稻田退水氮负荷波动下生态沟渠操作参数模拟试验研究
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摘要
为探讨稻田退水氮负荷波动条件下生态沟渠的最优参数设置,采用模拟试验方法,筛选在低、中、高3种氮负荷下,对N、P去除率最高的最优水力停留时间(Hydraulic Retention Time,HRT)、基质组成、植物种类和基质厚度。结果表明,低退水氮负荷条件下操作参数对脱氮能力的影响程度由大到小排序为植物种类、基质厚度、基质种类、HRT,中氮负荷条件下操作参数对脱氮能力的影响程度由大到小排序为HRT、基质种类、植物种类、基质厚度,高氮负荷条件下操作参数对脱氮能力的影响程度由大到小排序为基质厚度、基质种类、植物种类、HRT。在低氮负荷的连续试验中,氨氮和总磷的去除率较为稳定,氨氮的平均去除率为45%,总磷的平均去除率为65%;相反,亚硝态氮和硝态氮的去除率随进水负荷升高而降低,亚硝态氮的平均去除率为25%,硝态氮的平均去除率为30%。研究表明,稻田退水氮负荷波动条件下生态沟渠的最优参数设置如下:基质组成为土壤、沸石(粒径2～3 mm)和炉渣(粒径2～3 mm),按体积比10∶1∶1均匀混合,且基质最佳铺设厚度为20 cm;植物建议采用睡莲; HRT为20 min。
This paper is aimed to make an exploration of the optimal parameters( HRT,short for the Hydraulic Retention Time,the matrix type,the plant species and the substrate thickness)which may affect the nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the paddy fields. To achieve the purpose,we have done a series of simulated experiments,including 3 runs of the low nitrogen load,the medium nitrogen load and the high nitrogen load. The results of the said experiments indicate that: the influence of the operation parameters on the nitrogen removal efficiency in the low drainage nitrogen load conditions has been found in the following descending order: HRT > the substrate constitution > the plant species >the substrate thickness; while the effect under the high drainage nitrogen load conditions tends to keep up the following order: the substrate thickness > > the substrate constitution > > the plant type > > and,the HRT. In comparison with the removal rates of the ammonia nitrogen( NH_4~+-N),the total phosphorus( TP) has been found increasing with the influential nitrogen loads and the average removal rate being statistically equal to 45% and 65%.Instead,the removal rates of nitrite nitrogen( NO-2-N) and nitrate nitrogen( NO-3-N) tend to decrease with the increasing of the nitrogen loads. The results also suggest that,with the increase of the influential nitrogen load,it is possible to increase the removal rates of NH_4~+-N and TP,whereas it is also possible for the removal rates of NO-2-N and NO-3-N to increase by up to25% and 30%,respectively. Thus,under the varying loading conditions,the optimal operation mode can be recommended for the substrate to be composed of soil,zeolite( particle size 2-3 mm) and coal slag( particle size 2-3 mm) in the form of mixture in the volume ratio of 10: 1: 1 evenly with the optimal substrate thickness being 20 cm. Therefore,we would like to the recommend water lilies and HRT for 5 minute mixture,for such conditions,it would be possible to reach the highest removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus for high nitrogen contained sewage.
