交变温度对航天轴承摩擦力矩的影响机理
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摘要
针对空间环境温度在-60~80℃之间交替变化影响航天轴承摩擦力矩的问题,该文利用接触力学和运动学等理论,建立了固体润滑轴承摩擦力矩的数学模型,并分析了内、外圈的摩擦力矩。基于弹性力学、热学和变形协调关系,分析了交变温度影响航天轴承过盈量和预紧力的规律。在此基础上,结合摩擦力矩模型探究了交变温度对航天轴承摩擦力矩的影响机理。通过理论分析研究了交变温度对航天轴承的过盈量、预紧力的影响,进而揭示了交变温度对摩擦力矩的影响规律,并进行了试验验证。研究结果表明:交变温度与内圈过盈量负相关,与外圈过盈量正相关;过盈量增加引起内圈摩擦力矩增大量大于外圈;预紧力随交变温度升高而增大,当交变温度从-60升高到80℃时,与常温时相比预紧力变化范围为-40~40 N;预紧力、环境温度的增加都将引起摩擦力矩增大;摩擦力矩随交变温度增加而增大,随交变温度降低而变小,且摩擦力矩达不到初始时刻的最大值和最小值。研究结果为减缓摩擦力矩变化提供参考。
With the further development of the Beidou navigation satellite network, high precision, high reliability and high security issues of shaft assembly in interstellar link antenna drive unit have been paid more and more attention by the researchers. As the absolutely necessary key components in spacecraft mechanism, the reliability of space bearing is one of the main difficulties in the world's space technology. Due to the harshness, extremeness and uncertainty of the space environment, the alternating temperature first seriously affects the size and stability of the space bearing friction torque. Secondly, the operation reliability is affected in space bearing while temperature changes. Then, the life, accuracy and reliability of the spacecraft mechanism are affected by the space environment. Space bearing is the sensitive and key problem related to the reliability of spacecraft mechanisms. The reliability of space bearing is the basic guarantee of the normal operation of spacecraft mechanisms, the realization of the intended function and the design life. The friction torque of the bearing reflects the operation of the precision shaft system and will affect the function and accuracy of the shaft system. The improper friction torque of the space bearing will cause the spacecraft mechanism to failure, so the dynamic performance of the friction torque is an important factor to restrict the life and reliability of spacecraft mechanism. Aiming at the space ambient temperature alternating between-60 and 80 ℃ influencing the friction torque issue of space bearing, the mathematical model of friction torque of solid lubricating bearing is established by using contact mechanics and kinematics theory. Then, the friction torque of inner and outer rings is analyzed. Based on the elastic mechanics, thermotics and deformation coordination, the influence law of alternating temperature on the interference and preload force of space bearing is analyzed. On the basis of changing law of the interference and preload force, the influence mechanism of alternating temperature on the friction torque of space bearing is studied by combining the friction torque model. The relationships between the interference and friction torque, the preload force and friction torque, the alternating temperature and the friction torque are investigated by theory and experiment. Meanwhile, the experiment is carried out to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that the alternating temperature is negatively correlated with the inner ring interference, and the alternating temperature is positively related to the outer ring interference. The increased amount of the friction torque of the inner ring, caused by the increase of the interference, is larger than that of the outer ring. The preload force of space bearing increases with the alternating temperature. Comparing with the preload force at room temperature, the change range of preload force is-40-40 N, while the alternating temperature increases from-60 to 80 ℃. The increase of preload force or ambient temperature leads to the increase of the friction torque. The friction torque increases with the increase of the alternating temperature, and decreases with the decrease of the alternating temperature. The friction torque cannot reach the maximum and minimum of the initial time. By analyzing the influence law of the alternating temperature on the friction torque of space bearing, the method to reduce or eliminate the influence of the alternating temperature on the friction torque is explored, which provides a theoretical basis for slowing the change of the friction torque.
