缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏多类型储层内水的赋存特征可视化实验
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摘要
缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏非均质性强且孔隙结构复杂,多类型储层内水的形成过程与赋存模式难以确定,影响储层内气体渗流能力与气井生产动态预测。将岩心CT扫描与微电子光刻技术结合,设计并研制了3种储层的微观可视化模型,开展气驱水物理模拟实验,定性研究了水的形成机理与赋存模式,并利用ImageJ灰度分析法定量研究了不同压差下的含水饱和度及残余水膜占比变化规律,综合分析了多类型储层内水的赋存特征及其对气体渗流的影响。结果表明:天然气在不同类型储层中的运移成藏过程不同;多重介质中的水由原生可动水和残余水组成,而残余水又分为次生可动水和束缚水;残余水主要以"水膜"、"水团"、"水柱"和"水珠"4种模式赋存在不同类型储层的不同位置,其主要影响因素有毛细管力、表面张力、气驱压差和通道连通性;可动水、残余水饱和度是与储层物性、孔隙结构和气驱压差直接相关的参数;流动通道尺寸越小,相同气驱压差下水膜占据的空间越大,且水膜占比呈指数性增加;随着气驱压差增大,水膜占比减小,当气驱压差增大到一定程度时,水膜占比基本不再减小,形成"薄膜"型束缚水。
Fracture-cavity carbonate gas reservoirs have a strong heterogeneity and a complex pore structure,in which the formation process and occurrence patterns of water in multi-type reservoirs are difficult to determine,affecting the flow ability of reservoir gas and the prediction of production performance in gas wells.In this paper,the core CT scan images are combined with microelectronic photolithography techniques to design and develop the visual micromodels for three types of reservoirs,carry out the physical simulation experiment of gas flooding water and qualitatively study the formation mechanism and occurrence pattern of water.In addition,ImageJ gray analysis method is utilized to quantitatively study the changing rules of water saturation and residual water film ratio under different pressure differences.The results show that natural gas has different migration and accumulation processes in various reservoirs;the water in multiple media consists of connate movable water and residual water,and the latter is divided into secondary movable water and irreducible water;residual water mainly occurs in different locations of various reservoirs in the form of"water film","water mass","water column"and"water droplet",and the main influencing factors are capillary force,surface tension,gas flooding pressure difference and channel connectivity;the saturation of movable water and residual water are the parameters directly related to reservoir physical properties,pore structure and gas flooding pressure difference;the smaller the size of flow channel is,the larger the space occupied by water film under the same gas flooding pressure difference will be,and the proportion of water film is exponentially increasing with channel size;with the increase of gas flooding pressure difference,the proportion of water film decreases,and when gas flooding pressure difference increases to a certain extent,the proportion of water film is basically no longer reduced to form the irreducible water of"thin film"type.
Fracture-cavity carbonate gas reservoirs have a strong heterogeneity and a complex pore structure,in which the formation process and occurrence patterns of water in multi-type reservoirs are difficult to determine,affecting the flow ability of reservoir gas and the prediction of production performance in gas wells.In this paper,the core CT scan images are combined with microelectronic photolithography techniques to design and develop the visual micromodels for three types of reservoirs,carry out the physical simulation experiment of gas flooding water and qualitatively study the formation mechanism and occurrence pattern of water.In addition,ImageJ gray analysis method is utilized to quantitatively study the changing rules of water saturation and residual water film ratio under different pressure differences.The results show that natural gas has different migration and accumulation processes in various reservoirs;the water in multiple media consists of connate movable water and residual water,and the latter is divided into secondary movable water and irreducible water;residual water mainly occurs in different locations of various reservoirs in the form of"water film","water mass","water column"and"water droplet",and the main influencing factors are capillary force,surface tension,gas flooding pressure difference and channel connectivity;the saturation of movable water and residual water are the parameters directly related to reservoir physical properties,pore structure and gas flooding pressure difference;the smaller the size of flow channel is,the larger the space occupied by water film under the same gas flooding pressure difference will be,and the proportion of water film is exponentially increasing with channel size;with the increase of gas flooding pressure difference,the proportion of water film decreases,and when gas flooding pressure difference increases to a certain extent,the proportion of water film is basically no longer reduced to form the irreducible water of"thin film"type.
引文
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[7]朱华银,徐轩,安来志,等.致密气藏孔隙水赋存状态与流动性实验[J].石油学报,2016,37(2):230-236.ZHU Huayin,XU Xuan,AN Laizhi,et al.An experimental on occurrence and mobility of pore water in tight gas reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(2):230-236.