This paper is aimed to make an exploration of the optimal parameters( HRT,short for the Hydraulic Retention Time,the matrix type,the plant species and the substrate thickness)which may affect the nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the paddy fields. To achieve the purpose,we have done a series of simulated experiments,including 3 runs of the low nitrogen load,the medium nitrogen load and the high nitrogen load. The results of the said experiments indicate that: the influence of the operation parameters on the nitrogen removal efficiency in the low drainage nitrogen load conditions has been found in the following descending order: HRT > the substrate constitution > the plant species >the substrate thickness; while the effect under the high drainage nitrogen load conditions tends to keep up the following order: the substrate thickness > > the substrate constitution > > the plant type > > and,the HRT. In comparison with the removal rates of the ammonia nitrogen( NH_4~+-N),the total phosphorus( TP) has been found increasing with the influential nitrogen loads and the average removal rate being statistically equal to 45% and 65%.Instead,the removal rates of nitrite nitrogen( NO-2-N) and nitrate nitrogen( NO-3-N) tend to decrease with the increasing of the nitrogen loads. The results also suggest that,with the increase of the influential nitrogen load,it is possible to increase the removal rates of NH_4~+-N and TP,whereas it is also possible for the removal rates of NO-2-N and NO-3-N to increase by up to25% and 30%,respectively. Thus,under the varying loading conditions,the optimal operation mode can be recommended for the substrate to be composed of soil,zeolite( particle size 2-3 mm) and coal slag( particle size 2-3 mm) in the form of mixture in the volume ratio of 10: 1: 1 evenly with the optimal substrate thickness being 20 cm. Therefore,we would like to the recommend water lilies and HRT for 5 minute mixture,for such conditions,it would be possible to reach the highest removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus for high nitrogen contained sewage.
引文
[1] ZHANG Yan(张燕). Removal effect and management measures of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural drainage ditches(农田排水沟渠对氮磷的去除效应及管理措施)[D]. Changchun:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013.
[2] LINDAU C,BOLLICH P,BOND SOYBEAN J. Best management practices for Louisiana,agricultural nonpoint source water pollution control[J]. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2010,41(13):1615-1626.
[3] YU Feng(于峰),SHI Zhengtao(史正涛),PENG Haiying(彭海英). The summary of study on agricultural non-point source pollution[J]. Environmental Science and Management(环境科学与管理),2008,38(8):54-65.
[4] XU Guangyao(许光耀),LI Hongyuan(李洪远),MO Xunqiang(莫训强),et al. Research review on the advances of the invasive plants and the ecological effects of the related factors concerned[J].Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2018,18(1):375-380.
[5] ALLEN C R,STEIN O R,HOOK P B,et al. Temperature,plant species and residence time effects nitrogen removal in model treatment wetlands[J]. Water Science and Technology,2013,68(11):2337-2343.
[6] CHENG Min(程敏). Establishment of ditch scenarios for pesticide risk assessment in surface water system of Southern China(我国南方地表水农药环境风险评估沟渠场景构建研究)[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2013.
[7] HU Bo(胡博). Study on environmental and economic performance for farmland ecological ditch to prevent and control non-point source pollution(农田生态沟渠面源污染防控环境经济政策研究)[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2016.
[8] TYLER H L,MOORE M T,LOCKE M A. Potential for phosphate mitigation from agricultural runoff by three aquatic macrophytes[J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,2012,223(7):4557-4564.
[9] TANNER C C,NGUYEN M L,SUKIAS J P S,et al. Nutrient removal by a constructed wetland treating subsurface drainage from grazed dairy pasture[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2004,105(1/2):145-162.
[10] JIANG Cuiling(姜翠玲),CUI Guangbai(崔广柏),FAN Xiaoqiu(范晓秋),et al. Purification capacity of ditch wetland to agricultural non-point pollutants[J]. Environmental Science(环境科学),2004,25(2):125-128.
[11] ZHU Xuan(朱萱),LU Jixing(鲁纪行),BIAN Jinzhong(边金钟),et al. Discussion on non-point source pollution characteristics of farmland runoff and load quantitative method[J]. Environmental Science(环境科学),1985,6(5):6-11.
[12] ROGERS K H,BREEN P E,CHICK A J. Nitrogen removal in experimental wetland treatment systems evidence for the role of aquatic plants[J]. Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,1991,63(7):934-941.
[13] YANG Linzhang(杨林章),ZHOU Xiaoping(周小平),WANG Jianguo(王建国),et al. Ecological ditch system with interception function and its effects on controlling farmland non-point pollution[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2005,24(11):1371-1374.