With the further development of the Beidou navigation satellite network, high precision, high reliability and high security issues of shaft assembly in interstellar link antenna drive unit have been paid more and more attention by the researchers. As the absolutely necessary key components in spacecraft mechanism, the reliability of space bearing is one of the main difficulties in the world's space technology. Due to the harshness, extremeness and uncertainty of the space environment, the alternating temperature first seriously affects the size and stability of the space bearing friction torque. Secondly, the operation reliability is affected in space bearing while temperature changes. Then, the life, accuracy and reliability of the spacecraft mechanism are affected by the space environment. Space bearing is the sensitive and key problem related to the reliability of spacecraft mechanisms. The reliability of space bearing is the basic guarantee of the normal operation of spacecraft mechanisms, the realization of the intended function and the design life. The friction torque of the bearing reflects the operation of the precision shaft system and will affect the function and accuracy of the shaft system. The improper friction torque of the space bearing will cause the spacecraft mechanism to failure, so the dynamic performance of the friction torque is an important factor to restrict the life and reliability of spacecraft mechanism. Aiming at the space ambient temperature alternating between-60 and 80 ℃ influencing the friction torque issue of space bearing, the mathematical model of friction torque of solid lubricating bearing is established by using contact mechanics and kinematics theory. Then, the friction torque of inner and outer rings is analyzed. Based on the elastic mechanics, thermotics and deformation coordination, the influence law of alternating temperature on the interference and preload force of space bearing is analyzed. On the basis of changing law of the interference and preload force, the influence mechanism of alternating temperature on the friction torque of space bearing is studied by combining the friction torque model. The relationships between the interference and friction torque, the preload force and friction torque, the alternating temperature and the friction torque are investigated by theory and experiment. Meanwhile, the experiment is carried out to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that the alternating temperature is negatively correlated with the inner ring interference, and the alternating temperature is positively related to the outer ring interference. The increased amount of the friction torque of the inner ring, caused by the increase of the interference, is larger than that of the outer ring. The preload force of space bearing increases with the alternating temperature. Comparing with the preload force at room temperature, the change range of preload force is-40-40 N, while the alternating temperature increases from-60 to 80 ℃. The increase of preload force or ambient temperature leads to the increase of the friction torque. The friction torque increases with the increase of the alternating temperature, and decreases with the decrease of the alternating temperature. The friction torque cannot reach the maximum and minimum of the initial time. By analyzing the influence law of the alternating temperature on the friction torque of space bearing, the method to reduce or eliminate the influence of the alternating temperature on the friction torque is explored, which provides a theoretical basis for slowing the change of the friction torque.
引文
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[4]Singh H,Mutyala K C,Evans R D,et al.An investigation of material and tribological properties of Sb2O3/Au-doped Mo S2solid lubricant films under sliding and rolling contact in different environments[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2015,284:281-289.
[5]Ning F,Yao J,Li R,et al.Research on the Mechanism of Alternating Temperatures on Space Bearing Preload[M].Mechanism and Machine Science.Springer,Singapore,2017:597-608.
[6]宁峰平,姚建涛,安静涛,等.减缓空间机械臂热预紧力的研究[J].机械工程学报,2017,53(11):54-60.Ning Fengping,Yao Jiantao,An Jingtao,et al.Research on mitigating the thermal preload of space manipulator[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2017,53(11):54-60.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]古乐,聂重阳,郑德志,等.空间环境回转-直线往复复合运动密珠轴系力载特性分析[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(7):88-96.Gu Le,Nie Chongyang,Zheng Dezhi,et al.Analysis of load characteristics in linear bearing with shaft used in space environment for rotary-linear motion[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2016,52(7):88-96.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]徐志栋,杨伯原,李建华,等.航天轴承在较高温度下摩擦力矩特性的试验研究[J].润滑与密封,2008,33(3):66-68.Xu Zhidong,Yang Boyuan,Li Jianhua,et al.Experimental Research on friction torque characteristics of aerospace bearings in relative high temperature[J].Lubrication Engineering,2008,33(3):66-68.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]LüM,Zheng F,Wang Q,et al.Friction and wear behaviors of carbon and aramid fibers reinforced polyimide composites in simulated space environment[J].Tribology International,2015,92:246-254.
