人力资本、社会资本对失地农民个体收入不平等的影响研究
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摘要
城镇化进程中土地征收对失地农民收入分配和可持续生计的影响一直是全社会各阶层关注的热点问题。本文利用2016年"中国家庭追踪调查数据CFPS",基于可持续生计分析框架和个体相对剥夺视角,利用Kakwani指数测算失地农民个体收入不平等状况,并探究不同类型人力资本、异质性社会资本对失地农民个体收入不平等的影响。研究结果表明:①失地农民个体收入不平等指数处于较高剥夺区间,且呈现出自东向西递增的空间分布特征,东、中、西部地区的指标值分别达到0. 516、0. 552、0. 595。②失地农民人力资本越丰富,越容易降低失地农民个体收入不平等程度,健康状况好的失地农民的个体收入不平等水平比健康状况差的失地农民低0. 065个单位,由基础教育和技术技能培训反映的人力资本积累对失地农民个体收入不平等的影响效应分别为-0. 034、-0. 046。③不同类型社会资本与失地农民个体收入不平等也呈显著负相关,失地后传统的以血缘和亲缘为核心的纽带型社会资本在降低微观个体收入不平等方面的效果依然存在,其对失地农民个体收入不平等的影响效应为-0. 032。④异质性研究再次证实人力资本要素集聚和社会资本积累在缩减不同收入阶层收入差距中的积极作用,同时,不同失地群体个体收入不平等和影响因素在空间上受到区域发展不平衡的影响,以组织身份衡量的连接型社会资本仅与东部地区失地农民个体收入不平等呈显著负相关,抑制效应为-0. 055。在精准扶贫背景下,需要进一步通过提升失地农民人力资本水平和社会资本水平来防止群体固化和收入剥夺恶化问题,各区域应采用因地制宜的消减收入剥夺的政策措施,这对于新时代降低失地农民个体收入不平等、缓解地区发展不平衡不充分状况具有积极的参考价值。
The impact of land expropriation on the income distribution and sustainable livelihood of farmers in the process of urbanization has always been a hot issue of concern to all sectors of society. Based on the sustainable livelihood analysis framework and relative deprivation perspective,this paper used the 2016 China Family Panel Studies Data and the Kakwani index to measure the individual income inequality of land-expropriated farmers,and to explore the impact of different types of human capital and social capital on individual income inequality and its mechanism. The results showed that: ① The income deprivation index of landexpropriated farmers was in a high deprivation interval,and presented a diminishing spatial distribution characteristic from east to west China. Moreover,the index values of the eastern,central and western regions in China were 0. 516,0. 552 and 0. 595 respectively.②The richer the human capital,the easier it is to reduce the individual income inequality. The level of individual income deprivation of land-expropriated farmers with good health condition was 0. 065 units lower than that of land-expropriated farmers with poor health status. ③The suppression effect of cultural human capital and skilled human capital reflected by basic education and technical skills training on the individual income inequality were-0. 034,-0. 046 respectively. ④Heterogeneity research confirmed the positive role of human capital and social capital in reducing the income inequality,and individual income inequality and its influencing factors were spatially affected by regional development imbalance,and the social capital measured by organizational identity was significantly negatively correlated with the income inequality in the eastern region,and its suppression effect was-0. 055. In the context of precise poverty alleviation,it is necessary to further avoid group solidification and income deprivation by improving the human capital level and social capital level of land-expropriated farmers. According to local conditions,all regions should adopt policy measures to reduce income deprivation of land-expropriated farmers,which has positive reference value for reducing the individual income inequality and reducing the imbalance of regional development.
The impact of land expropriation on the income distribution and sustainable livelihood of farmers in the process of urbanization has always been a hot issue of concern to all sectors of society. Based on the sustainable livelihood analysis framework and relative deprivation perspective,this paper used the 2016 China Family Panel Studies Data and the Kakwani index to measure the individual income inequality of land-expropriated farmers,and to explore the impact of different types of human capital and social capital on individual income inequality and its mechanism. The results showed that: ① The income deprivation index of landexpropriated farmers was in a high deprivation interval,and presented a diminishing spatial distribution characteristic from east to west China. Moreover,the index values of the eastern,central and western regions in China were 0. 516,0. 552 and 0. 595 respectively.②The richer the human capital,the easier it is to reduce the individual income inequality. The level of individual income deprivation of land-expropriated farmers with good health condition was 0. 065 units lower than that of land-expropriated farmers with poor health status. ③The suppression effect of cultural human capital and skilled human capital reflected by basic education and technical skills training on the individual income inequality were-0. 034,-0. 046 respectively. ④Heterogeneity research confirmed the positive role of human capital and social capital in reducing the income inequality,and individual income inequality and its influencing factors were spatially affected by regional development imbalance,and the social capital measured by organizational identity was significantly negatively correlated with the income inequality in the eastern region,and its suppression effect was-0. 055. In the context of precise poverty alleviation,it is necessary to further avoid group solidification and income deprivation by improving the human capital level and social capital level of land-expropriated farmers. According to local conditions,all regions should adopt policy measures to reduce income deprivation of land-expropriated farmers,which has positive reference value for reducing the individual income inequality and reducing the imbalance of regional development.
