异重流潜入现象探讨Ⅰ:水槽实验与理论分析成果回顾
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摘要
本文对异重流潜入现象中各种潜入点水槽实验、理论分析和数值计算成果进行回顾,并探讨不同进口水沙条件下异重流潜入点的水沙特性、潜入点与其下游异重流水沙因子的关系,全文以两篇分述。本篇介绍各家用浑水、盐水和冷水进行实验,在已知进口水沙(盐水或冷水)条件下,获得潜入点断面的密度Froude数Fp,且Fp为某一定值;水库壅水区Fp值在0.5~0.8之间,引航道口门处Fp在0.25左右。在潜入点理论分析、模型数值计算方面,探讨了潜入点Fp值同掺混系数、阻力系数以及潜入点下游异重流深度hd与潜入点水深Fp之比的关系;各家建立不同概化图形并应用能量、动量方程进行分析,求得不同形式的Fp表达式;有学者利用紊流水沙模型进行数值计算与水槽实验的Fp值或hp进行对比,获得基本符合实际的结果。
This paper reviews previous flume experiment works and theoretical analysis of density currentplunging,then explores the value of the densimetric Froude number Fpat the plunge point and the relation-ship of the value of Fpwith the depth of the density current hd. The paper contains two parts. Here thefirst part presents a review of experiments of plunge point with turbid,saline or cold water inflow. Experi-mental value of Fp=0.5~0.8 in reservoir backwater region, and Fp=0.1~0.3 in navigation guiding channelswere obtained by many researchers. Then a summary was made for the previous theoretical analysis and thenumerical analysis of turbulent flow models for plunge point prediction. Various authors investigated the pa-rameter Fpwhich varies with the mixing coefficient, friction coefficient and the ratio of the density currentdepth hddownstream of the plunge point to the plunge point depth hp. Several schematic diagrams were de-veloped,and analyses were made applying energy equation and momentum equation,and obtained some dif-ferent types of Fpexpressions. Some investigators used the method of turbulent models with numerical calcu-lation to determine the value of hpor Fp. Comparison was made with the experiment values of hpor Fp.The previous theoretical analysis results of density current plunge point were used to compare with the writ-er's investigation results by theoretical analysis.
This paper reviews previous flume experiment works and theoretical analysis of density currentplunging,then explores the value of the densimetric Froude number Fpat the plunge point and the relation-ship of the value of Fpwith the depth of the density current hd. The paper contains two parts. Here thefirst part presents a review of experiments of plunge point with turbid,saline or cold water inflow. Experi-mental value of Fp=0.5~0.8 in reservoir backwater region, and Fp=0.1~0.3 in navigation guiding channelswere obtained by many researchers. Then a summary was made for the previous theoretical analysis and thenumerical analysis of turbulent flow models for plunge point prediction. Various authors investigated the pa-rameter Fpwhich varies with the mixing coefficient, friction coefficient and the ratio of the density currentdepth hddownstream of the plunge point to the plunge point depth hp. Several schematic diagrams were de-veloped,and analyses were made applying energy equation and momentum equation,and obtained some dif-ferent types of Fpexpressions. Some investigators used the method of turbulent models with numerical calcu-lation to determine the value of hpor Fp. Comparison was made with the experiment values of hpor Fp.The previous theoretical analysis results of density current plunge point were used to compare with the writ-er's investigation results by theoretical analysis.
引文
[1]范家骅.异重流与泥沙工程:实验与设计[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2011.
[2]范家骅,等.异重流运动的实验研究[J].水利学报,1959(5):30-48.
[3]范家骅,等.异重流的研究和应用[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1959.
[4]EGASHIRA S,ASHIDA K.Condition that suspended load plunges to form a gravity current[C]//19th Proc.of the Conference on Natural Disaster Science.Japan,1978.
[5]曹如轩,任晓枫,卢文新.高含沙异重流的形成与持续条件分析[J].泥沙研究,1984(2):1-10.
[6]曹如轩,钱善琪,郭崇,等.粗沙高含沙异重流的运动特性[J].泥沙研究,1995(2):64-73.
[7]俞维升.水库沉滓运动特性之研究[D].台北:台湾大学,1991.
[8]姚鹏,王兴奎.异重流潜入规律研究[J].水利学报,1996(8):77-83.