[10]Zhen J,Cheng J,Zhu S,et al.High-temperature tribological behavior of a nickel alloy matrix solid-lubricating composite under vacuum[J].Tribology International,2017,110:52-56.
[11]宁峰平.空间滚动轴承可靠性影响因素作用机理及其演化规律研究[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学,2015:17-35.Ning Fengping.Raseach on Mechanism and Evolution Law of Reliability Factors in Space Bearing[D].Qinhuangdao:Yanshan University,2015:17-35.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]安静涛.空间角接触球轴承摩擦力矩理论分析及实验研究[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学,2016.An Jingtao.Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Study of Space Angle Contact Ball Bearing Friction Torque[D].Qinhuangdao:Yanshan University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]Palmgren A.Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering[M].Burbank:Philadephia,1959.
[14]Snare B.Rolling resistance in lightly loaded bearings[J].The Ball Bearing Journal,1968,152:3-8.
[15]Snare B.Rolling resistance in loaded roller bearings[J].The Ball Bearing Journal,1968,153:19-24.
[16]Snare B,Eng G.Rolling resistance in loaded ball contacts[J].The Ball Bearing Journal,1968,154:3-14.
[17]邓四二,李兴林,汪久根,等.角接触球轴承摩擦力矩特性研究[J].机械工程学报,2011,47(5):114-120.Deng Sier,Li Xinglin,Wang Jiugen,et al.Frictional torque characteristic of angular contact ball bearings[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2011,47(5):114-120.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]邓四二,李兴林,汪久根,等.角接触球轴承摩擦力矩波动性分析[J].机械工程学报,2011,47(23):104-112.Deng Sier,Li Xinglin,Wang Jiugen,et al.Analysis on the friction torque fluctuation of angular contact ball bearings[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2011,47(23):104-112.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Gon?alves D,Cousseau T,Gama A,et al.Friction torque in thrust roller bearings lubricated with greases,their base oils and bleed-oils[J].Tribology International,2017,107:306-319.
[20]Ghanbari A,Khanmohamadi S.A new test rig for frictional torque measurement in ball bearings[J].WSEASTransactions on Systems,2006,5(9):2172-21 77.
[21]李佳琪,倪计民,石秀勇,等.结构参数对增压器浮环轴承润滑特性和环速比的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):48-55.Li Jiaqi,Ni Jimin,Shi Xiuyong,et al.Effect of structural parameters on lubrication performance of floating ring bearing and ring speed ratio in turbocharger[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(2):48-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Todd M J,Stevens K T.Frictional torque of angular contact ball bearings with different conformities conformities[R].Risley:Technical Report ESA-CR(P)-1221,1978.
[23]汤占岐,刘小君,逄明华,等.脂润滑关节轴承的摩擦副表面织构设计及摩擦性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(12):61-67.Tang Zhanqi,Liu Xiaojun,Pang Minghua,et al.Surface texturing design and frictional experiment of friction pair of grease lubricated spherical plain bearings[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(12):61-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]B?lan M R D,Stamate V C,Houpert L,et al.The influence of the lubricant viscosity on the rolling friction torque[J].Tribology International,2014,72:1-12.
[25]Bhardwaj V,Pandey R K,Agarwal V K.Experimental investigations for tribo-dynamic behaviours of conventional and textured races ball bearings using fresh and Mo S2blended greases[J].Tribology International,2017,113:149-168.
[26]Kitahara T,Okamoto J.Friction torque of instrument ball bearings under combined radial and thrust load[J].Japan Society of Lubrication Engineers,Journal-International Edition,(ISSN 0389-5483),1984(5):131-136.