[14] XIA Lizhong(夏立忠),YANG Linzhang(杨林章). Research on non-point source pollution in Tal Lake region[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin(长江流域资源与环境),2003,12(1):45-49.
[15] XU Hongdeng(徐红灯),XI Beidou(席北斗),WANG Jinggang(王京刚),et al. Study on the interception of nitrogen and phosphorus by macrophyte in agriculture drainage ditch[J]. Beijing University of Chemical Technology(环境科学研究),2007,20(2):85-88.
[16] WOITEMADE C J. Ability of restored wetlands to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in agricultural drainage water[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,55(3):303-309.
[17] HE Y,HAMZA A B,KRIM H,et al. A generalized divergence measure for robust image registration[J]. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing,2003,51(5):1211-1220.
[18] KROGER R,HOLLAND M M. Hydrological variability and agricultural drainage ditch inorganic nitrogen reduction capacity[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(5):1646-1652.
[19] KROGER R,HOLLAND M M. Agricultural drainage ditches mitigate phosphorus loads as a function of hydrological variability[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2008,37(3):107-113.
[20] LI Qing(李青),CHENG Xiaoying(成小英). Discriminative analysis of denitrifying microbial communities in bioreactors with different materials as biofilm carriers[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2017,17(6):2360-2365.
[21] LIANG Qiqi(梁奇奇),SHEN Yaoliang(沈耀良),WU Peng(吴鹏),et al. On the efficiency study of different configuration modes of the wetlands in dealing with the decentralized domestic sewage[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2016,16(4):332-337.
[22] ZHANG Chunyang(张春旸),LI Songmin(李松敏),NIU Wenliang(牛文亮),et al. Experimental study on the interception effect of ecological ditch on nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland[J]. Journal of Tianjin Agricultural University(天津农学院学报),2017,24(2):72-76.
[23] LIU Xinmei(刘新梅). Discussion on the methods of monitoring and analyzing water and wastewater[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China(中国环境监测),1993,9(1):62-64.
[24] TU Jiamin(涂佳敏). Experiment and simulation on nitrogen and phosphorus removal of ecological ditch(生态沟渠处理农田氮磷污水的实验与模拟研究)[D]. Tianjin:Tianjin University,2014.
[25] CUI Lihua(崔理华),ZHU Xizhen(朱夕珍),LUO Shiming(骆世明),et al. The characteristic of phosphorous adsorption on different substrates used in constructed wetland[J]. Journal of AgroEnvironment Science(农业环境科学学报),2007,26(3):894-898.
[26] JING Zihui(敬子卉). Research on the removal efficiency of substrate and hydrophytes on nitrogen and total phosphorus of agricultural runoff in ecological drainage ditch system(生态组合沟渠技术中基质与植物要素对农田退水氮磷减排的效果研究)[D].Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University,2016.
[27] SHI Hongxing(史红星),LIU Huijuan(刘会娟),QU Jiuhui(曲久辉),et al. Property of adsorption about ammonium on suspended mineral matters in eutrophic water[J]. Environmental Science(环境科学),2005,26(5):72-76.
[28] WEI Yue(韦悦),ZHANG Cuiping(张翠平),GUO Shuang(郭双),et al. Effect of nitrogen form on growth and nitrogen metabolism of Atropa belladonna[J]. Pratacultural Science(草业科学),2017,34(8):1669-1676.
[29] WANG Yan(王岩),WANG Keke(王克科),ZHAO Ying(赵颖). Experimental study on swine wastewater treatment by using the simulated subsurface constructed wetland[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2006,22(2):260-263.
[30] LUXuedong(吕学东). Research on purification technology of“ditch-wetland”in the paddy fields drainage(稻田退水“沟渠-湿地净化”技术研究)[D]. Shenyang:Shenyang University,2014.
[31] YIN Lianqing(尹连庆),GU Ruihua(谷瑞华). Ammonia nitrogen removal mechanism and affecting factors of constructed wetland[J]. Environmental Engineering(环境工程),2008,26(S):151-155.
