外在激励、内在激励对高校教师科研绩效的影响
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摘要
探索激励因素影响高校教师科研绩效的机理对于创新我国高校科研激励体制具有重要意义。通过703份高校教师的有效调查问卷,在EFA分析外在激励、内在激励和科研绩效的结构维度基础上,应用SEM的路径分析方法实证检验外在激励和内在激励分别对科研绩效的影响。EFA研究结果表明:外在激励包括薪酬激励、考核激励和晋升激励;内在激励包括创新激励、成就激励和社交激励;科研绩效包括过程绩效和结果绩效。路径分析研究发现:第一,薪酬、考核和成就的激励不影响过程绩效,而晋升、创新和社交的激励不仅影响而且能通过它进一步影响结果绩效。第二,通过晋升和社交的激励不能直接影响结果绩效,直接通过薪酬、考核、创新和成就的激励对结果绩效产生消极影响。第三,过程绩效(科研态度和行为)是激励因素能够真正发挥作用的中间变量和关键变量。上述成果对我国高校科研管理改革有一定的参考价值。
Exploring the mechanism of college teacher's motivation effects on their research performance is very important for the innovation system of colleges research incentive. Through the 703 valid questionnaires from college teachers,the empirical tests of extrinsic incentive's and intrinsic motivation's effects on research performance are separately studied by using the path analysis of SEM( Structural Equation Model),based on the structural dimension analysis of extrinsic incentive and intrinsic motivation and research performance by EFA( Exploratory Factor Analysis). The results of EFA indicate as follows: 1. Extrinsic incentive includes salary incentive,evaluation incentive and promotion incentive; 2. Intrinsic motivation includes innovation motivation,achievement motivation,social motivation; and 3. Research performance includes process performance and result performance.The path analysis results are as follow: first,salary incentive,evaluation incentive and achievement motivation do not affect the process performance,while promotion incentive,innovation motivation and social motivation not only do but also further affect result performance by it. second,promotion incentive and social motivation do not directly affect result performance. Furthermore,salary incentive,evaluation incentive,innovation motivation and achievement motivation have the direct negative effects on result performance; and third,process performance( attitude and behavior) is the intermediate variable and key variable that can really make motivators work. The above results have certain reference value for the management reform of science research in Chinese colleges.
Exploring the mechanism of college teacher's motivation effects on their research performance is very important for the innovation system of colleges research incentive. Through the 703 valid questionnaires from college teachers,the empirical tests of extrinsic incentive's and intrinsic motivation's effects on research performance are separately studied by using the path analysis of SEM( Structural Equation Model),based on the structural dimension analysis of extrinsic incentive and intrinsic motivation and research performance by EFA( Exploratory Factor Analysis). The results of EFA indicate as follows: 1. Extrinsic incentive includes salary incentive,evaluation incentive and promotion incentive; 2. Intrinsic motivation includes innovation motivation,achievement motivation,social motivation; and 3. Research performance includes process performance and result performance.The path analysis results are as follow: first,salary incentive,evaluation incentive and achievement motivation do not affect the process performance,while promotion incentive,innovation motivation and social motivation not only do but also further affect result performance by it. second,promotion incentive and social motivation do not directly affect result performance. Furthermore,salary incentive,evaluation incentive,innovation motivation and achievement motivation have the direct negative effects on result performance; and third,process performance( attitude and behavior) is the intermediate variable and key variable that can really make motivators work. The above results have certain reference value for the management reform of science research in Chinese colleges.
引文
[1]周文泳.论支持改进的科研质量评价[J].科研管理,2012,33(1):96-102.Zhou Wenyong.Scientific research evaluation in order to support quality improvement[J].Science Research Management,2012,33(1):96-102.
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[4]张萌物,薛斌.我国高校教师科研评价研究综述[J].西安石油大学学报(社会科学版),2012,21(6):94-99.Zhang Mengwu,Xue Bin.Reviews of the scientific research evaluation for university teachers in China[J].Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University(Social Science Edition),2012,21(6):94-99.
