建筑出口对人员疏散影响的计算机仿真模拟及分析
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摘要
针对人员疏散过程中在出口处出现瓶颈的现象,论文基于pathfinder软件研究了出口属性对疏散速度的影响.首先,通过建模及人员属性设置,建立了疏散仿真模型及不同数量的被疏散人群.其次,基于模型,研究了出口数量、位置及导流墙对疏散速度的影响.结果表明被疏散人员数量较少时,出口数量对疏散速度没有多大影响,疏散时间由被疏散人员到出口的最远距离决定,同时,导流墙对疏散有一定阻碍作用;当被疏散人员较多时,出口数量越少越有利于提高疏散速度;位于墙的两边出口比中间出口疏散速度更快;同时,导流墙可以有效提高疏散速度.研究成果对建筑的设计与管理及疏散策略的制定与实施有一定指导作用.
Aiming at the bottleneck effect generated at the exits during the pedestrian evacuation process, this paper concerns the influences of the exits on pedestrian evacuation by utilizing Pathfinder. Firstly, based on modeling and personnel attribute setting, the evacuation model and the different quantities of evacuees are established. Secondly, based on the obtained model, the influences of the quantities and positions of exits and guiding walls on pedestrian evacuation are studied. Results show, when the quantities of evacuees are not enough to result in a congestion at the exits, the quantity of exits has little effect on the evacuation speed, the evacuation time is determined by the farthest distance from the evacuees to the exits, and the guiding wall has an obstruction effect on the evacuation. When the quantities of evacuees is enough to result in a congestion at the exits, the less quantity of the exits can results in the faster evacuation speed, the exits on both sides of the wall can obtain a faster evacuation speed than those at the middle of the wall, and, the guiding wall can improve the evacuation speed effectively. The results obtained in this paper can guide the design and management of buildings and the formulation and implementation of those evacuation strategies.
Aiming at the bottleneck effect generated at the exits during the pedestrian evacuation process, this paper concerns the influences of the exits on pedestrian evacuation by utilizing Pathfinder. Firstly, based on modeling and personnel attribute setting, the evacuation model and the different quantities of evacuees are established. Secondly, based on the obtained model, the influences of the quantities and positions of exits and guiding walls on pedestrian evacuation are studied. Results show, when the quantities of evacuees are not enough to result in a congestion at the exits, the quantity of exits has little effect on the evacuation speed, the evacuation time is determined by the farthest distance from the evacuees to the exits, and the guiding wall has an obstruction effect on the evacuation. When the quantities of evacuees is enough to result in a congestion at the exits, the less quantity of the exits can results in the faster evacuation speed, the exits on both sides of the wall can obtain a faster evacuation speed than those at the middle of the wall, and, the guiding wall can improve the evacuation speed effectively. The results obtained in this paper can guide the design and management of buildings and the formulation and implementation of those evacuation strategies.
引文
[1]陶美霞,陈明,杨泉,等. GIS在土壤重金属污染评价和安全预警的应用[J].有色金属科学与工程,2017,8(6):92-97.
[2]曾凡珍.某黑钨矿采区地压控制技术[J].有色金属科学与工程,2017,8(1):122-126.
[3]翁发禄,梁礼明,丁元春,等.随机地震波干扰作用下不确定结构系统主动控制研究[J].江西理工大学学报,2015,36(3):78-84.
[4] Averill J D, Mileti D S, Peacock RD, et al. Federal building and fire safety investigation of the world trade center disaster:occupant behavior, egress, and emergency communication[R]. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 2005.
[5]上海勃曼工业控制技术有限公司.上海全茂大厦启用智能门禁系统[EB/OL].[2018-02-25].http://www. ball-screw. cn/html-news/news-124788076815356-1.html.
[6]李焱,刘弘,郑向伟.折半聚类算法在基于社会力的人群疏散仿真中的应用[J].计算机应用,2017,37(5):1491-1495.
[7]张鑫龙,陈秀万,李怀瑜,等.一种改进元胞自动机的人员疏散模型[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2017,42(9):1330-1336.
[8]廖睿,林煌,江一帆,等.基于实测车辆荷载的等高度连续刚构桥动力响应分析[J].江西理工大学学报,2017,38(5):46-50.
[9] Guo X, Chen J, You S, Wei J. Modeling of pedestrian evacuation under fire emergency based on an extended heterogeneous lattice gas model[J].Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2013, 392(9):1994-2006.
[10]王超,王坚.基于地面场粒子群优化算法的高密度人群应急疏散建模[J].计算机应用,2017,37(12):3597-3601.
[11] Fang Z, Song WG, Zhang J, et al. A Multi-grid model for evacuation coupling with the effects of fire products[J]. Fire Technology, 2012, 48(1):91-104.
[12] User Manual of Pathfinder[R]. Thunderhead Engineering, 2011.
[13] Technical Reference of Pathfinder[R]. Thunderhead Engineering,2011.
[14]张议丹,宋文华,常力,等.基于FDS+Evac和Pathfinder的服装厂建筑火灾模拟研究[J].南开大学学报(自然科学版),2017,50(3):91-94.
[15]袁慧,代长青.高层住宅建筑人员疏散时间仿真分析[J].安徽建筑大学学报(自然科学版),2017,25(2):50-54.
[16]周妍静,李炼,周德闯,等.购物广场内部布局对人员疏散的影响[J].消防科学与技术,2017,36(3):327-329.
[17]王莉.基于PATHFINDER的公共场所人员疏散行为规律及仿真模拟[J].西安科技大学学报,2017,37(3):358-364.
