不同播种方式对陇东旱塬区全膜双垄沟玉米播种质量和生长发育的影响
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摘要
为了探明陇东旱塬区全膜双垄沟栽培模式下不同播种方式对玉米播种质量和生长发育的影响,在甘肃省镇原县上肖乡进行了连续5年的试验,在目标密度不变的情况下,通过增减株距和播种数量控制密度,研究了玉米播种质量和生长发育。结果显示:播种方式显著影响全膜双垄沟玉米出苗率和保苗率(P<0.05),单粒播种较双粒播种出苗率提高1.9%,单粒半株距播种保苗率达到100%;3粒倍株距穗位和底部透光率分别为10.7%和4.6%,显著高于其他处理;拔节期光合速率和各生育期干物质积累量之间差异不显著;不同处理籽粒、穗轴、叶片、苞叶和茎秆变幅分别为3.0%、1.3%、0.8%、1.4%和4.2%,干物质积累分配不受播种方式影响;产量和耗水量处理间差异不显著,水分利用效率差异显著(P<0.05),半株距单粒播种、3粒倍株距播种产量和水分利用效率分别较常规播种增加2.7%、2.1%和1.2%、2.5%。陇东旱塬区全膜双垄沟栽培模式下,播种方式影响了玉米出苗,但对后期玉米生长发育特性和产量影响不大,因此,采用机械化播种时可选用单粒半株距播种方式,在目标密度基础上增加播种密度17%左右,人工点播可以选用倍株距3粒播种,每穴留2株玉米,可以减少50%点播穴数。
The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of different sowing methods on the sowing quality,growth,and development of corn.Therefore,a 5-year field study was conducted in an arid area near Shangxiao,Zhenyuan County,in eastern Gansu Province.The cultivation pattern was full-film mulching in doubleridge burrows.The sowing quality,growth,and development of corn sown at various densities were determined.The density was controlled by increasing or decreasing row spacing and the amount of seeds sown.The results showed that sowing methods significantly(P<0.05)affected the rates of seedling emergence and survival of corn planted under full-film mulching in double-ridge burrows.Seedling emergence was 1.9% higher under single-seed sowing than under double-seed sowing,and rate of seedling survival was 100% higher under single-seed sowing with half-row spacing than under conventional sowing.Under three-seed sowing with multiple row spacing,light transmittance at the ears and stem bottoms was 10.7%and 4.6%,respectively,significantly higher than in other treatments.The photosynthetic rate during the jointing stage and dry matter accumulation at every growth stage did not differ significantly among the treatments.Under different treatments,the magnitude of changes in seed biomass,spike-stalk biomass,leaf biomass,subtending leaf biomass,and stem biomass amounted to 3.0%,1.3%,0.8%,1.4% and 4.2%,respectively,but the sowing method did not affect dry matter accumulation and distribution.Indexes such as water use efficiency,yield,and water consumption varied significantly among the treatments(P<0.05).Water consumption did not vary significantly among treatments.Compared with the yields and water-use efficiencies under conventional sowing,those under single-seed sowing with half-row spacing were increased by 2.7% and 2.1%,respectively,and those under three-seed sowing with multiple spacing were increased by 1.2%and 2.5%,respectively.Under the cultivation pattern of full-film mulching in double-ridge burrows in an arid area in eastern Gansu Province,sowing methods affected the seedling emergence of corn,but did not affect corn yield or growth and development during later growth stages.Therefore,when mechanized sowing is used,methods such as single-seed sowing with half-row spacing can be chosen.When the sowing density is increased by 17%in terms of target density,such sowing methods as three-seed sowing with multiple-row spacing can be applied,with 2 seeds sown in each hole.This method can decrease the number of sowing holes by 50%.