[8]朱蓉,楼章华,牛少凤,等.塔河奥陶系油藏地层水赋存状态及控水对策[J].浙江大学学报:工学版,2008,42(10):1843-1848.ZHU Rong,LOU Zhanghua,NIU Shaofeng,et al.Occurrence of formation water and measures for water control of Ordovicianreservoirs in Tahe oilfield[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Engineering Science,2008,42(10):1843-1848.
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[10]代金友,李建霆,王宝刚,等.苏里格气田西区气水分布规律及其形成机理[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(5):524-529.DAI Jinyou,LI Jianting,WANG Baogang,et al.Distribution regularity and formation mechanism of gas and water in the western area of Sulige gas field,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(5):524-529.
[11]SAYEGH S G,FISHER D B.Enhanced oil recovery by CO flooding in homogeneous and heterogeneous 2D micromodels[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,2009,48(8):30-36.
[12]WANG L,YANG S L,PENG X,et al.An improved visual investigation on gas-water flow characteristics and trapped gas formation mechanism of fracture-cavity carbonate gas reservoir[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2018,49:213-226.
[13]WANG Y Z,LIU H Q,PANG Z X,et al.Visualization study on plugging characteristics of temperature-resistant gel during steam flooding[J].Energy&Fuels,2016,30(9):6968-6976.
[14]狄勤丰,张景楠,叶峰,等.驱替过程中重力舌进特征的核磁共振可视化实验[J].石油学报,2017,38(10):1183-1188.DI Qinfeng,ZHANG Jingnan,YE Feng,et al.Nuclear magnetic resonance visualization experiment of gravity tongue characteristics in the displacement process[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(10):1183-1188.
[15]MOSAVAT N,TORABI F.Micro-optical analysis of carbonated water injection in irregular and heterogeneous pore geometry[J].Fuel,2016,175:191-201.
[16]GEORGE D S,HAYAT O,KOVSCEK A R.A microvisual study of solution-gas-drive mechanisms in viscous oils[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2005,46(1/2):101-119.
[17]DORYANI H,MALAYERI M R,RIAZI M.Visualization of asphaltene precipitation and deposition in a uniformly patterned glass micromodel[J].Fuel,2016,182:613-622.
[18]SMITH J D,CHATZIS I,IOANNIDIS M A.A new technique to measure the breakthrough capillary pressure[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,2005,44(11):25-31.
[19]ROMERO-ZERON L B,KANTZAS A.The effect of wettability and pore geometry on foamed-gel-blockage performance[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,2007,10(2):150-163.
[20]MACKAY E J,HENDERSON G D,TEHRANI D H,et al.The importance of interfacial tension on fluid distribution during depressurization[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,1998,1(5):408-415.
[21]王璐,杨胜来,刘义成,等.缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层气水两相微观渗流机理可视化实验研究[J].石油科学通报,2017,2(3):364-376.WANG Lu,YANG Shenglai,LIU Yicheng,et al.Visual experimental investigation of gas-water two phase micro seepage mechanisms in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs[J].Petroleum Science Bulletin,2017,2(3):364-376.
[22]SCHNEIDER M,OSSELIN F,ANDREWS B,et al.Wettability determination of core samples through visual rock and fluid imaging during fluid injection[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2011,78(2):476-485.
[23]吴正彬,庞占喜,刘慧卿,等.稠油油藏高温凝胶改善蒸汽驱开发效果可视化实验[J].石油学报,2015,36(11):1421-1426.WU Zhengbin,PANG Zhanxi,LIU Huiqing,et al.A visible experiment on adoption of high-temperature gel for improving the development effect of steam flooding in heavy oil reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2015,36(11):1421-1426.
[24]李明诚,李剑.“动力圈闭”——低渗透致密储层中油气充注成藏的主要作用[J].石油学报,2010,31(5):718-722.LI Mingcheng,LI Jian.“Dynamic trap”:a main action of hydrocarbon charging to form accumulations in low permeability-tight reservoir[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2010,31(5):718-722.
[25]赵靖舟,曹青,白玉彬,等.油气藏形成与分布:从连续到不连续——兼论油气藏概念及分类[J].石油学报,2016,37(2):145-159.ZHAO Jingzhou,CAO Qing,BAI Yubin,et al.Petroleum accumulation from continuous to discontinuous:concept,classification and distribution[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(2):145-159.