[5]张桂平,廖建桥,刘文兴.科研收益预期与高校教师非伦理行为的作用机制[J].高等教育研究,2011,32(5):29-36.Zhang Guiping,Liao Jianqiao,Liu Wenxing.The influence of scientific research prospective earning on college teachers’unethical behavior[J].Journal of Higher Education,2011,32(5):29-36.
[6]马成功,王二平,林平.基于行为的绩效评定方法的研究进展[J].心理科学进展,2002,10(4):453-459.Ma Chenggong,Wang Erping,Lin Ping.The development of behavior-based performance appraisal approach[J].Journal of developments in Psychology,2002,10(4):453-459.
[7]Binning J.F.,Barrett G.V..Validity of personnel decisions:A conceptual analysis of inferential and evidential bases[J].Journal of Applied psychology,1989,74(3):478-494.
[8]张廷君.绩效结构理论及职业群体新视角:科技工作者三维绩效[J].中国科技论坛,2012(2):112-118.Zhang Tingjun.Theories of performance structure and the new perspective of occupational groups[J].Forum on Science and Technology in China,2012(2):112-118.
[9]程文,张国梁,董玲玲.大学高级研究人员激励因素模型实证研究[J].科技与管理,2010,12(2):133-136.Cheng Wen,Zhang Guoliang,Dong Lingling.Empirical study on the motivation model of senior university researchers[J].Science-Technology and Management,2010,12(2):133-136.
[10]谢玉华,毛斑斑,张新燕.高校教师科研动机实证研究[J].高教探索,2014(4):156-159.Xie Yuhua,Mao Banban,Zhang Xinyan.Empirical study on science research motivators of college teacher[J].Higher Education Exploration,2014(4):156-159.
[11]史万兵,杨慧.高等学校教师科研绩效评价方法的研究[J].高教探索,2014(6):112-117.Shi Wanbing,Yang Hui.Study on the evaluation method ofcollege teacher’s research performance[J].Higher Education Exploration,2014(6):112-117.
[12]王崇桃,方德英,王一川.高校教师科研状况的调查与分析与管理措施研究[J].研究与发展管理,2011,23(2):130-133.Wang Chongtao,Fang Deying,Wang Yichuan.An investigation on scientific research of college teachers and a study on the management measures[J].R&D Management,2011,23(2):130-133.
[13]李怀,邵慰.高校科研人员激励制度的层级理论分析[J].中国科技论坛,2009(7):113-118.Li Huai,Shao Wei.Analysis on the hierarchical theory of incentive system about colleges researchers[J].Forum on Science and Technology in China,2009(7):113-118.
[14]吴艳萍.基于需求层次理论的科研激励管理研究[J].科技管理研究,2010(21):103-105.Wu Yanping.Study on the incentive management of scientific research based on the need hierarchy theory[J].Science and Technology Management Research,2010(21):103-105.
[15]Hardr P.l.,Beesley A.D.,Miler R.L.,Pace T.M..Faculty motivation to do research:Across disci-plines in research-extensive universities[J].Journal of professoriate,2011,5(1):35-69.
[16]程文.大学高级研究人员系统激励研究[D].大连理工大学,2010(9).Cheng Wen.Research on system motivation of senior researchers of universities[D].Dalian University of Technology,2010(9).
[17]吴邵琪,陈千,杨群华.研究型大学教师薪酬满意度调查[J].科研管理,2005,26(5):152-156.Wu Shaoqi,Chen Qian,Yang Qunhua.Research on compensation satisfaction of teachers in universities focusing on research[J].Science Research Management,2005,26(5):152-156.
[18]骆品亮,陈祥锋.研究型大学教师薪酬制度再设计研究[J].科研管理,2000,21(5):10-15.Luo Pinliang,Chen Xiangfeng.Innovative faculty pay scheme in universities focusing on research[J].Science Research Management,2000,21(5):10-15.
[19]程琼文,李小娟,邓建.研究型大学全面薪酬激励要素研究[J].科技进步与对策,2009,26(24):121-124.Cheng qiongwen,Li Xiaojuan,Deng Jian.Research on the comprehensive salary incentive in research universities[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2009,26(24):121-124.
[20]李涛.高校教师薪酬公平与工作绩效相关性研究[J].教育与职业,2011(9):166-168.Li Tao.Study on the correlation between the pay equity of university teachers and their job performance[J].Education and Vocation,2011(9):166-168.
