典型天气背景下沙漠绿洲过渡带近地表风动力空间变化特征
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摘要
以地处鸣沙山边缘的敦煌绿洲为例,沿沙漠至绿洲方向设置监测断面,利用沙漠、绿洲和过渡带三点定位气象数据,结合移动式多路梯度风况资料,选取晴天、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴4个典型天气环境,分析探讨了不同天气背景下,沙漠绿洲过渡带局地风况、近地表风速廓线、摩阻速度和输沙势等风动力环境的空间变化特征。由于受沙漠绿洲过渡带的影响,沿沙漠至绿洲方向,平均风速、起沙风频次和输沙势均逐渐减小,主导风向也发生偏转。其中沙尘天气环境下,沙漠、过渡带和绿洲起沙风频次分别为96,48和7,过渡带和绿洲边缘平均风速较沙漠区减小约22.2%和50.2%。研究结果有助于解决绿洲风沙危害,确保沙漠绿洲的生态安全,更能为干旱区绿洲风沙防护体系建设提供理论依据。
Controlled by the landscape pattern of oasis and desert,the processes of wind-blown sand in the oasis-desert transitional zone have direct impact on the stability of oasis. In this paper,a typical oasis-desert transitional zone in Dunhuang Oasis at the east of Kumtagh Desert between Xinjiang and Gansu Province,China was selected the our studying site. With the methods of setting section from desert to oasis,fixed point observation in the field and mathematical statistics,the sand-laden wind,drift potential and drag velocity were calculated based on the meteorological data of the sites in the desert,oasis and desert-oasis transitional zone. This paper probes into the local wind regimes,wind speed profile,aeolian environments and drift potentials along the desert-oasis transitional zone under typical weather conditions. Results show that the frequency of sand-laden wind decreases obviously from desert to oasis,especially in the condition of sandstorm weather. The frequency of sand-laden wind is 96 in the desert,58 in the desert-oasis transitional zone and 7 in the oasis,respectively. Due to the impacts of the desert-oasis transitional zone,the dominant direction of wind also deviates from desert to oasis. Wind speed decreases from 8.59 m·s~(-1)in the site of desert to 4.28 m·s~(-1)in the site of oasis in sandstorm weather,which indicates an obvious defensive effect of oasis. In addition,drag velocity is 0.51 m·s~(-1)in the desert,0.27 m·s~(-1)in the desert-oasis transitional zone and 0.14 m·s~(-1)in the oasis. Wind speeds on different heights have good correlation under the same underlying surface. The relationship of wind speeds on different heights decreases from desert to oasis. In the field observation periods,the site of desert has 196.81 VU of drift potential,which indicates high wind energy and strong aeolian sand activities. While in the sites of desert-oasis transitional zone and oasis,drift potential is 68.45 VU and 9.35 VU,both lower than that in desert. The result of this paper is beneficial to solve the sand hazards and ensure ecological safety of oasis. Moreover,it will provide scientific evidence for establishing the oasis-protection system in arid region which is both significant in theory and in practice.