[26]陈科贵,温易娜,何太洪,等.低孔低渗致密砂岩气藏束缚水饱和度模型建立及应用——以苏里格气田某区块山西组致密砂岩储层为例[J].天然气地球科学,2014,25(2):273-277.CHEN Kegui,WEN Yi’na,HE Taihong,et al.Irreducible water saturation models of tight sandstone gas reservoirs with low porosity and permeability and its application-taking a block of Shanxi Formation tight sandstone reservoir in Sulige gas field as an example[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2014,25(2):273-277.
[27]王璐,杨胜来,刘义成,等.缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏多层合采供气能力实验[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(5):779-787.WANG Lu,YANG Shenglai,LIU Yicheng,et al.Experiments on gas supply capability of commingled production in a fracture-cavity carbonate gas reservoir[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(5):779-787.
[28]WANG L,YANG S L,MENG Z,et al.Time-dependent shape factors for fractured reservoir simulation:effect of stress sensitivity in matrix system[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2018,163:556-569.
[2]邹才能,杜金虎,徐春春,等.四川盆地震旦系—寒武系特大型气田形成分布、资源潜力及勘探发现[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(3):278-293.ZOU Caineng,DU Jinhu,XU Chunchun,et al.Formation,distribution,resource potential and discovery of the Sinian-Cambrian giant gas field,Sichuan Basin,SW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(3):278-293.
[3]单秀琴,张静,张宝民,等.四川盆地震旦系灯影组白云岩岩溶储层特征及溶蚀作用证据[J].石油学报,2016,37(1):17-29.SHAN Xiuqin,ZHANG Jing,ZHANG Baomin,et al.Dolomite karst reservoir characteristics and dissolution evidences of Sinian Dengying Formation,Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(1):17-29.
[4]冯明友,强子同,沈平,等.四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区震旦系灯影组热液白云岩证据[J].石油学报,2016,37(5):587-598.FENG Mingyou,QIANG Zitong,SHEN Ping,et al.Evidences for hydrothermal dolomite of Sinian Dengying Formation in Gaoshiti-Moxi area,Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(5):587-598.
[5]朱华银,徐轩,高岩,等.致密砂岩孔隙内水的赋存特征及其对气体渗流的影响——以松辽盆地长岭气田登娄库组气藏为例[J].天然气工业,2014,34(10):54-58.ZHU Huayin,XU Xuan,GAO Yan,et al.Occurrence characteristics of tight sandstone pore water and its influence on gas seepage:a case study from the Denglouku gas reservoir in the Changling gas field,southern Songliao Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(10):54-58.
[6]王晓梅,赵靖舟,刘新社.苏里格地区致密砂岩地层水赋存状态和产出机理探讨[J].石油实验地质,2012,34(4):400-405.WANG Xiaomei,ZHAO Jingzhou,LIU Xinshe.Occurrence state and production mechanism of formation water in tight sandstone reservoirs of Sulige area,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2012,34(4):400-405.
[7]朱华银,徐轩,安来志,等.致密气藏孔隙水赋存状态与流动性实验[J].石油学报,2016,37(2):230-236.ZHU Huayin,XU Xuan,AN Laizhi,et al.An experimental on occurrence and mobility of pore water in tight gas reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(2):230-236.
[8]朱蓉,楼章华,牛少凤,等.塔河奥陶系油藏地层水赋存状态及控水对策[J].浙江大学学报:工学版,2008,42(10):1843-1848.ZHU Rong,LOU Zhanghua,NIU Shaofeng,et al.Occurrence of formation water and measures for water control of Ordovicianreservoirs in Tahe oilfield[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Engineering Science,2008,42(10):1843-1848.
[9]胡勇,邵阳,陆永亮,等.低渗气藏储层孔隙中水的赋存模式及对气藏开发的影响[J].天然气地球科学,2011,22(1):176-181.HU Yong,SHAO Yang,LU Yongliang,et al.Experimental study on occurrence models of water in pores and the influencing to the development of tight gas reservoir[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2011,22(1):176-181.
[10]代金友,李建霆,王宝刚,等.苏里格气田西区气水分布规律及其形成机理[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(5):524-529.DAI Jinyou,LI Jianting,WANG Baogang,et al.Distribution regularity and formation mechanism of gas and water in the western area of Sulige gas field,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(5):524-529.
[11]SAYEGH S G,FISHER D B.Enhanced oil recovery by CO flooding in homogeneous and heterogeneous 2D micromodels[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,2009,48(8):30-36.