The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of different sowing methods on the sowing quality,growth,and development of corn.Therefore,a 5-year field study was conducted in an arid area near Shangxiao,Zhenyuan County,in eastern Gansu Province.The cultivation pattern was full-film mulching in doubleridge burrows.The sowing quality,growth,and development of corn sown at various densities were determined.The density was controlled by increasing or decreasing row spacing and the amount of seeds sown.The results showed that sowing methods significantly(P<0.05)affected the rates of seedling emergence and survival of corn planted under full-film mulching in double-ridge burrows.Seedling emergence was 1.9% higher under single-seed sowing than under double-seed sowing,and rate of seedling survival was 100% higher under single-seed sowing with half-row spacing than under conventional sowing.Under three-seed sowing with multiple row spacing,light transmittance at the ears and stem bottoms was 10.7%and 4.6%,respectively,significantly higher than in other treatments.The photosynthetic rate during the jointing stage and dry matter accumulation at every growth stage did not differ significantly among the treatments.Under different treatments,the magnitude of changes in seed biomass,spike-stalk biomass,leaf biomass,subtending leaf biomass,and stem biomass amounted to 3.0%,1.3%,0.8%,1.4% and 4.2%,respectively,but the sowing method did not affect dry matter accumulation and distribution.Indexes such as water use efficiency,yield,and water consumption varied significantly among the treatments(P<0.05).Water consumption did not vary significantly among treatments.Compared with the yields and water-use efficiencies under conventional sowing,those under single-seed sowing with half-row spacing were increased by 2.7% and 2.1%,respectively,and those under three-seed sowing with multiple spacing were increased by 1.2%and 2.5%,respectively.Under the cultivation pattern of full-film mulching in double-ridge burrows in an arid area in eastern Gansu Province,sowing methods affected the seedling emergence of corn,but did not affect corn yield or growth and development during later growth stages.Therefore,when mechanized sowing is used,methods such as single-seed sowing with half-row spacing can be chosen.When the sowing density is increased by 17%in terms of target density,such sowing methods as three-seed sowing with multiple-row spacing can be applied,with 2 seeds sown in each hole.This method can decrease the number of sowing holes by 50%.
引文
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[12] Dong Q T,Li M S,Liu J,et al.Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of drought of spring maize in northeast China in recent 50years.Journal of Natural Disasters,2011,20(4):52-59.董秋婷,李茂松,刘江,等.近50年东北地区春玉米干旱的时空演变特征.自然灾害学报,2011,20(4):52-59.
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[14] Liao Y C,Wen X X,Han S M.Effect of mulching of water conservation for dry land winter wheat in the loess tableland.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2003,36(5):548-552.廖允成,温晓霞,韩思明.黄土高原旱地小麦覆盖保水技术效果研究.中国农业科学,2003,36(5):548-552.
[15] Richards R A,Rebetzke G J,Condon A G.Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals.Crop Science,2002,42(1):111-121.
[16] Li S Z,Fan T L,Wang L,et al.Effects of different film-mulching modes on growth,yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(6):22-27.李尚中,樊廷录,王磊,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(6):22-27.
[17] Ma S Q,Wang Q,Chen F T,et al.Impact of spring maize seeding growth on yield and assessment models of production cut under background of spring drought.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(1):171-179.马树庆,王琪,陈凤涛,等.春旱背景下春玉米苗情对产量的影响及减产评估模式.农业工程学报,2015,31(1):171-179.
[18] Yang G H,Li X,Wang C L,et al.Study on effects of plant densities on the yield and the related characters of maize hybrids.Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2006,15(5):57-60.杨国虎,李新,王成莲,等.种植密度影响玉米产量及部分产量相关性状的研究.西北农业学报,2006,15(5):57-60.
[19] Yang J S,Gao H Y,Liu P,et al.Effects of planting density and row spacing on canopy apparent photosynthesis of highyield summer corn.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(7):1226-1233.杨吉顺,高辉远,刘鹏,等.种植密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米群体光合特性的影响.作物学报,2010,36(7):1226-1233.
[20] Yang L H,Zhang L H,Zhang Q G,et al.Effect of row spacing pattern on yield and plant height uniformity in highly-densed summer maize.Journal of Maize Sciences,2006,14(6):122-124.杨利华,张丽华,张全国,等.种植样式对高密度夏玉米产量和株高整齐度的影响.玉米科学,2006,14(6):122-124.