Controlled by the landscape pattern of oasis and desert,the processes of wind-blown sand in the oasis-desert transitional zone have direct impact on the stability of oasis. In this paper,a typical oasis-desert transitional zone in Dunhuang Oasis at the east of Kumtagh Desert between Xinjiang and Gansu Province,China was selected the our studying site. With the methods of setting section from desert to oasis,fixed point observation in the field and mathematical statistics,the sand-laden wind,drift potential and drag velocity were calculated based on the meteorological data of the sites in the desert,oasis and desert-oasis transitional zone. This paper probes into the local wind regimes,wind speed profile,aeolian environments and drift potentials along the desert-oasis transitional zone under typical weather conditions. Results show that the frequency of sand-laden wind decreases obviously from desert to oasis,especially in the condition of sandstorm weather. The frequency of sand-laden wind is 96 in the desert,58 in the desert-oasis transitional zone and 7 in the oasis,respectively. Due to the impacts of the desert-oasis transitional zone,the dominant direction of wind also deviates from desert to oasis. Wind speed decreases from 8.59 m·s~(-1)in the site of desert to 4.28 m·s~(-1)in the site of oasis in sandstorm weather,which indicates an obvious defensive effect of oasis. In addition,drag velocity is 0.51 m·s~(-1)in the desert,0.27 m·s~(-1)in the desert-oasis transitional zone and 0.14 m·s~(-1)in the oasis. Wind speeds on different heights have good correlation under the same underlying surface. The relationship of wind speeds on different heights decreases from desert to oasis. In the field observation periods,the site of desert has 196.81 VU of drift potential,which indicates high wind energy and strong aeolian sand activities. While in the sites of desert-oasis transitional zone and oasis,drift potential is 68.45 VU and 9.35 VU,both lower than that in desert. The result of this paper is beneficial to solve the sand hazards and ensure ecological safety of oasis. Moreover,it will provide scientific evidence for establishing the oasis-protection system in arid region which is both significant in theory and in practice.
引文
[1]SALMAN A B,HOWARI F M,SANKARY M M,et al.Environmental impact and natural hazards on Kharga Oasis monumental sites,Western Desert of Egypt[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,2010,58:341-353.
[2]文子祥,董光荣,屈建军.应重视和加强我国沙漠绿洲的研究[J].地球科学进展,1996,11(3):270-274.[WEN Zixiang,DONG Guangrong,QU Jianjun.Paying emphasis on the study of desert oasis in China[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,1996,11(3):270-274.]
[3]RICHARD W T,STEVEN R E,TERRY A H.The Bowen ratio-energy balance method for estimating latent heat flux of irrigated alfalfa evaluated in a semiarid,advective environment[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,103:335-348.
[4]王翠,雷加强,李生宇,等.策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带风沙流挟沙粒度的垂直分异[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(2):230-238.[WANG Cui,LEI Jiaqiang,LI Shengyu,et al.Vertical distribution of grain size in aeolian flow in Cele oasis-desert ecotone[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(2):230-238.]
[5]朱震达,吴正,刘恕,等.中国沙漠概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1980:90-94.[ZHU Zhenda,WU Zheng,LIU Shu,et al.Introduction on the desert in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980:90-94.]
[6]马韫娟,马志福,马淑红,等.阿拉尔-和田沙漠公路风沙运动若干规律监测研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(1):94-105.[MA Yunjuan,MA Zhifu,MA Shuhong,et al.Monitoring and research on several laws of wind-blown sand movement for Aral-Hotan Desert Road[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(1):94-105.]
[7]王涛.干旱区绿洲化、荒漠化研究的进展与趋势[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(1):1-9.[WANG Tao.Review and prospect of research on oasification and desertification in arid regions[J].Journal of Desert Research,2009,29(1):1-9.]
[8]穆桂金,贺俊霞,雷加强,等.再议绿洲沙漠过渡带—以策勒绿洲沙漠过渡带为例[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):195-202.[MU Guijin,HE Junxia,LEI Jiaqiang,et al.A discussion on the transitional zone from oasis to sandy desert:a case study at Cele Oasis[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(2):195-202.]
[9]MISAK R F,DRAZ M Y.Sand drift control of selected coastal and desert dunes in Egypt:case studies[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1997,35:17-28.
[10]WANG Y G,LI Y.Land exploitation resulting in soil salinization in a desert-oasis ecotone[J].Catena,2012,100:50-56.
[11]ISHIYAMA T,SAITO N,FUJIKAWA S,et al.Ground surface conditions of oases around the Taklimakan Desert[J].Advances in Space Research,2007,39:46-51.
[12]张克斌.关于我国西北沙漠绿洲开发中的若干问题[J].北京林业大学学报,1986,(1):124-128.[ZHANG Kebin.Several questions on the development of desert oasis in northwest of China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1986,(1):124-128.]
