基于黄牛舌尖丝状乳突结构的仿生脱粒齿形设计与试验
|
摘要
为解决小麦机械脱粒过程中脱净率低的问题,以牛舌舌尖表面丝状乳突结构为仿生原型,开展了小麦仿生脱粒齿形设计与试验。对牛舌舌尖表面进行形貌特征观测,发现舌尖表面丝状乳突分布密度大,结构特征明显,丝状乳突的轮廓呈圆锥状,下粗上细,整体相对粗壮,尖部呈半球形,与牛舌表面呈35°～40°夹角,向口腔方向倾斜。构建"乳突-物料"接触工作界面,包括完全分离、初始接触、乳突插入物料及完全接触4个过程。基于丝状乳突结构特征参数,构建仿生齿形模型,进行单仿生齿形脱粒仿真试验,得到单仿生齿形脱粒最优参数组合:放大比例为2. 5、行进速度为15 mm/s、倾角为38°、接触位置为齿形全高度的0. 2倍处、材料为Q345碳钢。设计了仿生脱粒齿形试验部件及台架,进行仿生脱粒齿形正交试验,并对脱粒过程进行摄像分析。结果表明,仿生脱粒齿形试验部件的脱粒性能良好,脱净率介于97. 5%～99. 5%之间;最优结构参数组合为:放大比例2. 565、倾角39. 8°、脱粒间隙9. 11 mm。
Threshing is an important working operation in wheat harvesting process. However,low threshed rate is an important problem restricting threshing operation,so it is urgent to innovate threshing mechanism and improve threshing parts. Cattles were typical ruminants and their tongues provided a natural biological model for bionic threshing. The filiform papillae was observed on the surface of the tongue tip of cattle by scanning electronic microscope. The distribution density of filiform papillae was large,and its structural characteristics were obvious. Its outline was conical, and its tip was hemispherical. The filiform papillae was inclined and the inclination angle was 35° ～ 40°. The"papillaematerial"contact working interface was constructed,including four working steps of complete separation,initial contact, papillae-material insertion and complete contact. Based on structural characteristic parameters of filiform papillae,the bionic tooth model was constructed and the simulation test of bionic tooth threshing was carried out. The optimal combination of parameters for bionic tooth threshing was obtained. The optimal combination was 2. 5 times magnify ratio,15 mm/s movement speed,38°inclination angle,contact position for 0. 2 times the height of tooth form the whole place,Q345 material.The bionic tooth threshing bench test was carried out and the threshing process was analyzed by camera.The regression model and response surfaces were established by orthogonal test. Response surface analysis showed that the threshing performance of bionic tooth was good,and the threshed rate was ranged from97. 5% to 99. 5%. The optimal structure parameter combination of bionic tooth was obtained. The magnify times was 2. 565,the inclination angle was 39. 8°,and the threshing clearance was 9. 11 mm.
Threshing is an important working operation in wheat harvesting process. However,low threshed rate is an important problem restricting threshing operation,so it is urgent to innovate threshing mechanism and improve threshing parts. Cattles were typical ruminants and their tongues provided a natural biological model for bionic threshing. The filiform papillae was observed on the surface of the tongue tip of cattle by scanning electronic microscope. The distribution density of filiform papillae was large,and its structural characteristics were obvious. Its outline was conical, and its tip was hemispherical. The filiform papillae was inclined and the inclination angle was 35° ～ 40°. The"papillaematerial"contact working interface was constructed,including four working steps of complete separation,initial contact, papillae-material insertion and complete contact. Based on structural characteristic parameters of filiform papillae,the bionic tooth model was constructed and the simulation test of bionic tooth threshing was carried out. The optimal combination of parameters for bionic tooth threshing was obtained. The optimal combination was 2. 5 times magnify ratio,15 mm/s movement speed,38°inclination angle,contact position for 0. 2 times the height of tooth form the whole place,Q345 material.The bionic tooth threshing bench test was carried out and the threshing process was analyzed by camera.The regression model and response surfaces were established by orthogonal test. Response surface analysis showed that the threshing performance of bionic tooth was good,and the threshed rate was ranged from97. 5% to 99. 5%. The optimal structure parameter combination of bionic tooth was obtained. The magnify times was 2. 565,the inclination angle was 39. 8°,and the threshing clearance was 9. 11 mm.
引文
[1]高利伟,许世卫,李哲敏,等.中国主要粮食作物产后损失特征及减损潜力研究[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(23):1-11.GAO Liwei,XU Shiwei,LI Zhemin,et,al. Main grain crop postharvest losses and its reducing potential in China[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(23):1-11.(in Chinese)
[2] HARRISON H P. Grain separation and damage of an axial-flow combine[J]. Canadian Agricultural Engineering,1992,34(1):49-53.