[12]WANG L,YANG S L,PENG X,et al.An improved visual investigation on gas-water flow characteristics and trapped gas formation mechanism of fracture-cavity carbonate gas reservoir[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2018,49:213-226.
[13]WANG Y Z,LIU H Q,PANG Z X,et al.Visualization study on plugging characteristics of temperature-resistant gel during steam flooding[J].Energy&Fuels,2016,30(9):6968-6976.
[14]狄勤丰,张景楠,叶峰,等.驱替过程中重力舌进特征的核磁共振可视化实验[J].石油学报,2017,38(10):1183-1188.DI Qinfeng,ZHANG Jingnan,YE Feng,et al.Nuclear magnetic resonance visualization experiment of gravity tongue characteristics in the displacement process[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(10):1183-1188.
[15]MOSAVAT N,TORABI F.Micro-optical analysis of carbonated water injection in irregular and heterogeneous pore geometry[J].Fuel,2016,175:191-201.
[16]GEORGE D S,HAYAT O,KOVSCEK A R.A microvisual study of solution-gas-drive mechanisms in viscous oils[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2005,46(1/2):101-119.
[17]DORYANI H,MALAYERI M R,RIAZI M.Visualization of asphaltene precipitation and deposition in a uniformly patterned glass micromodel[J].Fuel,2016,182:613-622.
[18]SMITH J D,CHATZIS I,IOANNIDIS M A.A new technique to measure the breakthrough capillary pressure[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,2005,44(11):25-31.
[19]ROMERO-ZERON L B,KANTZAS A.The effect of wettability and pore geometry on foamed-gel-blockage performance[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,2007,10(2):150-163.
[20]MACKAY E J,HENDERSON G D,TEHRANI D H,et al.The importance of interfacial tension on fluid distribution during depressurization[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,1998,1(5):408-415.
[21]王璐,杨胜来,刘义成,等.缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层气水两相微观渗流机理可视化实验研究[J].石油科学通报,2017,2(3):364-376.WANG Lu,YANG Shenglai,LIU Yicheng,et al.Visual experimental investigation of gas-water two phase micro seepage mechanisms in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs[J].Petroleum Science Bulletin,2017,2(3):364-376.
[22]SCHNEIDER M,OSSELIN F,ANDREWS B,et al.Wettability determination of core samples through visual rock and fluid imaging during fluid injection[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2011,78(2):476-485.
[23]吴正彬,庞占喜,刘慧卿,等.稠油油藏高温凝胶改善蒸汽驱开发效果可视化实验[J].石油学报,2015,36(11):1421-1426.WU Zhengbin,PANG Zhanxi,LIU Huiqing,et al.A visible experiment on adoption of high-temperature gel for improving the development effect of steam flooding in heavy oil reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2015,36(11):1421-1426.
[24]李明诚,李剑.“动力圈闭”——低渗透致密储层中油气充注成藏的主要作用[J].石油学报,2010,31(5):718-722.LI Mingcheng,LI Jian.“Dynamic trap”:a main action of hydrocarbon charging to form accumulations in low permeability-tight reservoir[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2010,31(5):718-722.
[25]赵靖舟,曹青,白玉彬,等.油气藏形成与分布:从连续到不连续——兼论油气藏概念及分类[J].石油学报,2016,37(2):145-159.ZHAO Jingzhou,CAO Qing,BAI Yubin,et al.Petroleum accumulation from continuous to discontinuous:concept,classification and distribution[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(2):145-159.
[26]陈科贵,温易娜,何太洪,等.低孔低渗致密砂岩气藏束缚水饱和度模型建立及应用——以苏里格气田某区块山西组致密砂岩储层为例[J].天然气地球科学,2014,25(2):273-277.CHEN Kegui,WEN Yi’na,HE Taihong,et al.Irreducible water saturation models of tight sandstone gas reservoirs with low porosity and permeability and its application-taking a block of Shanxi Formation tight sandstone reservoir in Sulige gas field as an example[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2014,25(2):273-277.
[27]王璐,杨胜来,刘义成,等.缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏多层合采供气能力实验[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(5):779-787.WANG Lu,YANG Shenglai,LIU Yicheng,et al.Experiments on gas supply capability of commingled production in a fracture-cavity carbonate gas reservoir[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(5):779-787.
[28]WANG L,YANG S L,MENG Z,et al.Time-dependent shape factors for fractured reservoir simulation:effect of stress sensitivity in matrix system[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2018,163:556-569.