[27]夏新涛,樊雎,陈龙,等.基于乏信息理论的转盘轴承启动摩擦力矩变异分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(增刊1):81-86.Xia Xintao,Fan Ju,Chen Long,et al.Variation analysis of starting friction torque for slewing bearing based on poor information theory[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(Supp.1):81-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]胡华君,潘博,孙京.航天器驱动机构轴系摩擦力矩建模与分析研究[J].机械工程学报,2017,53(11):75-80.Hu Huajun,Pan Bo,Sun Jing.Friction torque modeling of spacecraft driving mechanism shafting[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2017,53(11):75-80.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]宁峰平,姚建涛,孙锟,等.多因素耦合对空间轴承热学特性的影响[J].浙江大学学报:工学版,2016,50(1):129-136.Ning Fengping,Yao Jiantao,Sun Kun,et al.Effect of multi-factor coupling on thermal properties of space bearing[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Engineering Edition,2016,50(1):129-136.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]Jones A B.A general theory for elastically constrained ball and radial roller bearings under arbitrary load and speed conditions[J].Journal of Fluids Engineering,1960,82(2):309-320.
[31]宁峰平,姚建涛,安静涛,等.适应交变温度的空间轴承运行可靠性区域分析[J].机械工程学报,2015,51(15):97-103.Ning Fengping,Yao Jiantao,An Jingtao,et al.Analysis of operational reliability region for space bearing in alternating temperature[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2015,51(15):97-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]刘庭伟,张宁,梁伟,等.星载活动部件用轴承的失效仿真分析及试验验证[J].中国机械工程,2014,25(21):2864-2868.Liu Tingwei,Zhang Ning,Liang Wei,et al.Failure simulation analysis and experimental verification of bearings for spaceborne moving mechanism[J].China Mechanical Engineering,2014,25(21):2864-2868.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[3]Vanhulsel A,Velasco F,Jacobs R,et al.DLC solid lubricant coatings on ball bearings for space applications[J].Tribology International,2007,40(7):1186-1194.
[4]Singh H,Mutyala K C,Evans R D,et al.An investigation of material and tribological properties of Sb2O3/Au-doped Mo S2solid lubricant films under sliding and rolling contact in different environments[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2015,284:281-289.
[5]Ning F,Yao J,Li R,et al.Research on the Mechanism of Alternating Temperatures on Space Bearing Preload[M].Mechanism and Machine Science.Springer,Singapore,2017:597-608.
[6]宁峰平,姚建涛,安静涛,等.减缓空间机械臂热预紧力的研究[J].机械工程学报,2017,53(11):54-60.Ning Fengping,Yao Jiantao,An Jingtao,et al.Research on mitigating the thermal preload of space manipulator[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2017,53(11):54-60.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]古乐,聂重阳,郑德志,等.空间环境回转-直线往复复合运动密珠轴系力载特性分析[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(7):88-96.Gu Le,Nie Chongyang,Zheng Dezhi,et al.Analysis of load characteristics in linear bearing with shaft used in space environment for rotary-linear motion[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2016,52(7):88-96.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]徐志栋,杨伯原,李建华,等.航天轴承在较高温度下摩擦力矩特性的试验研究[J].润滑与密封,2008,33(3):66-68.Xu Zhidong,Yang Boyuan,Li Jianhua,et al.Experimental Research on friction torque characteristics of aerospace bearings in relative high temperature[J].Lubrication Engineering,2008,33(3):66-68.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]LüM,Zheng F,Wang Q,et al.Friction and wear behaviors of carbon and aramid fibers reinforced polyimide composites in simulated space environment[J].Tribology International,2015,92:246-254.
[10]Zhen J,Cheng J,Zhu S,et al.High-temperature tribological behavior of a nickel alloy matrix solid-lubricating composite under vacuum[J].Tribology International,2017,110:52-56.
[11]宁峰平.空间滚动轴承可靠性影响因素作用机理及其演化规律研究[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学,2015:17-35.Ning Fengping.Raseach on Mechanism and Evolution Law of Reliability Factors in Space Bearing[D].Qinhuangdao:Yanshan University,2015:17-35.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]安静涛.空间角接触球轴承摩擦力矩理论分析及实验研究[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学,2016.An Jingtao.Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Study of Space Angle Contact Ball Bearing Friction Torque[D].Qinhuangdao:Yanshan University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]Palmgren A.Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering[M].Burbank:Philadephia,1959.
[14]Snare B.Rolling resistance in lightly loaded bearings[J].The Ball Bearing Journal,1968,152:3-8.
[15]Snare B.Rolling resistance in loaded roller bearings[J].The Ball Bearing Journal,1968,153:19-24.