[32] TAO W D,WEN J F,HAN Y,et al. Nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands using nitritation/anammox and nitrification/denitrification:effects of influent nitrogen concentration[J]. Water Environment Research,2012,84(12):2099-2105.
[33] ZHANG Min(张敏),GUO Bin(郭彬),FU Qinglin(傅庆林),et al. Comparison of removal efficiency of phosphorus and ammonium in solutions by five substrates[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2011,25(3):63-67.
[34] CHEN Youzhi(陈友治),DING Qingjun(丁庆军),XU Ying(徐瑛),et al. Research on modification and application of fly ash[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(武汉理工大学学报),2001,23(11):19-22.
[35] BRIX H. Treatment of wastewater in the rhizosphere of wetland Plants-the root zone method[J]. Water Science and Technology,1987,19(4):107-118.
[36] LU Xiaoming(卢晓明),ZHAO Feng(赵丰),CHEN Jianjun(陈建军),et al. Comparison of physiological traits and nitrogen and phosphorus removals of Nymphaea tetragona and Pontederia cordata[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(武汉理工大学学报),2009,1(23):44-47.
[37] CHEN Run(陈润),CHEN Zhongxiang(陈中祥),MO Lijuan(莫李娟). Experimental study on purification effect of constructed wetland with different substrates and plants[J]. Water Resources Protection(水资源保护),2010,26(4):62-66.
[38] XU Defu(徐德福),XU Jianmin(徐建民),WANG Huasheng(王华胜),et al. Absorbability of wetland plants on N and P from eutrophic water[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers(物营养与肥料学报),2005,11(5):597-601.
[39] LI Chengliang(李程亮). The Influence of adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment and the release of phosphorus release in sediment after adding microbe(底泥对氮磷的吸附及投加微生物对底泥磷释放的影响)[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2011.
[40] XUE Guohong(薛国红),GAO Jianfeng(高建峰),CHU Peichun(褚培春),et al. Some experiences in the construction of ecological interception ditches[J]. Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology(上海农业科技),2011(1):79.
[41] HAAG D,KAUPENJOHANN M. Landscape fate of nitrate fluxes and emissions in Central Europe a critical review of concept date and models for transport and retention[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2001,86(1):1-21.
[42] HUANG Liang(黄亮),WU Naicheng(吴乃成),TANG Tao(唐涛),el al. Enrichment and removal of nutrients in eutrophic water by aquatic macrophytes[J]. Chinese Environmental Science(中国环境科学),2010,30(S1):1-6.
[2] LINDAU C,BOLLICH P,BOND SOYBEAN J. Best management practices for Louisiana,agricultural nonpoint source water pollution control[J]. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2010,41(13):1615-1626.
[3] YU Feng(于峰),SHI Zhengtao(史正涛),PENG Haiying(彭海英). The summary of study on agricultural non-point source pollution[J]. Environmental Science and Management(环境科学与管理),2008,38(8):54-65.
[4] XU Guangyao(许光耀),LI Hongyuan(李洪远),MO Xunqiang(莫训强),et al. Research review on the advances of the invasive plants and the ecological effects of the related factors concerned[J].Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2018,18(1):375-380.
[5] ALLEN C R,STEIN O R,HOOK P B,et al. Temperature,plant species and residence time effects nitrogen removal in model treatment wetlands[J]. Water Science and Technology,2013,68(11):2337-2343.
[6] CHENG Min(程敏). Establishment of ditch scenarios for pesticide risk assessment in surface water system of Southern China(我国南方地表水农药环境风险评估沟渠场景构建研究)[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2013.
[7] HU Bo(胡博). Study on environmental and economic performance for farmland ecological ditch to prevent and control non-point source pollution(农田生态沟渠面源污染防控环境经济政策研究)[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2016.