[13]贾宝全,慈龙骏,蔡体久,等.绿洲荒漠交错带环境特征初步研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(9):1104-1108.[JIA Baoquan,CI Longjun,CAI Tijiu,et al.Preliminary research on environmental characteristics of oasis-desert ecotone[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(9):1104-1108.]
[14]杨东亮,王雪芹,胡永锋,等.绿洲沙漠过渡带风况资料统计中的若干问题研究—以策勒绿洲为例[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(3):549-555.[YANG Dongliang,WANG Xueqin,HU Yongfeng,et al.Some problems in wind data analyzing in oasis-desert ecotone:a case of Qira Oasis[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(3):549-555.]
[15]刑文娟,雷加强,王海峰,等.荒漠绿洲过渡带风况及输沙势分析[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(6):894-898.[XING Wenjuan,LEI Jiaqiang,WANG Haifeng,et al.Analysis on wind regime and drift potential in a desert-oasis ecotone[J].Arid Zone Research,2008,25(6):894-898.]
[16]刘芳,郝玉光,徐军,等.乌兰布和沙区风沙运移特征分析[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1163-1169.[LIU Fang,HAO Yuguang,XU Jun,et al.Sand flow characteristics in Ulan Buh Desert[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(6):1163-1169.]
[17]杨兴华,何清,霍文,等.策勒绿洲荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地面不同方向的输沙特征[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(6):1100-1104.[YANG Xinghua,HE Qing,HUO Wen,et al.Study on wind blown sand characteristics at different directions near the surface in the frontier of an oasis-desert ecotone in Qira County,Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2012,29(6):1100-1104.]
[18]毛东雷,雷加强,曾凡江,等.新疆策勒沙漠绿洲过渡带不同下垫面地表蚀积变化特征[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(4):961-969.[MAO Donglei,LEI Jiaqiang,ZENG Fanjiang,et al.Sand erosion and deposition on different underlying land surfaces in the desert-oasis ecotone in Cele,Xinjiang[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(4):961-969.]
[19]曾佳,郭峰,赵灿,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘小绿洲近50年来气候变化特征[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):948-957.[ZENG Jia,GUO Feng,ZHAO Can,et al.Climate change of small oases in the southern margin of Taklimakan Desert in recent 50years[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):948-957.]
[20]ZHAO Ming,ZHAN Kejie,YANG Zihui,et al.Characteristics of the lower layer of sandstorms in the Minqin Desert-oasis zone[J].Science China(Earth Sciences),2011,54(5):703-710.
[21]杨兴华,何清,程玉景,等.策勒绿洲荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地表沙尘水平通量观测[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(6):1100-1105.[YANG Xinghua,HE Qing,CHENG Yujing,et al.Nearsurface horizontal aeolian sand dust flux over an oasis-desert ecotone in Qira County,Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(6):1100-1105.]
[22]毛东雷,雷加强,王翠,等.新疆策勒县沙漠-绿洲过渡带风沙流结构及输沙粒度特征[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(1):25-33.[MAO Donglei,LEI Jiaqiang,WANG Cui,et al.Characteristics of sand flow structure and sand transportation particles in Cele desert-oasis ecotone of Xinjiang[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,35(1):25-33.]
[23]赵明,方峨天,詹科杰,等.民勤地区近地面沙尘监测系统的建立及其运行的初步评价[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(6):1163-1168.[ZHAO Ming,FANG Etian,ZHAN Kejie,et al.Construction of near surface dust storm monitoring system in Minqin and evaluation on its operation[J].Journal of Desert Research,2008,28(6):1163-1168.]
[24]王萍,王燕.民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带不同下垫面条件的土壤风蚀特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(11):138-145.[WANG Ping,WANG Yan.Characteristics of aeolian sediment under different underlying surfaces in oasis-desert transitional region of Minqin[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(11):138-145.]