[3]徐立章,李耀明,王显仁.谷物脱粒损伤的研究进展分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(1):303-307.XU Lizhang,LI Yaoming,WANG Xianren. Research development of grain damage during threshing[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(1):303-307.(in Chinese)
[4]任露泉,梁云虹.仿生学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[5]贾洪雷,郑健,赵佳乐,等.仿蚯蚓运动多功能开沟器设计及参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(12):62-71.JIA Honglei,ZHENG Jian,ZHAO Jiale,et al. Design and parameter optimization of earthworm-like multi-function opener[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(12):62-71.(in Chinese)
[6]赵淑红,刘宏俊,谭贺文,等.仿旗鱼头部曲线型开沟器设计与性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(5):32-39.ZHAO Shuhong,LIU Hongjun,TAN Hewen,et al. Design and performance experiment of opener based on bionic sailfish head curve[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(5):32-39.(in Chinese)
[7]杨玉婉,佟金,马云海,等.基于鼹鼠多趾结构特征的仿生切土部件刀片设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(12):122-128.YANG Yuwan,TONG Jin,MA Yunhai,et al. Design and experiment of bionic soil-cutting blade based on multi-claw combination of mole rat[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(12):122-128.http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20181215&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10.6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2018. 12. 015.(in Chinese)
[8]马云海,裴高院,王虎彪,等.挖掘机獾爪齿趾仿生斗齿提高其入土性能仿真与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(18):67-72.MA Yunhai,PEI Gaoyuan,WANG Hubiao,et al. Simulation and experiment of badger claw toe bionic excavator bucket tooth for improving performance of digging and cutting[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(18):67-72.(in Chinese)
[9]佟金,荣宝军,马云海,等.仿生棱柱几何结构表面的土壤磨料磨损[J].摩擦学学报,2008,28(3):193-197.TONG Jin,RONG Baojun,MA Yunhai,et al. Abrasive wear of the biomimetic ridge surfaces against soil[J]. Tribology,2008,28(3):193-197.(in Chinese)
[10]张金波,佟金,马云海.仿生肋条结构表面深松铲刃的磨料磨损[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2015,45(1):174-180.ZHANG Jinbo,TONG Jin,MA Yunhai. Abrasive wear characteristics of subsoiler tines with bionic rib structure surface[J].Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2015,45(1):174-180.(in Chinese)
[11]李建桥,张广权,王颖,等.仿螃蟹步行机构及其通过性试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(14):47-54.LI Jianqiao,ZHANG Guangquan,WANG Ying,et al. Bionic crab walking mechanism and its kinematic characteristics analysis[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(14):47-54.(in Chinese)
[12]王颖,李建桥,张广权,等.基于多种介质的仿生步行足力学特性[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2017,47(2):546-551.WANG Ying,LI Jianqiao,ZHANG Guangquan. Mechanical characteristics of bionic walking foot in different media[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2017,47(2):546-551.(in Chinese)
[13]张锐,杨明明,潘润铎,等.鸵鸟足底非规则曲面形貌数学模型构建[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(增刊1):71-78.ZHANG Rui,YANG Mingming,PAN Runduo,et al. Mathematical model establishment of irregular plantar surface of ostrich didactyl foot[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(Supp. 1):71-78.(in Chinese)
[14]张锐,罗刚,薛书亮,等.沙地刚性轮构型仿生设计及牵引性能数值分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):122-128.ZHANG Rui,LUO Gang,XUE Shuliang,et al. Bionic design of configuration of rigid wheel moving on sand and numerical analysis on its traction performance[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(3):122-128.(in Chinese)
[15]张锐,吉巧丽,张四华,等.越沙步行轮仿生设计及动力学性能仿真[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(15):26-31.ZHANG Rui,JI Qiaoli,ZHANG Sihua,et al. Bionic design and dynamics performance simulation of walking wheel to travel on sand[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(15):26-31.(in Chinese)
[16]张锐,吉巧丽,杨明明,等.火星巡视器鼓形车轮仿生设计与性能分析[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):311-316.ZHANG Rui,JI Qiaoli,YANG Mingming,et al. Bionic design and performance analysis of drum shaped wheel of Mars rover[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(8):311-316. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20160841&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298.2016. 08. 041.(in Chinese)
[17]张永智,左权柽,孙少明,等.水田叶轮仿生增力叶片[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2008,38(增刊2):153-157.ZHANG Yongzhi,ZUO Quancheng,SUN Shaoming,et al. Bonic propulsion blade for the paddy impeller[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2008,38(Supp. 2):153-157.(in Chinese)
[18]张伏,王亚飞,马田乐,等.山羊蹄底部非规则曲面仿生形貌数学模型构建及验证[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(15):30-36.ZHANG Fu,WANG Yafei,MA Tianle,et al. Mathematical model establishment and validation of bionic irregular plantar surface of goat's hoof[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(15):30-36.(in Chinese)
[19] ZHANG Fu,WANG Wei,ZHANG Guoying,et al. Gait analysis of goat at different slopes and study on biomimetic walking mechanism[J]. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2016,9(3):40-47.