[8] TYLER H L,MOORE M T,LOCKE M A. Potential for phosphate mitigation from agricultural runoff by three aquatic macrophytes[J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,2012,223(7):4557-4564.
[9] TANNER C C,NGUYEN M L,SUKIAS J P S,et al. Nutrient removal by a constructed wetland treating subsurface drainage from grazed dairy pasture[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2004,105(1/2):145-162.
[10] JIANG Cuiling(姜翠玲),CUI Guangbai(崔广柏),FAN Xiaoqiu(范晓秋),et al. Purification capacity of ditch wetland to agricultural non-point pollutants[J]. Environmental Science(环境科学),2004,25(2):125-128.
[11] ZHU Xuan(朱萱),LU Jixing(鲁纪行),BIAN Jinzhong(边金钟),et al. Discussion on non-point source pollution characteristics of farmland runoff and load quantitative method[J]. Environmental Science(环境科学),1985,6(5):6-11.
[12] ROGERS K H,BREEN P E,CHICK A J. Nitrogen removal in experimental wetland treatment systems evidence for the role of aquatic plants[J]. Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,1991,63(7):934-941.
[13] YANG Linzhang(杨林章),ZHOU Xiaoping(周小平),WANG Jianguo(王建国),et al. Ecological ditch system with interception function and its effects on controlling farmland non-point pollution[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2005,24(11):1371-1374.
[14] XIA Lizhong(夏立忠),YANG Linzhang(杨林章). Research on non-point source pollution in Tal Lake region[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin(长江流域资源与环境),2003,12(1):45-49.
[15] XU Hongdeng(徐红灯),XI Beidou(席北斗),WANG Jinggang(王京刚),et al. Study on the interception of nitrogen and phosphorus by macrophyte in agriculture drainage ditch[J]. Beijing University of Chemical Technology(环境科学研究),2007,20(2):85-88.
[16] WOITEMADE C J. Ability of restored wetlands to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in agricultural drainage water[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,55(3):303-309.
[17] HE Y,HAMZA A B,KRIM H,et al. A generalized divergence measure for robust image registration[J]. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing,2003,51(5):1211-1220.
[18] KROGER R,HOLLAND M M. Hydrological variability and agricultural drainage ditch inorganic nitrogen reduction capacity[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(5):1646-1652.
[19] KROGER R,HOLLAND M M. Agricultural drainage ditches mitigate phosphorus loads as a function of hydrological variability[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2008,37(3):107-113.
[20] LI Qing(李青),CHENG Xiaoying(成小英). Discriminative analysis of denitrifying microbial communities in bioreactors with different materials as biofilm carriers[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2017,17(6):2360-2365.
[21] LIANG Qiqi(梁奇奇),SHEN Yaoliang(沈耀良),WU Peng(吴鹏),et al. On the efficiency study of different configuration modes of the wetlands in dealing with the decentralized domestic sewage[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2016,16(4):332-337.
[22] ZHANG Chunyang(张春旸),LI Songmin(李松敏),NIU Wenliang(牛文亮),et al. Experimental study on the interception effect of ecological ditch on nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland[J]. Journal of Tianjin Agricultural University(天津农学院学报),2017,24(2):72-76.
[23] LIU Xinmei(刘新梅). Discussion on the methods of monitoring and analyzing water and wastewater[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China(中国环境监测),1993,9(1):62-64.
[24] TU Jiamin(涂佳敏). Experiment and simulation on nitrogen and phosphorus removal of ecological ditch(生态沟渠处理农田氮磷污水的实验与模拟研究)[D]. Tianjin:Tianjin University,2014.
[25] CUI Lihua(崔理华),ZHU Xizhen(朱夕珍),LUO Shiming(骆世明),et al. The characteristic of phosphorous adsorption on different substrates used in constructed wetland[J]. Journal of AgroEnvironment Science(农业环境科学学报),2007,26(3):894-898.