[25]张克存,张伟民,屈建军,等.不同砾石盖度戈壁床面动力学特征研究[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(6):1077-1082.[ZHANG Kecun,ZHANG Weimin,QU Jianjun,et al.Dynamical characteristics of gobi surfaces with different gravel coverage[J].Arid Zone Research,2012,29(6):1077-1082.]
[26]房彦杰,赵景峰,郭永平,等.FRYBERGER输沙势计算方法及其评估偏差分析—以塔克拉玛干沙漠为例[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(1):95-102.[FANG Yanjie,ZHAO Jingfeng,GUO Yongping,et al.Magnitude deviations of sand drift potential calculation in the FRYBERGER model:a case of the Taklimakan Desert[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(1):95-102.]
[2]文子祥,董光荣,屈建军.应重视和加强我国沙漠绿洲的研究[J].地球科学进展,1996,11(3):270-274.[WEN Zixiang,DONG Guangrong,QU Jianjun.Paying emphasis on the study of desert oasis in China[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,1996,11(3):270-274.]
[3]RICHARD W T,STEVEN R E,TERRY A H.The Bowen ratio-energy balance method for estimating latent heat flux of irrigated alfalfa evaluated in a semiarid,advective environment[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,103:335-348.
[4]王翠,雷加强,李生宇,等.策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带风沙流挟沙粒度的垂直分异[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(2):230-238.[WANG Cui,LEI Jiaqiang,LI Shengyu,et al.Vertical distribution of grain size in aeolian flow in Cele oasis-desert ecotone[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(2):230-238.]
[5]朱震达,吴正,刘恕,等.中国沙漠概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1980:90-94.[ZHU Zhenda,WU Zheng,LIU Shu,et al.Introduction on the desert in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980:90-94.]
[6]马韫娟,马志福,马淑红,等.阿拉尔-和田沙漠公路风沙运动若干规律监测研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(1):94-105.[MA Yunjuan,MA Zhifu,MA Shuhong,et al.Monitoring and research on several laws of wind-blown sand movement for Aral-Hotan Desert Road[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(1):94-105.]
[7]王涛.干旱区绿洲化、荒漠化研究的进展与趋势[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(1):1-9.[WANG Tao.Review and prospect of research on oasification and desertification in arid regions[J].Journal of Desert Research,2009,29(1):1-9.]
[8]穆桂金,贺俊霞,雷加强,等.再议绿洲沙漠过渡带—以策勒绿洲沙漠过渡带为例[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):195-202.[MU Guijin,HE Junxia,LEI Jiaqiang,et al.A discussion on the transitional zone from oasis to sandy desert:a case study at Cele Oasis[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(2):195-202.]
[9]MISAK R F,DRAZ M Y.Sand drift control of selected coastal and desert dunes in Egypt:case studies[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1997,35:17-28.
[10]WANG Y G,LI Y.Land exploitation resulting in soil salinization in a desert-oasis ecotone[J].Catena,2012,100:50-56.
[11]ISHIYAMA T,SAITO N,FUJIKAWA S,et al.Ground surface conditions of oases around the Taklimakan Desert[J].Advances in Space Research,2007,39:46-51.
[12]张克斌.关于我国西北沙漠绿洲开发中的若干问题[J].北京林业大学学报,1986,(1):124-128.[ZHANG Kebin.Several questions on the development of desert oasis in northwest of China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1986,(1):124-128.]
[13]贾宝全,慈龙骏,蔡体久,等.绿洲荒漠交错带环境特征初步研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(9):1104-1108.[JIA Baoquan,CI Longjun,CAI Tijiu,et al.Preliminary research on environmental characteristics of oasis-desert ecotone[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(9):1104-1108.]
[14]杨东亮,王雪芹,胡永锋,等.绿洲沙漠过渡带风况资料统计中的若干问题研究—以策勒绿洲为例[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(3):549-555.[YANG Dongliang,WANG Xueqin,HU Yongfeng,et al.Some problems in wind data analyzing in oasis-desert ecotone:a case of Qira Oasis[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(3):549-555.]