[21] Gao Y B,Tao H B,Huang S B,et al.Effects of high planting density and row spacing on canopy light distribution and photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize.Journal of China Agricultural University,2015,20(6):9-15.高英波,陶洪斌,黄收兵,等.密植和行距配置对夏玉米群体分布及光合特性的影响.中国农业大学学报,2015,20(6):9-15.
[22] LüJ Z,Zhong C S,Shi D J,et al.Effects of different sowing methods on the quality and yield of maize sowing.Jiangsu Agricultural Science,2016,44(9):100-102.吕巨智,钟昌松,石达金,等.不同播种方式对玉米播种质量及产量的影响.江苏农业科学,2016,44(9):100-102.
[23] Sun R,Peng C,Cong Y X,et al.Dynamic characteristics of leaf area index and their effects on yield in different density spring-maize.Journal of Maize Sciences,2008,16(4):61-65.孙锐,彭畅,丛艳霞,等.不同密度春玉米叶面积系数动态特征及其产量的影响.玉米科学,2008,16(4):61-65.
[24] Zhang J,Wang L G,Liu A M,et al.Effect of planting density on yield and grain filling process in different maize hybrids.Crops,2009,(3):40-43.张娟,王立功,刘爱民,等.种植密度对不同玉米产量和灌浆进程的影响.作物杂志,2009,(3):40-43.
[25] Liu W,Zhang J W,LüP,et al.Effect of plant density on grain yield dry matter accumulation and partitioning in summer maize cultivar Denghai 661.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(7):1301-1307.刘伟,张吉旺,吕鹏,等.种植密度对高产夏玉米登海611产量及干物质积累与分配的影响.作物学报,2011,37(7):1301-1307.
[26] Li F H,Shi Z S,Zhang S H,et al.Study and consideration on Less normal density problem of maize in Liaoning Province.Journal of Maize Sciences,2010,18(3):111-116.李凤海,史振声,张世煌,等.对辽宁省玉米种植密度偏稀问题的研究与思考.玉米科学,2010,18(3):111-116.
[2] Zhao J R,Wang R H.Development process,problem and countermeasure of maize production in China.Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2013,15(3):1-6.赵久然,王荣焕.中国玉米产业发展历程、存在问题及对策.中国农业科技导报,2013,15(3):1-6.
[3] Hu Y J,Wu S F,Feng H,et al.Effects of different mulching models on soil moisture and summer maize yields.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,36(6):699-708.胡亚瑾,吴淑芳,冯浩,等.覆盖方式对夏玉米土壤水分和产量的影响.中国农业气象,2015,36(6):699-708.
[4] Yang Q F,Liu G C,Xiong C R.Study on highly efficient water utilizing mechanisms on techniques of whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows of dry-land maize.Research of Agricultural Modernization,2010,31(1):45-51.杨祁峰,刘广才,熊春蓉.旱作玉米全膜双垄沟播技术的水分高效利用机理研究.农业现代化研究,2010,31(1):45-51.
[5] Li S Z,Wang Y,Fan T L,et al.Effects of different plastic film mulching modes on soil moisture,temperature and yield of dryland maize.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(5):922-931.李尚中,王勇,樊廷录,等.旱地玉米不同覆膜方式的水温及增产效应.中国农业科学,2010,43(5):922-931.
[6] Ma S Q,Wang Q,LüH Q,et al.Impact of water and temperature on spring maize emergence speed and emergence rate.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(11):3378-3385.马树庆,王琪,吕厚荃,等.水分和温度对春玉米出苗速度和出苗率的影响.生态学报,2012,32(11):3378-3385.
[7] Wu H Y,Cui Y H,Sun C F.Study on relations of sowing depth and seedling emergence of different types of maize seeds.Journal of Maize Sciences,2011,19(2):109-113.吴海燕,崔彦宏,孙昌凤.不同类型玉米杂交种播种深度与出苗相关性的研究.玉米科学,2011,19(2):109-113.
[8] Li Q S,Gao L Q,Shi A L,et al.Relationships between soil temperature and emergence of maize.Crops,2011,(4):89-92.李青松,高立起,石爱丽,等.地温与玉米品种出苗关系的研究.作物杂志,2011,(4):89-92.