引文
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[13]HAIJUN B,PENG Y.Effect of land expropriation on land-lost farmers’entrepreneurial action:a case study of Zhejiang Province[J].Habitat international,2016,53:342-349.
[14]崔宝玉,谢煜,徐英婷.土地征用的农户收入效应——基于倾向得分匹配(PSM)的反事实估计[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(2):111-118.
[15]丁士军,杨晶,陈玉萍.基于流动性视角的失地农户收入变化分析——来自襄阳和昆明的证据[J].中国农村观察,2017(1):29-40.
[16]程名望,JIN Yanhong,盖庆恩,等.农村减贫:应该更关注教育还是健康?——基于收入增长和差距缩小双重视角的实证[J].经济研究,2014,49(11):130-144.
[17]李云新.制度模糊性下中国城镇化进程中的社会冲突[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(6):1-8.
[18]刘一伟,汪润泉.收入差距、社会资本与居民贫困[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2017,34(9):75-92.
[19]杨汝岱,陈斌开,朱诗娥.基于社会网络视角的农户民间借贷需求行为研究[J].经济研究,2011,46(11):116-129.
[20]刘一伟.劳动力流动、收入差距与农村居民贫困[J].财贸研究,2018,29(5):54-63.
[21]匡远凤.选择性转移、人力资本不均等与中国城乡收入差距[J].农业经济问题,2018(4):23-35.
[22]史清华,晋洪涛,卓建伟.征地一定降低农民收入吗:上海7村调查——兼论现行征地制度的缺陷与改革[J].管理世界,2011(3):77-82.
[23]任国强,王福珍,罗玉辉.收入、个体收入剥夺对城乡居民健康的影响──基于CGSS2010数据的实证分析[J].南开经济研究,2016(6):3-22.
[2]丁士军,张银银,马志雄.被征地农户生计能力变化研究——基于可持续生计框架的改进[J].农业经济问题,2016,37(6):25-34.
[3]马志雄,张银银,丁士军.失地农户生计策略多样化研究[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016,15(3):54-62.
[4]RUNCIMAN W G.Relative deprivation and social justice:a study of attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1966.
[5]CLARK A E,FRIJTERS P,SHIELDS M A.Relative income,happiness,and utility:an explanation for the Easterlin paradox and other puzzles[J].Journal of economic literature,2008,46(1):95-144.
[6]ATSUSHI I,KENJI K,HIROSHI H.A paradox of economic growth and relative deprivation[J].Journal of mathematical sociology,2014,38(4):269-284.
[7]任国强,石玉成.我国农村居民个体收入剥夺的决定因素研究——基于CGSS2010数据的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2016(1):48-59.
[8]SEN A K.From income inequality to economic inequality[J].Southern economic journal,1997,64(2):384-401.
[9]RODERO-COSANO M L,GARCIA-ALONSO C R,SALINAS-PREZZ J A.A deprivation analysis for andalusia(Spain):an approach based on structural equations[J].Social indicators research,2014,115(2):751-765.
[10]SALTKJEL T,MALMBERG-HEIMONEN I.Welfare generosity in europe:a multi-level study of material deprivation and income poverty among disadvantaged groups[J].Social policy&administration,2017,51(7).
[11]REN G.,PAN X.An individual relative deprivation index and its curve considering income scope[J].Social indicators research,2016,126(3):935-953.
[12]李强.社会学的“剥夺”理论与我国农民工问题[J].学术界,2004(4):7-22.
[13]HAIJUN B,PENG Y.Effect of land expropriation on land-lost farmers’entrepreneurial action:a case study of Zhejiang Province[J].Habitat international,2016,53:342-349.
[14]崔宝玉,谢煜,徐英婷.土地征用的农户收入效应——基于倾向得分匹配(PSM)的反事实估计[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(2):111-118.
[15]丁士军,杨晶,陈玉萍.基于流动性视角的失地农户收入变化分析——来自襄阳和昆明的证据[J].中国农村观察,2017(1):29-40.
[16]程名望,JIN Yanhong,盖庆恩,等.农村减贫:应该更关注教育还是健康?——基于收入增长和差距缩小双重视角的实证[J].经济研究,2014,49(11):130-144.
[17]李云新.制度模糊性下中国城镇化进程中的社会冲突[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(6):1-8.
[18]刘一伟,汪润泉.收入差距、社会资本与居民贫困[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2017,34(9):75-92.
[19]杨汝岱,陈斌开,朱诗娥.基于社会网络视角的农户民间借贷需求行为研究[J].经济研究,2011,46(11):116-129.
[20]刘一伟.劳动力流动、收入差距与农村居民贫困[J].财贸研究,2018,29(5):54-63.
[21]匡远凤.选择性转移、人力资本不均等与中国城乡收入差距[J].农业经济问题,2018(4):23-35.
[22]史清华,晋洪涛,卓建伟.征地一定降低农民收入吗:上海7村调查——兼论现行征地制度的缺陷与改革[J].管理世界,2011(3):77-82.
[23]任国强,王福珍,罗玉辉.收入、个体收入剥夺对城乡居民健康的影响──基于CGSS2010数据的实证分析[J].南开经济研究,2016(6):3-22.