[9]姚鹏.异重流运动的试验研究[D].北京:清华大学,1994.
[10]焦恩泽.黄河水库泥沙[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2004.
[11]SCHIJF J B,SCHONFELD J C.Theoretical Considerations on the Motion of Salt and Fresh Water[C]//Proceedings of Minnesota International Hydraulics Convention.Minnesota:Minneapolis,1953:321-333.
[12]范家骅.关于水库浑水潜入点判别数的确定方法[J].泥沙研究,2008(1):74-81.
[13]李涛,张俊华,马怀宝,等.异重流潜入重力修正系数研究[J].人民黄河,2012,34(7):28-29.
[14]李书霞,夏军强,张俊华,等.水库浑水异重流潜入点判别条件[J].水科学进展,2012,23(3):363-368.
[15]李涛,夏军强,张俊华,等.水库异重流潜入点流速分布及其判别式改进[J].工程科学与技术,2017,49(2):62-68.
[16]方春明,韩其为,何明民.异重流潜入条件分析及立面二维数值模拟[J].泥沙研究,1997(4):68-75.
[17]KEULEGAN G H.Twelfth progress report on model laws for density currents:the motion of saline fronts in still water[R].National Bureau of Standards:U.S.Dept.of Commerce,1958.
[18]SINGH B,SHAH C R.Plunging phenomenon of density currents in reservoirs[J].La Houille Blanche,1971,26(1):59-64.
[19]ITAKURA T,RISHI T.Study on the turbidity density current in a reservoir[C]//16th Symp.on Science of Natural Disaster.Japan,1979:233-234.
[20]FUKUOKA S,FUKUSHIMA Y,NAKAMURA K.Study on the plunge depth and interface form of density currents in a two-dimensional reservoir[C]//土木学会论文报告集第302号.1980:55-65.
[21]KAN K,TAMA N.On the plunging point and initial mixing of the inflow into reservoirs[C]//Proc.25th Japanese Conf.on Hydraulics.Japan,1981:631-636.
[22]FARRELL C J,STEFAN H G.Buoyancy induced plunging glow into reservoirs and coastal regions[R].St.Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,Minnesota:University of Minnesota,1986.
[23]AKIYAMA J,STEFAN H.Gravity currents in lakes,reservoirs and coastal regions:Two-layer stratified flow analysis[R].St.Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,Minnesota:University of Minnesota,1987.
[24]AKIYAMA J,STEFAN H.Onset of underflow in slightly diverging channels[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-Asce,1987,113(7):825-844.
[25]STEFAN H,JOHNSON T.Negative buoyant flow in diverging channel.Ⅲ.Onset of underflow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1989,115(4):423-436.
[26]O'BRIEN M P,CHERNO J.Model law for motion of salt water through fresh[J].Trans.ASCE,1934(99):576-594.
[27]YIH C S.A study of the characteristics of gravity waves at a liquid surface[D].Iowa:State Univ.of Iowa,1947.
[28]KEULEGAN G H.An experimental study of the motion of saline water from locks into fresh water channels[C]//13th Progress Report on Model Laws of Density Current,National Bureau of Standards,1957.
[29]MEDDLETON G V.Experiments on density and turbidity currents.I.motion of the head[J].Canadian J.of Earth Sciences,1966(3):523-546.
[30]ROGOVSKY.International Symposium of Stratified Flows[C].Novosibirsk,1972:440-458.
[31]KERSEY D G,HSüK.Energy relations of density current flows:an experimental investigation[J].Sedimentology,1976(23):761-789.
[32]LAM S T.Experimental investigation of lock-release gravity current[D].Hong Kong:Univ.of Hong Kong,1995.
[33]BARR D I H.Densimetric exchange flow in rectangular channels.II:Some observations of the structure of lock exchange flow[J].La Houille Blanche,1963(7):757-766.
[34]ROTTMAN J W,SIMPSON J E.The initial development of gravity currents from fixed-volume release of heavy fluids[C]//IUTAM Symp.Delft,1983:347-359.
[35]陈国谦,李行伟,李植.开闸式湍动异重流[J].中国科学(E辑),2002,32(6):754-764.
[36]von KARMAN T.The engineer grapples with non-linear problems[J].Bull.Am.Math.Soc.,1940(46):615-683.