[21]朱伟.高校教师的科研动机变化规律及激发研究[J].科技管理研究,2011(1):153-155.Zhu Wei.College teachers’change rules in scientific research motivation and their stimulate research[J].Science and Technology Management Research,2011(1):153-155.
[22]卢秉福,霍丽华,陈长喜.高校教师科研绩效评价体系研究[J].科技与管理,2010,12(4):133-136.Lu Bingfu,Huo Lihua,Chen Changxi.Study on the evaluation system for scientific research performance of college teachers[J].Science-Technology and Management,2010,12(4):133-136.
[23]李滨江.高校科研激励机制存在的问题及对策[J].科技进步与对策,2004(7):111-112.Li Binjiang.The problems and countermeasures of incentive mechanism about science research in colleges[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2004(7):111-112.
[24]张珣,徐彪,彭纪生,翟纯.高校教师科研压力对科研绩效的作用机理研究[J].科学学研究,2014,32(4):549-558.Zhang Xun,Xu Biao,Peng Jisheng,Zhai Chun.Effects of university teacher’s academic pressure on research performance[J].Studies in Science of Science,2014,32(4):549-558.
[25]殷进功,汪应洛.高校教师激励因素及其相互关系研究[J].科学学研究,2004(2):179-182.Yin Jingong,Wang Yingluo.Research on alternative incentive modes[J].Studies in Science of Science,2004(2):179-182.
[26]景丽珍,杨贞兰.同事关系对高校教师工作绩效的影响[J].高等教育研究,2013,34(5):39-45.Jing Lizhen,Yang Zhenlan.The influence of collegiality relationship to faculty job performance[J].Journal of Higher Education,2013,34(5):39-45.
[27]方阳春.工作压力和社会支持对高校教师绩效的影响[J].科研管理,2013,34(5):136-143.Fang Yangchun.The effect of work stress and social support on college teachers’job performance[J].Science Research Management,2013,34(5):39-45.
[28]杨兰,刘毅,王叙红.高校教师科研态度的调查与分析[J].中国高校科技与产业化,2008(1-2):61-62.Yang Lan,Liu Yi,Wang Xuhong.Investigation and analysis of university teachers’attitude to science research[J].Chinese University Research&Industrialization,2008(1-2):61-62.
[29]谷志远.高校青年教师学术产出绩效影响因素的实证研究---基于个性特征和机构因素的差异分析[J].高教探索,2011(1):129-136.Gu Zhiyuan.An empirical study on influencing factors of academic output performance of young teachers in higher educational institutions[J].Higher Education Exploration,2011(1):129-136.
[30]李良俊,张娟.激励方式对高校创新团队成员绩效影响实证研究[J].科技与经济,2014(12):86-90.Li Liangjun,Zhang Juan.Empirical study on the effect of incentives on the performance of university innovation team members[J].Science&Technology and Economy,2014(12):86-90.
[31]阮爱君.激励体系对员工创新行为影响的实证研究---基于工作动机理论的分析[J].科技管理研究,2011(2):151-156.Ruan Aijun.Empirical study on the impact of motivation systems on employee innovative behavior---Based on the theory of work motivation[J].Science and Technology Management Research,2011(2):151-156.
[32]别郭荣,徐梅.去行政化改革与回归现代大学的本质[J].中国高教研究,2011(11):13-16.Bie Guorong,Xu Mei.De-administrative reform and return to the essence of modern university[J].China Higher Education Research,2011(11):13-16.
[2]刘宇文,张鑫鑫.从外部激励走向内部激励:高校教师科研创新的动力转型研究[J].湖南师范大学教育科学学报,2010,9(1):16-20.Liu Yuwen,Zhang Xinxin.From external motivation to internal motivation:Research on the transformation of the driving force of colleges and universties teachers’research and innovation[J].Journal of Educational Science of Hunan Normal University,2010,9(1):16-20.
[3]宁宣熙,张毅,屈锐,曹琪成.高校教师科研工作量考核方法研究[J].南京航空航天大学学报,1994(26):292-299.Ning Xuanxi,Zhang Yi,Qu Rui,Cao Qicheng.Research on the evaluation method of the research work amount in institutions of higher learning[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics,1994(26):292-299.
