang K,et al.Water environmental function zoning at watershed scale and its key problems[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(2):216.
[10]Zhang B,Luo H,Wang Z.Watershed environmental management framework based on economic theory[J].Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment,2014,12(4):361-365.
[11]Cecchi G,MunafòM,Baiocco F,et al.Estimating river pollution from diffuse sources in the Viterbo province using the potential non-point pollution index[J].Annali Dell'istituto Superiore Di Sanita,2006,43(3):295-301.
[12]武晓峰,李婷.流域内污染负荷分布的评价模型研究--以密云县蛇鱼川小流域为例[J].中国环境科学,2011(4):680-687.Wu Xiaofeng,Li Ting.Study on the assessment model about contaminant load distribution in basins:Take Sheyuchuan small watershed as example[J].China Environmental Science,2011(4):680-687.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]耿润哲,王晓燕,焦帅,等.密云水库流域非点源污染负荷估算及特征分析[J].环境科学学报,2013(5):1484-1492.Geng Runzhe,Wang Xiaoyan,Jiao Shuai,et al.Application of improved export coefficient model in estimating non-point source nutrient load from Miyun reservoir watersheds[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(5):1484-1492.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]张汪寿,耿润哲,王晓燕,等.基于多准则分析的非点源污染评价和分区--以北京怀柔区北宅小流域为例[J].环境科学学报,2013(1):258-266.Zhang Wangshou,Geng Runzhe,Wang Xiaoyan,et al.Assessment and zoning of non-point source pollution by multi-criteria analysis:A case study in the watershed of Beizhai[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(1):258-266.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]黄金良,洪华生,张珞平.基于GIS和模型的流域非点源污染控制区划[J].环境科学研究,2006(4):119-124.Huang Jinliang,Hong Huasheng,Zhang Luoping.Control divisions of agricultural non-point source pollution at watershed scale based on GIS and Models[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2006(4):119-124.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]杨柳,马克明,郭青海,等.汉阳非点源污染控制区划[J].环境科学,2006(1):31-36.Yang Liu,Ma Keming,Guo Qinghai,et al.Zoning planning in non-point source pollution control in Hanyang district[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2006(1):31-36.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]张海龙,齐实,路倩倩,等.基于水功能区的湖北省农业非点源污染控制区划[J].中国水土保持科学,2014(2):1-8.Zhang Hailong,Qi Shi,Lu Qianqian,et al.Control zone of agricultural non-point source pollution based on water function zone in Hubei Province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2014(2):1-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]王晓,郝芳华,张璇.丹江口水库流域非点源污染的最佳管理措施优选[J].中国环境科学,2013(7):1335-1343.Wang Xiao,Hao Fanghua,Zhang Xuan.Optimization of best management practices for non-point source pollution in Danjiangkou Reservoir basin[J].China Environmental Science,2013(7):1335-1343.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]杨通铨,刘鸿雁,喻阳华.红枫湖水质变化趋势及原因分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014(增刊1):96-102.Yang Tongquan,Liu Hongyan,Yu Yanghua.Variation trend of water quality and its causing effect of the Hongfeng lake[J].Resources and Environmental in the Yangtze Basin,2014(Supp.1):96-102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Arnold J G,Srinivasan R,Muttiah R S,et al.Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I:Model development1[J].JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1998,34(1):73-89.
[21]Arabi M,Frankenberger J R,Engel B A,et al.Representation of agricultural conservation practices with SWAT[J].Hydrological Processes,2008,22(16):3042-3055.
[22]Moriasi D,Arnold J,Van Liew M,et al.Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J].Trans ASABE,2007,50(3):885-900.
[23]高忠江,施树良,李钰.SPSS方差分析在生物统计的应用[J].现代生物医学进展,2008(11):2116-2120.Gao Zhongjiang,Shi Shuliang,Li Yu.Application of SPSSin ANOVA of biological statistics[J].Progress in Modern Biomedicine,2008(11):2116-2120.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]汤效琴,戴汝源.数据挖掘中聚类分析的技术方法[J].微计算机信息,2003(1):3-4.Tang Xiaoqin,Dai Ruyuan.Technique of cluster analysis in data mining[J].Control&Automation,2003(1):3-4.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Ghebremichael L T,Veith T L,Hamlett J M.Integrated watershed-and farm-scale modeling framework for targeting critical source areas while maintaining farm economic viability[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2013,114:381-394.