[37]BENJAMIN T B.Gravity current and related phenoma[J].J.Fluid Mech.,1968(31):209-248.
[38]YIH C S.Stratified Flows[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1969.
[39]SAVAGE S B,BRIMBERG J.Analysis of plunging phenomena in water reservoirs[J].J.Hydraul.Res.,1975,13(2):187-205.
[40]JAIN S C.Plunging phenomena in reservoirs[C]//Proc.Symp.On Surface Water Impoundments,Minnesota:Minneapolis,1981.
[41]朱鹏程.异重流的形成与衰减[J].水利学报,1981(5):52-59.
[42]AKIYAMA J,STEFAN H.Theory of plunging flow into a reservoir:Internal memoratum[R].St.Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,Univ.of Minnesota,1981.
[43]AKIYAMA J,STEFAN H.Plunging flow into a reservoir:theory[J].J.Hydraul.Eng.,1984,110(4):484499.
[44]ELLISON T H,TURNER J S.Turbulent entrainment in stratified flows[J].J.Fluid Mech.,1959(6):423-428.
[45]PARKER G,GARCIA M,FUKUSHIMA Y,et al.Experiments on turbidity currents over an erodible bed[J].J.Hydraul.Res.,1987,25(1):123-147.
[46]PARKER G,TONIOLO H.Note on the analysis of plunging of density flows[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2007,133(6):690-694.
[47]FARRELL C J,Stefan H.Mathematical modelling of plunging reservoir flows[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,1988,26(5):525-537.
[48]BOURNET P,DARTUS D,TASSIN B,et al.Numerical investigation of plunging density current[J].J.Hydraul.Eng.,1999,125(6):584-594.
[2]范家骅,等.异重流运动的实验研究[J].水利学报,1959(5):30-48.
[3]范家骅,等.异重流的研究和应用[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1959.
[4]EGASHIRA S,ASHIDA K.Condition that suspended load plunges to form a gravity current[C]//19th Proc.of the Conference on Natural Disaster Science.Japan,1978.
[5]曹如轩,任晓枫,卢文新.高含沙异重流的形成与持续条件分析[J].泥沙研究,1984(2):1-10.
[6]曹如轩,钱善琪,郭崇,等.粗沙高含沙异重流的运动特性[J].泥沙研究,1995(2):64-73.
[7]俞维升.水库沉滓运动特性之研究[D].台北:台湾大学,1991.
[8]姚鹏,王兴奎.异重流潜入规律研究[J].水利学报,1996(8):77-83.
[9]姚鹏.异重流运动的试验研究[D].北京:清华大学,1994.
[10]焦恩泽.黄河水库泥沙[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2004.
[11]SCHIJF J B,SCHONFELD J C.Theoretical Considerations on the Motion of Salt and Fresh Water[C]//Proceedings of Minnesota International Hydraulics Convention.Minnesota:Minneapolis,1953:321-333.
[12]范家骅.关于水库浑水潜入点判别数的确定方法[J].泥沙研究,2008(1):74-81.
[13]李涛,张俊华,马怀宝,等.异重流潜入重力修正系数研究[J].人民黄河,2012,34(7):28-29.
[14]李书霞,夏军强,张俊华,等.水库浑水异重流潜入点判别条件[J].水科学进展,2012,23(3):363-368.
[15]李涛,夏军强,张俊华,等.水库异重流潜入点流速分布及其判别式改进[J].工程科学与技术,2017,49(2):62-68.
[16]方春明,韩其为,何明民.异重流潜入条件分析及立面二维数值模拟[J].泥沙研究,1997(4):68-75.
[17]KEULEGAN G H.Twelfth progress report on model laws for density currents:the motion of saline fronts in still water[R].National Bureau of Standards:U.S.Dept.of Commerce,1958.
[18]SINGH B,SHAH C R.Plunging phenomenon of density currents in reservoirs[J].La Houille Blanche,1971,26(1):59-64.
[19]ITAKURA T,RISHI T.Study on the turbidity density current in a reservoir[C]//16th Symp.on Science of Natural Disaster.Japan,1979:233-234.