[15]刑文娟,雷加强,王海峰,等.荒漠绿洲过渡带风况及输沙势分析[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(6):894-898.[XING Wenjuan,LEI Jiaqiang,WANG Haifeng,et al.Analysis on wind regime and drift potential in a desert-oasis ecotone[J].Arid Zone Research,2008,25(6):894-898.]
[16]刘芳,郝玉光,徐军,等.乌兰布和沙区风沙运移特征分析[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1163-1169.[LIU Fang,HAO Yuguang,XU Jun,et al.Sand flow characteristics in Ulan Buh Desert[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(6):1163-1169.]
[17]杨兴华,何清,霍文,等.策勒绿洲荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地面不同方向的输沙特征[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(6):1100-1104.[YANG Xinghua,HE Qing,HUO Wen,et al.Study on wind blown sand characteristics at different directions near the surface in the frontier of an oasis-desert ecotone in Qira County,Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2012,29(6):1100-1104.]
[18]毛东雷,雷加强,曾凡江,等.新疆策勒沙漠绿洲过渡带不同下垫面地表蚀积变化特征[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(4):961-969.[MAO Donglei,LEI Jiaqiang,ZENG Fanjiang,et al.Sand erosion and deposition on different underlying land surfaces in the desert-oasis ecotone in Cele,Xinjiang[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(4):961-969.]
[19]曾佳,郭峰,赵灿,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘小绿洲近50年来气候变化特征[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):948-957.[ZENG Jia,GUO Feng,ZHAO Can,et al.Climate change of small oases in the southern margin of Taklimakan Desert in recent 50years[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):948-957.]
[20]ZHAO Ming,ZHAN Kejie,YANG Zihui,et al.Characteristics of the lower layer of sandstorms in the Minqin Desert-oasis zone[J].Science China(Earth Sciences),2011,54(5):703-710.
[21]杨兴华,何清,程玉景,等.策勒绿洲荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地表沙尘水平通量观测[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(6):1100-1105.[YANG Xinghua,HE Qing,CHENG Yujing,et al.Nearsurface horizontal aeolian sand dust flux over an oasis-desert ecotone in Qira County,Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(6):1100-1105.]
[22]毛东雷,雷加强,王翠,等.新疆策勒县沙漠-绿洲过渡带风沙流结构及输沙粒度特征[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(1):25-33.[MAO Donglei,LEI Jiaqiang,WANG Cui,et al.Characteristics of sand flow structure and sand transportation particles in Cele desert-oasis ecotone of Xinjiang[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,35(1):25-33.]
[23]赵明,方峨天,詹科杰,等.民勤地区近地面沙尘监测系统的建立及其运行的初步评价[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(6):1163-1168.[ZHAO Ming,FANG Etian,ZHAN Kejie,et al.Construction of near surface dust storm monitoring system in Minqin and evaluation on its operation[J].Journal of Desert Research,2008,28(6):1163-1168.]
[24]王萍,王燕.民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带不同下垫面条件的土壤风蚀特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(11):138-145.[WANG Ping,WANG Yan.Characteristics of aeolian sediment under different underlying surfaces in oasis-desert transitional region of Minqin[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(11):138-145.]
[25]张克存,张伟民,屈建军,等.不同砾石盖度戈壁床面动力学特征研究[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(6):1077-1082.[ZHANG Kecun,ZHANG Weimin,QU Jianjun,et al.Dynamical characteristics of gobi surfaces with different gravel coverage[J].Arid Zone Research,2012,29(6):1077-1082.]
[26]房彦杰,赵景峰,郭永平,等.FRYBERGER输沙势计算方法及其评估偏差分析—以塔克拉玛干沙漠为例[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(1):95-102.[FANG Yanjie,ZHAO Jingfeng,GUO Yongping,et al.Magnitude deviations of sand drift potential calculation in the FRYBERGER model:a case of the Taklimakan Desert[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(1):95-102.]