[9] Ma S Q,Wang Q,Luo X L.Effect of climate change on maize(Zea mays)growth and yield based on stage sowing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(5):2131-2139.马树庆,王琪,罗新兰.基于分期播种的气候变化对东北地区玉米(Zea mays)生长发育和产量的影响.生态学报,2008,28(5):2131-2139.
[10] Cao H Y,Wang D B,Shi J G,et al.Effects of sowing depth on seedling traits and root characteristics of summer maize.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(8):2397-2404.曹慧英,王丁波,史建国,等.播种深度对夏玉米幼苗性状和根系特性的影响.应用生态学报,2015,26(8):2397-2404.
[11] Li S K,Zhao J R,Dong S T,et al.Advances and prospects of maize cultivation in China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):1941-1959.李少昆,赵久然,董树亭,等.中国玉米栽培研究进展与展望.中国农业科学,2017,50(11):1941-1959.
[12] Dong Q T,Li M S,Liu J,et al.Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of drought of spring maize in northeast China in recent 50years.Journal of Natural Disasters,2011,20(4):52-59.董秋婷,李茂松,刘江,等.近50年东北地区春玉米干旱的时空演变特征.自然灾害学报,2011,20(4):52-59.
[13] Zhang S J,Zhang Y S,Sun L Y,et al.Analysis of distributional characteristics and primary causes of maize drought in Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2013,34(3):350-357.张淑杰,张玉书,孙龙彧,等.东北地区玉米生育期干旱分布特征及其成因分析.中国农业气象,2013,34(3):350-357.
[14] Liao Y C,Wen X X,Han S M.Effect of mulching of water conservation for dry land winter wheat in the loess tableland.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2003,36(5):548-552.廖允成,温晓霞,韩思明.黄土高原旱地小麦覆盖保水技术效果研究.中国农业科学,2003,36(5):548-552.
[15] Richards R A,Rebetzke G J,Condon A G.Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals.Crop Science,2002,42(1):111-121.
[16] Li S Z,Fan T L,Wang L,et al.Effects of different film-mulching modes on growth,yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(6):22-27.李尚中,樊廷录,王磊,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(6):22-27.
[17] Ma S Q,Wang Q,Chen F T,et al.Impact of spring maize seeding growth on yield and assessment models of production cut under background of spring drought.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(1):171-179.马树庆,王琪,陈凤涛,等.春旱背景下春玉米苗情对产量的影响及减产评估模式.农业工程学报,2015,31(1):171-179.
[18] Yang G H,Li X,Wang C L,et al.Study on effects of plant densities on the yield and the related characters of maize hybrids.Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2006,15(5):57-60.杨国虎,李新,王成莲,等.种植密度影响玉米产量及部分产量相关性状的研究.西北农业学报,2006,15(5):57-60.
[19] Yang J S,Gao H Y,Liu P,et al.Effects of planting density and row spacing on canopy apparent photosynthesis of highyield summer corn.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(7):1226-1233.杨吉顺,高辉远,刘鹏,等.种植密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米群体光合特性的影响.作物学报,2010,36(7):1226-1233.
[20] Yang L H,Zhang L H,Zhang Q G,et al.Effect of row spacing pattern on yield and plant height uniformity in highly-densed summer maize.Journal of Maize Sciences,2006,14(6):122-124.杨利华,张丽华,张全国,等.种植样式对高密度夏玉米产量和株高整齐度的影响.玉米科学,2006,14(6):122-124.
[21] Gao Y B,Tao H B,Huang S B,et al.Effects of high planting density and row spacing on canopy light distribution and photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize.Journal of China Agricultural University,2015,20(6):9-15.高英波,陶洪斌,黄收兵,等.密植和行距配置对夏玉米群体分布及光合特性的影响.中国农业大学学报,2015,20(6):9-15.
[22] LüJ Z,Zhong C S,Shi D J,et al.Effects of different sowing methods on the quality and yield of maize sowing.Jiangsu Agricultural Science,2016,44(9):100-102.吕巨智,钟昌松,石达金,等.不同播种方式对玉米播种质量及产量的影响.江苏农业科学,2016,44(9):100-102.
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