[4]张萌物,薛斌.我国高校教师科研评价研究综述[J].西安石油大学学报(社会科学版),2012,21(6):94-99.Zhang Mengwu,Xue Bin.Reviews of the scientific research evaluation for university teachers in China[J].Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University(Social Science Edition),2012,21(6):94-99.
[5]张桂平,廖建桥,刘文兴.科研收益预期与高校教师非伦理行为的作用机制[J].高等教育研究,2011,32(5):29-36.Zhang Guiping,Liao Jianqiao,Liu Wenxing.The influence of scientific research prospective earning on college teachers’unethical behavior[J].Journal of Higher Education,2011,32(5):29-36.
[6]马成功,王二平,林平.基于行为的绩效评定方法的研究进展[J].心理科学进展,2002,10(4):453-459.Ma Chenggong,Wang Erping,Lin Ping.The development of behavior-based performance appraisal approach[J].Journal of developments in Psychology,2002,10(4):453-459.
[7]Binning J.F.,Barrett G.V..Validity of personnel decisions:A conceptual analysis of inferential and evidential bases[J].Journal of Applied psychology,1989,74(3):478-494.
[8]张廷君.绩效结构理论及职业群体新视角:科技工作者三维绩效[J].中国科技论坛,2012(2):112-118.Zhang Tingjun.Theories of performance structure and the new perspective of occupational groups[J].Forum on Science and Technology in China,2012(2):112-118.
[9]程文,张国梁,董玲玲.大学高级研究人员激励因素模型实证研究[J].科技与管理,2010,12(2):133-136.Cheng Wen,Zhang Guoliang,Dong Lingling.Empirical study on the motivation model of senior university researchers[J].Science-Technology and Management,2010,12(2):133-136.
[10]谢玉华,毛斑斑,张新燕.高校教师科研动机实证研究[J].高教探索,2014(4):156-159.Xie Yuhua,Mao Banban,Zhang Xinyan.Empirical study on science research motivators of college teacher[J].Higher Education Exploration,2014(4):156-159.
[11]史万兵,杨慧.高等学校教师科研绩效评价方法的研究[J].高教探索,2014(6):112-117.Shi Wanbing,Yang Hui.Study on the evaluation method ofcollege teacher’s research performance[J].Higher Education Exploration,2014(6):112-117.
[12]王崇桃,方德英,王一川.高校教师科研状况的调查与分析与管理措施研究[J].研究与发展管理,2011,23(2):130-133.Wang Chongtao,Fang Deying,Wang Yichuan.An investigation on scientific research of college teachers and a study on the management measures[J].R&D Management,2011,23(2):130-133.
[13]李怀,邵慰.高校科研人员激励制度的层级理论分析[J].中国科技论坛,2009(7):113-118.Li Huai,Shao Wei.Analysis on the hierarchical theory of incentive system about colleges researchers[J].Forum on Science and Technology in China,2009(7):113-118.
[14]吴艳萍.基于需求层次理论的科研激励管理研究[J].科技管理研究,2010(21):103-105.Wu Yanping.Study on the incentive management of scientific research based on the need hierarchy theory[J].Science and Technology Management Research,2010(21):103-105.
[15]Hardr P.l.,Beesley A.D.,Miler R.L.,Pace T.M..Faculty motivation to do research:Across disci-plines in research-extensive universities[J].Journal of professoriate,2011,5(1):35-69.
[16]程文.大学高级研究人员系统激励研究[D].大连理工大学,2010(9).Cheng Wen.Research on system motivation of senior researchers of universities[D].Dalian University of Technology,2010(9).
[17]吴邵琪,陈千,杨群华.研究型大学教师薪酬满意度调查[J].科研管理,2005,26(5):152-156.Wu Shaoqi,Chen Qian,Yang Qunhua.Research on compensation satisfaction of teachers in universities focusing on research[J].Science Research Management,2005,26(5):152-156.