[20]李心平,李玉柱,高吭,等.种子玉米籽粒仿生脱粒机理分析[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(2):99-103.LI Xinping,LI Yuzhu,GAO Hang,et al. Bionic threshing process analysis of seed corn kernel[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(2):99-103.(in Chinese)
[21]李心平,吴康,金鑫,等.基于仿生脱粒的鸡喙啄取玉米果穗引起籽粒离散过程分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(18):34-40.LI Xinping,WU Kang,JIN Xin,et al. Analysis on discrete process of kernels caused by beak pecking corn ear by simulating threshing[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(18):34-40.(in Chinese)
[22]李心平,马义东,金鑫,等.玉米种子仿生脱粒机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):97-101.LI Xinping,MA Yidong,JIN Xin,et al. Design and test of corn seed bionic thresher[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(7):97-101. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150715&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2015. 07. 015.(in Chinese)
[23]李心平,马磊,耿令新,等.玉米种子仿生脱粒机性能试验与参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(5):62-69.LI Xinping,MA Lei,GENG Lingxin,et al. Performance test and parameter optimization of corn seed bionic thresher[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(5):62-69.(in Chinese)
[24] FU J,QIAN Z H,REN L Q. Morphologic effects of filiform papilla root on the lingual mechanical functions of Chinese yellow cattle[J]. International Journal of Morphology,2016,34(1):63-77.
[25] SCALA G,MIRABELLA N,PELAGALLI G V. Morphofunctional study of the lingual papillae in cattle(Bos taurus)[J].Anatomia,Histologia,Embryologia,1995,24(2):101-105.
[26]万玲,严波,张培源.断裂力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2012.
[27]付君,钱志辉,尹维,等.小麦摩擦与拉伸性能[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2015,45(2):501-507.FU Jun,QIAN Zhihui,YIN Wei,et al. Experimental study of friction and tensile properties of wheat[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2015,45(2):501-507.(in Chinese)
[28] MIU P I,KUTZBACH H D. Modeling and simulation of grain threshing and separation in threshing units[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2008,60(1):96-104.
[29]任露泉.回归设计及其优化[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[30]任露泉.试验设计及其优化[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[31]张强,梁留锁.农业机械学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2014.
[2] HARRISON H P. Grain separation and damage of an axial-flow combine[J]. Canadian Agricultural Engineering,1992,34(1):49-53.
[3]徐立章,李耀明,王显仁.谷物脱粒损伤的研究进展分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(1):303-307.XU Lizhang,LI Yaoming,WANG Xianren. Research development of grain damage during threshing[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(1):303-307.(in Chinese)
[4]任露泉,梁云虹.仿生学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[5]贾洪雷,郑健,赵佳乐,等.仿蚯蚓运动多功能开沟器设计及参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(12):62-71.JIA Honglei,ZHENG Jian,ZHAO Jiale,et al. Design and parameter optimization of earthworm-like multi-function opener[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(12):62-71.(in Chinese)
[6]赵淑红,刘宏俊,谭贺文,等.仿旗鱼头部曲线型开沟器设计与性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(5):32-39.ZHAO Shuhong,LIU Hongjun,TAN Hewen,et al. Design and performance experiment of opener based on bionic sailfish head curve[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(5):32-39.(in Chinese)
[7]杨玉婉,佟金,马云海,等.基于鼹鼠多趾结构特征的仿生切土部件刀片设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(12):122-128.YANG Yuwan,TONG Jin,MA Yunhai,et al. Design and experiment of bionic soil-cutting blade based on multi-claw combination of mole rat[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(12):122-128.http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20181215&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10.6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2018. 12. 015.(in Chinese)
[8]马云海,裴高院,王虎彪,等.挖掘机獾爪齿趾仿生斗齿提高其入土性能仿真与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(18):67-72.MA Yunhai,PEI Gaoyuan,WANG Hubiao,et al. Simulation and experiment of badger claw toe bionic excavator bucket tooth for improving performance of digging and cutting[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(18):67-72.(in Chinese)
[9]佟金,荣宝军,马云海,等.仿生棱柱几何结构表面的土壤磨料磨损[J].摩擦学学报,2008,28(3):193-197.TONG Jin,RONG Baojun,MA Yunhai,et al. Abrasive wear of the biomimetic ridge surfaces against soil[J]. Tribology,2008,28(3):193-197.(in Chinese)