[20]FUKUOKA S,FUKUSHIMA Y,NAKAMURA K.Study on the plunge depth and interface form of density currents in a two-dimensional reservoir[C]//土木学会论文报告集第302号.1980:55-65.
[21]KAN K,TAMA N.On the plunging point and initial mixing of the inflow into reservoirs[C]//Proc.25th Japanese Conf.on Hydraulics.Japan,1981:631-636.
[22]FARRELL C J,STEFAN H G.Buoyancy induced plunging glow into reservoirs and coastal regions[R].St.Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,Minnesota:University of Minnesota,1986.
[23]AKIYAMA J,STEFAN H.Gravity currents in lakes,reservoirs and coastal regions:Two-layer stratified flow analysis[R].St.Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,Minnesota:University of Minnesota,1987.
[24]AKIYAMA J,STEFAN H.Onset of underflow in slightly diverging channels[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-Asce,1987,113(7):825-844.
[25]STEFAN H,JOHNSON T.Negative buoyant flow in diverging channel.Ⅲ.Onset of underflow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1989,115(4):423-436.
[26]O'BRIEN M P,CHERNO J.Model law for motion of salt water through fresh[J].Trans.ASCE,1934(99):576-594.
[27]YIH C S.A study of the characteristics of gravity waves at a liquid surface[D].Iowa:State Univ.of Iowa,1947.
[28]KEULEGAN G H.An experimental study of the motion of saline water from locks into fresh water channels[C]//13th Progress Report on Model Laws of Density Current,National Bureau of Standards,1957.
[29]MEDDLETON G V.Experiments on density and turbidity currents.I.motion of the head[J].Canadian J.of Earth Sciences,1966(3):523-546.
[30]ROGOVSKY.International Symposium of Stratified Flows[C].Novosibirsk,1972:440-458.
[31]KERSEY D G,HSüK.Energy relations of density current flows:an experimental investigation[J].Sedimentology,1976(23):761-789.
[32]LAM S T.Experimental investigation of lock-release gravity current[D].Hong Kong:Univ.of Hong Kong,1995.
[33]BARR D I H.Densimetric exchange flow in rectangular channels.II:Some observations of the structure of lock exchange flow[J].La Houille Blanche,1963(7):757-766.
[34]ROTTMAN J W,SIMPSON J E.The initial development of gravity currents from fixed-volume release of heavy fluids[C]//IUTAM Symp.Delft,1983:347-359.
[35]陈国谦,李行伟,李植.开闸式湍动异重流[J].中国科学(E辑),2002,32(6):754-764.
[36]von KARMAN T.The engineer grapples with non-linear problems[J].Bull.Am.Math.Soc.,1940(46):615-683.
[37]BENJAMIN T B.Gravity current and related phenoma[J].J.Fluid Mech.,1968(31):209-248.
[38]YIH C S.Stratified Flows[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1969.
[39]SAVAGE S B,BRIMBERG J.Analysis of plunging phenomena in water reservoirs[J].J.Hydraul.Res.,1975,13(2):187-205.
[40]JAIN S C.Plunging phenomena in reservoirs[C]//Proc.Symp.On Surface Water Impoundments,Minnesota:Minneapolis,1981.
[41]朱鹏程.异重流的形成与衰减[J].水利学报,1981(5):52-59.
[42]AKIYAMA J,STEFAN H.Theory of plunging flow into a reservoir:Internal memoratum[R].St.Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,Univ.of Minnesota,1981.
[43]AKIYAMA J,STEFAN H.Plunging flow into a reservoir:theory[J].J.Hydraul.Eng.,1984,110(4):484499.
[44]ELLISON T H,TURNER J S.Turbulent entrainment in stratified flows[J].J.Fluid Mech.,1959(6):423-428.
[45]PARKER G,GARCIA M,FUKUSHIMA Y,et al.Experiments on turbidity currents over an erodible bed[J].J.Hydraul.Res.,1987,25(1):123-147.
[46]PARKER G,TONIOLO H.Note on the analysis of plunging of density flows[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2007,133(6):690-694.
[47]FARRELL C J,Stefan H.Mathematical modelling of plunging reservoir flows[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,1988,26(5):525-537.
[48]BOURNET P,DARTUS D,TASSIN B,et al.Numerical investigation of plunging density current[J].J.Hydraul.Eng.,1999,125(6):584-594.