[18]骆品亮,陈祥锋.研究型大学教师薪酬制度再设计研究[J].科研管理,2000,21(5):10-15.Luo Pinliang,Chen Xiangfeng.Innovative faculty pay scheme in universities focusing on research[J].Science Research Management,2000,21(5):10-15.
[19]程琼文,李小娟,邓建.研究型大学全面薪酬激励要素研究[J].科技进步与对策,2009,26(24):121-124.Cheng qiongwen,Li Xiaojuan,Deng Jian.Research on the comprehensive salary incentive in research universities[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2009,26(24):121-124.
[20]李涛.高校教师薪酬公平与工作绩效相关性研究[J].教育与职业,2011(9):166-168.Li Tao.Study on the correlation between the pay equity of university teachers and their job performance[J].Education and Vocation,2011(9):166-168.
[21]朱伟.高校教师的科研动机变化规律及激发研究[J].科技管理研究,2011(1):153-155.Zhu Wei.College teachers’change rules in scientific research motivation and their stimulate research[J].Science and Technology Management Research,2011(1):153-155.
[22]卢秉福,霍丽华,陈长喜.高校教师科研绩效评价体系研究[J].科技与管理,2010,12(4):133-136.Lu Bingfu,Huo Lihua,Chen Changxi.Study on the evaluation system for scientific research performance of college teachers[J].Science-Technology and Management,2010,12(4):133-136.
[23]李滨江.高校科研激励机制存在的问题及对策[J].科技进步与对策,2004(7):111-112.Li Binjiang.The problems and countermeasures of incentive mechanism about science research in colleges[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2004(7):111-112.
[24]张珣,徐彪,彭纪生,翟纯.高校教师科研压力对科研绩效的作用机理研究[J].科学学研究,2014,32(4):549-558.Zhang Xun,Xu Biao,Peng Jisheng,Zhai Chun.Effects of university teacher’s academic pressure on research performance[J].Studies in Science of Science,2014,32(4):549-558.
[25]殷进功,汪应洛.高校教师激励因素及其相互关系研究[J].科学学研究,2004(2):179-182.Yin Jingong,Wang Yingluo.Research on alternative incentive modes[J].Studies in Science of Science,2004(2):179-182.
[26]景丽珍,杨贞兰.同事关系对高校教师工作绩效的影响[J].高等教育研究,2013,34(5):39-45.Jing Lizhen,Yang Zhenlan.The influence of collegiality relationship to faculty job performance[J].Journal of Higher Education,2013,34(5):39-45.
[27]方阳春.工作压力和社会支持对高校教师绩效的影响[J].科研管理,2013,34(5):136-143.Fang Yangchun.The effect of work stress and social support on college teachers’job performance[J].Science Research Management,2013,34(5):39-45.
[28]杨兰,刘毅,王叙红.高校教师科研态度的调查与分析[J].中国高校科技与产业化,2008(1-2):61-62.Yang Lan,Liu Yi,Wang Xuhong.Investigation and analysis of university teachers’attitude to science research[J].Chinese University Research&Industrialization,2008(1-2):61-62.
[29]谷志远.高校青年教师学术产出绩效影响因素的实证研究---基于个性特征和机构因素的差异分析[J].高教探索,2011(1):129-136.Gu Zhiyuan.An empirical study on influencing factors of academic output performance of young teachers in higher educational institutions[J].Higher Education Exploration,2011(1):129-136.
[30]李良俊,张娟.激励方式对高校创新团队成员绩效影响实证研究[J].科技与经济,2014(12):86-90.Li Liangjun,Zhang Juan.Empirical study on the effect of incentives on the performance of university innovation team members[J].Science&Technology and Economy,2014(12):86-90.
[31]阮爱君.激励体系对员工创新行为影响的实证研究---基于工作动机理论的分析[J].科技管理研究,2011(2):151-156.Ruan Aijun.Empirical study on the impact of motivation systems on employee innovative behavior---Based on the theory of work motivation[J].Science and Technology Management Research,2011(2):151-156.
[32]别郭荣,徐梅.去行政化改革与回归现代大学的本质[J].中国高教研究,2011(11):13-16.Bie Guorong,Xu Mei.De-administrative reform and return to the essence of modern university[J].China Higher Education Research,2011(11):13-16.