[26] JING Zihui(敬子卉). Research on the removal efficiency of substrate and hydrophytes on nitrogen and total phosphorus of agricultural runoff in ecological drainage ditch system(生态组合沟渠技术中基质与植物要素对农田退水氮磷减排的效果研究)[D].Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University,2016.
[27] SHI Hongxing(史红星),LIU Huijuan(刘会娟),QU Jiuhui(曲久辉),et al. Property of adsorption about ammonium on suspended mineral matters in eutrophic water[J]. Environmental Science(环境科学),2005,26(5):72-76.
[28] WEI Yue(韦悦),ZHANG Cuiping(张翠平),GUO Shuang(郭双),et al. Effect of nitrogen form on growth and nitrogen metabolism of Atropa belladonna[J]. Pratacultural Science(草业科学),2017,34(8):1669-1676.
[29] WANG Yan(王岩),WANG Keke(王克科),ZHAO Ying(赵颖). Experimental study on swine wastewater treatment by using the simulated subsurface constructed wetland[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2006,22(2):260-263.
[30] LUXuedong(吕学东). Research on purification technology of“ditch-wetland”in the paddy fields drainage(稻田退水“沟渠-湿地净化”技术研究)[D]. Shenyang:Shenyang University,2014.
[31] YIN Lianqing(尹连庆),GU Ruihua(谷瑞华). Ammonia nitrogen removal mechanism and affecting factors of constructed wetland[J]. Environmental Engineering(环境工程),2008,26(S):151-155.
[32] TAO W D,WEN J F,HAN Y,et al. Nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands using nitritation/anammox and nitrification/denitrification:effects of influent nitrogen concentration[J]. Water Environment Research,2012,84(12):2099-2105.
[33] ZHANG Min(张敏),GUO Bin(郭彬),FU Qinglin(傅庆林),et al. Comparison of removal efficiency of phosphorus and ammonium in solutions by five substrates[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2011,25(3):63-67.
[34] CHEN Youzhi(陈友治),DING Qingjun(丁庆军),XU Ying(徐瑛),et al. Research on modification and application of fly ash[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(武汉理工大学学报),2001,23(11):19-22.
[35] BRIX H. Treatment of wastewater in the rhizosphere of wetland Plants-the root zone method[J]. Water Science and Technology,1987,19(4):107-118.
[36] LU Xiaoming(卢晓明),ZHAO Feng(赵丰),CHEN Jianjun(陈建军),et al. Comparison of physiological traits and nitrogen and phosphorus removals of Nymphaea tetragona and Pontederia cordata[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(武汉理工大学学报),2009,1(23):44-47.
[37] CHEN Run(陈润),CHEN Zhongxiang(陈中祥),MO Lijuan(莫李娟). Experimental study on purification effect of constructed wetland with different substrates and plants[J]. Water Resources Protection(水资源保护),2010,26(4):62-66.
[38] XU Defu(徐德福),XU Jianmin(徐建民),WANG Huasheng(王华胜),et al. Absorbability of wetland plants on N and P from eutrophic water[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers(物营养与肥料学报),2005,11(5):597-601.
[39] LI Chengliang(李程亮). The Influence of adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment and the release of phosphorus release in sediment after adding microbe(底泥对氮磷的吸附及投加微生物对底泥磷释放的影响)[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2011.
[40] XUE Guohong(薛国红),GAO Jianfeng(高建峰),CHU Peichun(褚培春),et al. Some experiences in the construction of ecological interception ditches[J]. Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology(上海农业科技),2011(1):79.
[41] HAAG D,KAUPENJOHANN M. Landscape fate of nitrate fluxes and emissions in Central Europe a critical review of concept date and models for transport and retention[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2001,86(1):1-21.
[42] HUANG Liang(黄亮),WU Naicheng(吴乃成),TANG Tao(唐涛),el al. Enrichment and removal of nutrients in eutrophic water by aquatic macrophytes[J]. Chinese Environmental Science(中国环境科学),2010,30(S1):1-6.