[18] Ding Y C, Yang L Z, Weng F L, et al. Investigation of combined stairs elevators evacuation strategies for high rise buildings based on simulation[J]. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2015, 53:60-73.
[19] Ding Y C, Weng F L. A comparative study of evacuation strategies for high-rise building via combination of stair and elevator based on computer simulation[J]. International Journal of Emergency Management, 2016, 12(1):41-54.
[20]李洪岩.基于Pathfinder的地下商场消防安全疏散模拟[J].山西建筑,2017,43(20):130-132.
[21] Yang L Z, Rao P, Zhu K J. Observation study of pedestrian flow on staircases with different dimensions under normal and emergency conditions[J]. Safety science, 2012, 50(5):1173-1179.
[22]张立红,陈海涛,杨鹏,等.不同出口条件下行人疏散效果研究[J].安全与环境工程, 2014,21(3):114-120.
[23]刘泽高,陈栋,薛郁.多出口室内行人出口选择行为研究[J].广西科学,2015(4):388-394.
[24]谢雪刚.出口位置对疏散效率的影响研究[J].四川建筑,2017,37(3):77-78.
[25]沈家全,何奇,姜罗罗.视线受限情况下逃生出口对疏散效率的影响[J].温州大学学报(自然科学版),2017,38(3):37-42.
[26]王薛昆.关于建筑物出口条件对人员疏散的影响研究[J].山西建筑,2018,44(2):238-239.
[27]杨波,陈丹丹,夏颖,等.基于GIS的CA-PSO多出口场景疏散模型研究[J].中南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2017,36(1):107-112.
[2]曾凡珍.某黑钨矿采区地压控制技术[J].有色金属科学与工程,2017,8(1):122-126.
[3]翁发禄,梁礼明,丁元春,等.随机地震波干扰作用下不确定结构系统主动控制研究[J].江西理工大学学报,2015,36(3):78-84.
[4] Averill J D, Mileti D S, Peacock RD, et al. Federal building and fire safety investigation of the world trade center disaster:occupant behavior, egress, and emergency communication[R]. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 2005.
[5]上海勃曼工业控制技术有限公司.上海全茂大厦启用智能门禁系统[EB/OL].[2018-02-25].http://www. ball-screw. cn/html-news/news-124788076815356-1.html.
[6]李焱,刘弘,郑向伟.折半聚类算法在基于社会力的人群疏散仿真中的应用[J].计算机应用,2017,37(5):1491-1495.
[7]张鑫龙,陈秀万,李怀瑜,等.一种改进元胞自动机的人员疏散模型[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2017,42(9):1330-1336.
[8]廖睿,林煌,江一帆,等.基于实测车辆荷载的等高度连续刚构桥动力响应分析[J].江西理工大学学报,2017,38(5):46-50.
[9] Guo X, Chen J, You S, Wei J. Modeling of pedestrian evacuation under fire emergency based on an extended heterogeneous lattice gas model[J].Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2013, 392(9):1994-2006.
[10]王超,王坚.基于地面场粒子群优化算法的高密度人群应急疏散建模[J].计算机应用,2017,37(12):3597-3601.
[11] Fang Z, Song WG, Zhang J, et al. A Multi-grid model for evacuation coupling with the effects of fire products[J]. Fire Technology, 2012, 48(1):91-104.
[12] User Manual of Pathfinder[R]. Thunderhead Engineering, 2011.
[13] Technical Reference of Pathfinder[R]. Thunderhead Engineering,2011.
[14]张议丹,宋文华,常力,等.基于FDS+Evac和Pathfinder的服装厂建筑火灾模拟研究[J].南开大学学报(自然科学版),2017,50(3):91-94.
[15]袁慧,代长青.高层住宅建筑人员疏散时间仿真分析[J].安徽建筑大学学报(自然科学版),2017,25(2):50-54.
[16]周妍静,李炼,周德闯,等.购物广场内部布局对人员疏散的影响[J].消防科学与技术,2017,36(3):327-329.
[17]王莉.基于PATHFINDER的公共场所人员疏散行为规律及仿真模拟[J].西安科技大学学报,2017,37(3):358-364.
[18] Ding Y C, Yang L Z, Weng F L, et al. Investigation of combined stairs elevators evacuation strategies for high rise buildings based on simulation[J]. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2015, 53:60-73.
[19] Ding Y C, Weng F L. A comparative study of evacuation strategies for high-rise building via combination of stair and elevator based on computer simulation[J]. International Journal of Emergency Management, 2016, 12(1):41-54.
[20]李洪岩.基于Pathfinder的地下商场消防安全疏散模拟[J].山西建筑,2017,43(20):130-132.
[21] Yang L Z, Rao P, Zhu K J. Observation study of pedestrian flow on staircases with different dimensions under normal and emergency conditions[J]. Safety science, 2012, 50(5):1173-1179.
[22]张立红,陈海涛,杨鹏,等.不同出口条件下行人疏散效果研究[J].安全与环境工程, 2014,21(3):114-120.
[23]刘泽高,陈栋,薛郁.多出口室内行人出口选择行为研究[J].广西科学,2015(4):388-394.
[24]谢雪刚.出口位置对疏散效率的影响研究[J].四川建筑,2017,37(3):77-78.
[25]沈家全,何奇,姜罗罗.视线受限情况下逃生出口对疏散效率的影响[J].温州大学学报(自然科学版),2017,38(3):37-42.
[26]王薛昆.关于建筑物出口条件对人员疏散的影响研究[J].山西建筑,2018,44(2):238-239.
[27]杨波,陈丹丹,夏颖,等.基于GIS的CA-PSO多出口场景疏散模型研究[J].中南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2017,36(1):107-112.