塔里木盆地西南缘不同下垫面的摩阻风速和空气动力学粗糙度
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摘要
[目的]分析各下垫面摩阻风速和地表空气动力学粗糙度变化特征,揭示不同下垫面的风蚀潜力大小。[方法]通过2010—2012年野外气象观测,尝试计算由流动沙漠到绿洲4个连续下垫面的摩阻风速和空气动力学粗糙度的变化并分析其变化原因,评价摩阻风速和空气动力学粗糙度其对风蚀敏感性的影响。[结果]流动沙地和半流动沙地摩阻风速(u*)和空气动力学粗糙度(z0)的年内变化不明显,固定沙地和绿洲的摩阻风速和空气动力学粗糙度年内变化呈现单调递增变化规律。摩阻风速在流动沙地、半流动沙地、固定沙地和绿洲4个下垫面分别为0.33,0.44,0.61,和0.81m/s。空气动力学粗糙度在流动沙地、半流动沙地、固定沙地和绿洲4个下垫面分别为0.39,13.58,39.51和310.8mm。[结论]流动沙地风蚀发生的潜力最大而绿洲风蚀发生的潜力最小。
[Objective]The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of friction wind velocity and aerodynamic roughness over different underlying surface types in order to reveal the wind erosion potential in different underlying surfaces.[Methods]Wind velocity profiles were measured and used to determine friction velocity(u*)and aerodynamic roughness(z0)in four different underlying land types in the wind erosion season of 2010—2012.The sensitivity of friction velocity and aerodynamic roughness to wind erosion was analyzed.[Results]The friction velocity and aerodynamic roughness were positively correlated with the canopy height and vegetation coverage.The friction velocity was 0.33,0.44,0.61 and 0.81m/s for the shifting sand dunes,the semi-shifting sand dunes,the fixed sand dunes and the oasis,respectively.While the aerodynamic roughness was 0.39,13.58,39.51 and 310.8mm for the shifting sand dunes,the semi-shifting sand dunes,the fixed sand dunes,and the oasis,respectively.[Conclusion]The shifting sand dunes have the greatest potential for wind erosion,while oases have the least potential for wind erosion.
[Objective]The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of friction wind velocity and aerodynamic roughness over different underlying surface types in order to reveal the wind erosion potential in different underlying surfaces.[Methods]Wind velocity profiles were measured and used to determine friction velocity(u*)and aerodynamic roughness(z0)in four different underlying land types in the wind erosion season of 2010—2012.The sensitivity of friction velocity and aerodynamic roughness to wind erosion was analyzed.[Results]The friction velocity and aerodynamic roughness were positively correlated with the canopy height and vegetation coverage.The friction velocity was 0.33,0.44,0.61 and 0.81m/s for the shifting sand dunes,the semi-shifting sand dunes,the fixed sand dunes and the oasis,respectively.While the aerodynamic roughness was 0.39,13.58,39.51 and 310.8mm for the shifting sand dunes,the semi-shifting sand dunes,the fixed sand dunes,and the oasis,respectively.[Conclusion]The shifting sand dunes have the greatest potential for wind erosion,while oases have the least potential for wind erosion.
引文
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[24]Toure A A,Rajot J L,Garba Z,et al.Impact of very low crop residues cover on wind erosion in the Sahel[J].Catena,2001,85(3):205-214.
[2]Hagen L J.Crop residue effects on aerodynamic processes and wind erosion[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,1996,54(1/2):39-46.
[3]Sharratt B,Feng Guanglong.Friction velocity and aerodynamic roughness of conventional and undercutter tillage within the Columbia Plateau,USA[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,105(2):236-241.
[4]邢文娟,雷加强,王海峰,等.荒漠—绿洲过渡带风况及输沙势分析:以策勒县为例[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(6):894-897.
[5]李向义,张希明,何兴元,等.沙漠—绿洲过渡带四种多年生植物水分关系特征[J].生态学报,2004,24(6):1164-1171.
[6]代述勇,雷加强,赵景峰,等.策勒西部荒漠—绿洲过渡带地下水特征及生态影响分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(8):99-103.
[7]Stull R B.Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers:A Technical Companion Book with Ahrens’Meteorology Today[M].Brooks/Cole,2000.
[8]Sharratt B S,Vaddella V.Threshold friction velocity of soils within the Columbia Plateau[J].Aeolian Research,2012,6(2):13-20.
[9]刘小平,董治宝.空气动力学粗糙度的物理与实践意义[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(4):337-346.
[10]Campbell G S,Norman J M.An introduction to environmental biophysics[M].Germany:Springer,1998.
[11]Stanhill G.A simple instrument for the field measurement of turbulent diffusion flux[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1969,8(4):509-513.
[12]Oke T R.Boundary layer climates[M].London:Psychology Press,1987.
[13]Thom A S.Momentum,mass and heat exchange of plant[J].Communities Vegetation and the Atmosphere,1975(1):57-109.
[14]Jackson P S.On the displacement height in the logarithmic velocity profile[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1981(111):15-25.
[15]Dong Z,Gao S,Fryrear D W.Drag coefficients,roughness length and zero-plane displacement height as disturbed by artificial standing vegetation[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2001,49(3):485-505.
[16]Copeland N S,Sharratt B S,Wu J Q,et al.A WoodStrand Material for Wind Erosion Control:Effects on Total Sediment Loss,PM Vertical Flux,and PM Loss[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2009,38(1):139-148.
[17]茅宇豪,刘树华,李婧.不同下垫面空气动力学参数的研究[J].气象学报,2006,64(3):325-334.
[18]Counehan J.Wind tunnel determination of the roughness length as a function of the fetch and the roughness density of three-dimensional roughness elements[J].Atmospheric Environment,1971,5(8):637-642.
[19]夏建新,石雪峰,吉祖稳,等.植被条件对下垫面空气动力学粗糙度影响试验研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2007,15(1):23-31.
[20]Jasinski M F,Crago R D.Estimation of vegetation aerodynamic roughness of natural regions using frontal area density determined from satellite imagery[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999,94(1):65-77.
[21]Lloyd C R,Gash J H C,Sivakumar M V K.Derivation of the aerodynamic roughness parameters for a Sahelian savannah site using the eddy correlation technique[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1992,58(3):261-271.
[22]Kenneth L D,William A W R.Aerodynamic roughness parameters for semi-arid natural shrub communities of Wyoming.USA[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1997,88(1):1-14.
[23]Ishizuka M,Mikami M,Yamada Y,et al.Threshold Friction Velocities of Saltation Sand Particles for Different Soil Moisture Conditions in the Taklimakan Desert[J].Sola,2009(5):184-187.
[24]Toure A A,Rajot J L,Garba Z,et al.Impact of very low crop residues cover on wind erosion in the Sahel[J].Catena,2001,85(3):205-214.