控释掺混氮肥对稻麦土壤微生物及酶活性的影响
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摘要
采用小麦-水稻轮作盆栽试验,共设7个处理,包括不施氮CK,掺混控释氮肥0、10%、20%、40%、80%、100%,依次记为CK、T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6,分析不同处理下稻麦季土壤微生物数量、酶活性动态变化,探讨控释掺混尿素对土壤生物学性状的影响。结果表明:稻、麦季拔节至成熟期,T4处理较单施尿素T1处理分别显著提高细菌、放线菌数量30.22%～44.12%(小麦季)和13.98%～66.96%(水稻季),真菌数量以掺混20%～80%控释氮肥处理较高。稻、麦分蘖期,土壤氨化、硝化和反硝化细菌数量均以T1处理最高,拔节期后氨化、硝化细菌以掺混40%及以上控氮比处理最高,反硝化细菌数量则以掺混80%及以上控氮比处理最大。拔节至成熟期,掺混40%及以上控释氮肥处理可提高土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性,尤以T4处理最高。细菌、真菌数量与小麦季土壤蛋白酶活性相关性达极显著水平,但水稻季无显著相关,土壤氨化、硝化、反硝化细菌数量与土壤酶活性相关性达显著或极显著水平。综上,适当掺混控释氮肥(20%～80%控释氮肥处理)在水稻、小麦生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)有效提高土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌和氮转化细菌数量,增强了土壤脲酶、蛋白酶活性,从而改善了土壤生物学特性,促进了土壤养分释放,其中以掺混40%控释氮肥处理效果最优。
A pot experiment of wheat-rice rotation was conducted to investigate the effect of controlled-release fertilizer(CRF) combined with urea(UR) on the soil biological characteristics.Dynamic changes of soil microorganism and enzyme activity in rice and wheat season were measured in seven fertilization treatments,including no fertilization,routine fertilization,10%CRF+90%UR,20%CRF+80%UR,40%CRF+60%UR,80%CRF+20%UR,and 100%CRF,which recorded as CK,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5 and T6,respectively.The results showed that the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in T4 treatment was significantly higher than that in T1 treatment with 30.22% ～ 44.12%(wheat season) and 13.98% ～ 66.96%(rice season),respectively,the amount of fungi were the highest in treatments of 20% ～ 80%CRF,in jointing to mature stage of rice and wheat.The amount of soil ammonifiers,nitrifiers and denitrifiers were the highest in T1 treatment during tillering stage.However,after jointing stage,the amount of soil ammonifiers and nitrifiers were the highest in treatments of 40% or above CRF while the denitrifying bacterias were the most with 80% ～ 100% CRF. During jointing to mature stage,the treatments of 40% or above CRF increased the activities of soil urease and protease,in particular,the T4 treatment was the highest.The activity of soil protease showed significant correlation with bacteria and fungi in wheat season,but there was no correlation in rice season.The soil enzyme activity showed significant or extremely significant correlations with soil ammonifiers,nitrifiers and denitrifiers.In conclusion,blending properly controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer(the treatments of 20% ～ 80% CRF) effectively increased the amount of bacteria,actinomycetes,fungi and bacteria participating in nitrogen transformation,and enhanced activities of urease and protease during the mid-late growing stages of wheat and rice.Therefore,the biological characteristics of soil were improved,and soil nutrient release was promoted,among which 40% CRF was the best treatment.
A pot experiment of wheat-rice rotation was conducted to investigate the effect of controlled-release fertilizer(CRF) combined with urea(UR) on the soil biological characteristics.Dynamic changes of soil microorganism and enzyme activity in rice and wheat season were measured in seven fertilization treatments,including no fertilization,routine fertilization,10%CRF+90%UR,20%CRF+80%UR,40%CRF+60%UR,80%CRF+20%UR,and 100%CRF,which recorded as CK,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5 and T6,respectively.The results showed that the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in T4 treatment was significantly higher than that in T1 treatment with 30.22% ～ 44.12%(wheat season) and 13.98% ～ 66.96%(rice season),respectively,the amount of fungi were the highest in treatments of 20% ～ 80%CRF,in jointing to mature stage of rice and wheat.The amount of soil ammonifiers,nitrifiers and denitrifiers were the highest in T1 treatment during tillering stage.However,after jointing stage,the amount of soil ammonifiers and nitrifiers were the highest in treatments of 40% or above CRF while the denitrifying bacterias were the most with 80% ～ 100% CRF. During jointing to mature stage,the treatments of 40% or above CRF increased the activities of soil urease and protease,in particular,the T4 treatment was the highest.The activity of soil protease showed significant correlation with bacteria and fungi in wheat season,but there was no correlation in rice season.The soil enzyme activity showed significant or extremely significant correlations with soil ammonifiers,nitrifiers and denitrifiers.In conclusion,blending properly controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer(the treatments of 20% ～ 80% CRF) effectively increased the amount of bacteria,actinomycetes,fungi and bacteria participating in nitrogen transformation,and enhanced activities of urease and protease during the mid-late growing stages of wheat and rice.Therefore,the biological characteristics of soil were improved,and soil nutrient release was promoted,among which 40% CRF was the best treatment.
引文
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[30]姚拓,龙瑞军,师尚礼,等.高寒草地不同扰动生境土壤微生物氮素生理群数量特征研究[J].土壤学报,2007,44(1):122-129.