[16]Snare B,Eng G.Rolling resistance in loaded ball contacts[J].The Ball Bearing Journal,1968,154:3-14.
[17]邓四二,李兴林,汪久根,等.角接触球轴承摩擦力矩特性研究[J].机械工程学报,2011,47(5):114-120.Deng Sier,Li Xinglin,Wang Jiugen,et al.Frictional torque characteristic of angular contact ball bearings[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2011,47(5):114-120.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]邓四二,李兴林,汪久根,等.角接触球轴承摩擦力矩波动性分析[J].机械工程学报,2011,47(23):104-112.Deng Sier,Li Xinglin,Wang Jiugen,et al.Analysis on the friction torque fluctuation of angular contact ball bearings[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2011,47(23):104-112.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Gon?alves D,Cousseau T,Gama A,et al.Friction torque in thrust roller bearings lubricated with greases,their base oils and bleed-oils[J].Tribology International,2017,107:306-319.
[20]Ghanbari A,Khanmohamadi S.A new test rig for frictional torque measurement in ball bearings[J].WSEASTransactions on Systems,2006,5(9):2172-21 77.
[21]李佳琪,倪计民,石秀勇,等.结构参数对增压器浮环轴承润滑特性和环速比的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):48-55.Li Jiaqi,Ni Jimin,Shi Xiuyong,et al.Effect of structural parameters on lubrication performance of floating ring bearing and ring speed ratio in turbocharger[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(2):48-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Todd M J,Stevens K T.Frictional torque of angular contact ball bearings with different conformities conformities[R].Risley:Technical Report ESA-CR(P)-1221,1978.
[23]汤占岐,刘小君,逄明华,等.脂润滑关节轴承的摩擦副表面织构设计及摩擦性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(12):61-67.Tang Zhanqi,Liu Xiaojun,Pang Minghua,et al.Surface texturing design and frictional experiment of friction pair of grease lubricated spherical plain bearings[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(12):61-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]B?lan M R D,Stamate V C,Houpert L,et al.The influence of the lubricant viscosity on the rolling friction torque[J].Tribology International,2014,72:1-12.
[25]Bhardwaj V,Pandey R K,Agarwal V K.Experimental investigations for tribo-dynamic behaviours of conventional and textured races ball bearings using fresh and Mo S2blended greases[J].Tribology International,2017,113:149-168.
[26]Kitahara T,Okamoto J.Friction torque of instrument ball bearings under combined radial and thrust load[J].Japan Society of Lubrication Engineers,Journal-International Edition,(ISSN 0389-5483),1984(5):131-136.
[27]夏新涛,樊雎,陈龙,等.基于乏信息理论的转盘轴承启动摩擦力矩变异分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(增刊1):81-86.Xia Xintao,Fan Ju,Chen Long,et al.Variation analysis of starting friction torque for slewing bearing based on poor information theory[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(Supp.1):81-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]胡华君,潘博,孙京.航天器驱动机构轴系摩擦力矩建模与分析研究[J].机械工程学报,2017,53(11):75-80.Hu Huajun,Pan Bo,Sun Jing.Friction torque modeling of spacecraft driving mechanism shafting[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2017,53(11):75-80.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]宁峰平,姚建涛,孙锟,等.多因素耦合对空间轴承热学特性的影响[J].浙江大学学报:工学版,2016,50(1):129-136.Ning Fengping,Yao Jiantao,Sun Kun,et al.Effect of multi-factor coupling on thermal properties of space bearing[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Engineering Edition,2016,50(1):129-136.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]Jones A B.A general theory for elastically constrained ball and radial roller bearings under arbitrary load and speed conditions[J].Journal of Fluids Engineering,1960,82(2):309-320.
[31]宁峰平,姚建涛,安静涛,等.适应交变温度的空间轴承运行可靠性区域分析[J].机械工程学报,2015,51(15):97-103.Ning Fengping,Yao Jiantao,An Jingtao,et al.Analysis of operational reliability region for space bearing in alternating temperature[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2015,51(15):97-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)