[31]张敬昇,李冰,王昌全,等.控释掺混氮肥对稻麦作物生长和产量的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2016,28(8):1287-1296.
[32]Zornoza R,Guerrero C,Mataixsolera J,et al.Assessing airdrying and rewetting pre-treatment effect on some soil enzyme activities under Mediterranean conditions[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2006,38(8):2125-2134.
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[2]Dhadli H S,Brar B S,Black T A.N2O emissions in a long-term soil fertility experiment under maize-wheat cropping system in Northern India[J].Geoderma Regional,2016,7(2):102-109.
[3]Jensen L S,Schjoerring J K,van der Hoke K W,et al.Benefits of nitrogen for food,fibre and industrial production[C]//Sutton M A,Howard C M,Erisman J W,et al.The european nitrogen assessment.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011.32-61.
[4]徐明岗,李菊梅,李冬初,等.控释氮肥对双季水稻生长及氮肥利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5):1010-1015.
[5]李东坡,武志杰,梁成华,等.缓/控释氮素肥料对土壤生物学活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(3):664-669.
[6]张敬昇,李冰,王昌全,等.控释掺混尿素对稻麦产量及氮素利用率的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2017,31(3):288-298.
[7]黄巧义,唐栓虎,张发宝,等.减氮配施控释尿素对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(6):829-838.
[8]董艳,汤利,郑毅,等.小麦-蚕豆间作条件下氮肥施用量对根际微生物区系的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(7):1559-1566.
[9]刘来,黄保健,孙锦,等.大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013,(2):5-10.
[10]Kang H,Freeman C.Phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities in wetland soils:annual variation and controlling factors[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1999,31(3):449-454.
[11]吴林坤,林向民,林文雄.根系分泌物介导下植物-土壤-微生物互作关系研究进展与展望[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(3):298-310.
[12]顾美英,唐光木,葛春辉,等.不同秸秆还田方式对和田风沙土土壤微生物多样性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(4):489-496.
[13]严君,韩晓增,王树起,等.不同形态氮素对种植大豆土壤中微生物数量及酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(2):341-347.
[14]袁红莉,王贺祥.农业微生物学及实验指导[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2012.482.
[15]周礼凯,张志明.土壤酶活性的测定方法[J].土壤通报,1980,14(5):37-38,49.
[16]蔡红,沈仁芳.改良茚三酮比色法测定土壤蛋白酶活性的研究[J].土壤学报,2005,42(2):306-313.
[17]Yu C,Hu X M,Deng W,et al.Changes in soil microbial community structure and functional diversity in the rhizosphere surrounding mulberry subjected to long-term fertilization[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2015,86:30-40.
[18]宁川川,王建武,蔡昆争.有机肥对土壤肥力和土壤环境质量的影响研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(1):175-181.
[19]周晶,姜昕,马鸣超,等.长期施肥对土壤肥力及土壤微生物的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016,(6):8-13.
[20]张立成,邵继海,林毅青,等.稻-稻-油菜轮作对土壤微生物活性和多样性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(2):204-210.
[21]杨滨娟,黄国勤,钱海燕.秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤温度、根际微生物及酶活性的影响[J].土壤学报,2014,51(1):150-157.
[22]夏雪,谷洁,车升国,等.施氮水平对土微生物群落和酶活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(8):1618-1627.
[23]于冰,宋阿琳,李冬初,等.长期施用有机和无机肥对红壤微生物群落特征及功能的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017,(6):58-65.
[24]刘明,张民,杨越超,等.控释肥残膜对小麦各生育期土壤微生物和酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(4):1012-1017.
[25]路磊,李忠佩,车玉萍.不同施肥处理对黄泥土微生物生物量碳氮和酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2006,38(3):309-314.
[26]张敬昇,王昌全,李冰,等.控释掺混尿素对稻、麦土壤氮与酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(6):1899-1908.
[27]杨越超,张民,陈剑秋,等.控释氮肥对水稻秧苗形态特征和生理特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(5):1126-1135.
[28]徐明岗,孙小凤,邹长明,等.稻田控释氮肥的施用效果与合理施用技术[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):487-493.
[29]张向前,陈欢,乔玉强,等.长期不同施肥模式对砂姜黑土可培养微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(8):1283-1290.
[30]姚拓,龙瑞军,师尚礼,等.高寒草地不同扰动生境土壤微生物氮素生理群数量特征研究[J].土壤学报,2007,44(1):122-129.
[31]张敬昇,李冰,王昌全,等.控释掺混氮肥对稻麦作物生长和产量的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2016,28(8):1287-1296.
[32]Zornoza R,Guerrero C,Mataixsolera J,et al.Assessing airdrying and rewetting pre-treatment effect on some soil enzyme activities under Mediterranean conditions[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2006,38(8):2125-2134.
[33]Allison V J,Condron L M,Peltze D A,et al.Changes in enzyme activities and soil microbial community composition along carbon and nutrient gradients at the Franz Josef chronosequence,New Zealand[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2007,39(7):1770-1781.
[34]Acosta-Martinez V,Cano A,Johnson J.Simultaneous determination of multiple soil enzyme activities for soil healthbiogeochemical indices[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2018,126:121-128.
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