[10]张金波,佟金,马云海.仿生肋条结构表面深松铲刃的磨料磨损[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2015,45(1):174-180.ZHANG Jinbo,TONG Jin,MA Yunhai. Abrasive wear characteristics of subsoiler tines with bionic rib structure surface[J].Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2015,45(1):174-180.(in Chinese)
[11]李建桥,张广权,王颖,等.仿螃蟹步行机构及其通过性试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(14):47-54.LI Jianqiao,ZHANG Guangquan,WANG Ying,et al. Bionic crab walking mechanism and its kinematic characteristics analysis[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(14):47-54.(in Chinese)
[12]王颖,李建桥,张广权,等.基于多种介质的仿生步行足力学特性[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2017,47(2):546-551.WANG Ying,LI Jianqiao,ZHANG Guangquan. Mechanical characteristics of bionic walking foot in different media[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2017,47(2):546-551.(in Chinese)
[13]张锐,杨明明,潘润铎,等.鸵鸟足底非规则曲面形貌数学模型构建[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(增刊1):71-78.ZHANG Rui,YANG Mingming,PAN Runduo,et al. Mathematical model establishment of irregular plantar surface of ostrich didactyl foot[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(Supp. 1):71-78.(in Chinese)
[14]张锐,罗刚,薛书亮,等.沙地刚性轮构型仿生设计及牵引性能数值分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):122-128.ZHANG Rui,LUO Gang,XUE Shuliang,et al. Bionic design of configuration of rigid wheel moving on sand and numerical analysis on its traction performance[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(3):122-128.(in Chinese)
[15]张锐,吉巧丽,张四华,等.越沙步行轮仿生设计及动力学性能仿真[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(15):26-31.ZHANG Rui,JI Qiaoli,ZHANG Sihua,et al. Bionic design and dynamics performance simulation of walking wheel to travel on sand[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(15):26-31.(in Chinese)
[16]张锐,吉巧丽,杨明明,等.火星巡视器鼓形车轮仿生设计与性能分析[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):311-316.ZHANG Rui,JI Qiaoli,YANG Mingming,et al. Bionic design and performance analysis of drum shaped wheel of Mars rover[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(8):311-316. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20160841&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298.2016. 08. 041.(in Chinese)
[17]张永智,左权柽,孙少明,等.水田叶轮仿生增力叶片[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2008,38(增刊2):153-157.ZHANG Yongzhi,ZUO Quancheng,SUN Shaoming,et al. Bonic propulsion blade for the paddy impeller[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2008,38(Supp. 2):153-157.(in Chinese)
[18]张伏,王亚飞,马田乐,等.山羊蹄底部非规则曲面仿生形貌数学模型构建及验证[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(15):30-36.ZHANG Fu,WANG Yafei,MA Tianle,et al. Mathematical model establishment and validation of bionic irregular plantar surface of goat's hoof[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(15):30-36.(in Chinese)
[19] ZHANG Fu,WANG Wei,ZHANG Guoying,et al. Gait analysis of goat at different slopes and study on biomimetic walking mechanism[J]. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2016,9(3):40-47.
[20]李心平,李玉柱,高吭,等.种子玉米籽粒仿生脱粒机理分析[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(2):99-103.LI Xinping,LI Yuzhu,GAO Hang,et al. Bionic threshing process analysis of seed corn kernel[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(2):99-103.(in Chinese)
[21]李心平,吴康,金鑫,等.基于仿生脱粒的鸡喙啄取玉米果穗引起籽粒离散过程分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(18):34-40.LI Xinping,WU Kang,JIN Xin,et al. Analysis on discrete process of kernels caused by beak pecking corn ear by simulating threshing[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(18):34-40.(in Chinese)
[22]李心平,马义东,金鑫,等.玉米种子仿生脱粒机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):97-101.LI Xinping,MA Yidong,JIN Xin,et al. Design and test of corn seed bionic thresher[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(7):97-101. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150715&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2015. 07. 015.(in Chinese)
[23]李心平,马磊,耿令新,等.玉米种子仿生脱粒机性能试验与参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(5):62-69.LI Xinping,MA Lei,GENG Lingxin,et al. Performance test and parameter optimization of corn seed bionic thresher[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(5):62-69.(in Chinese)
[24] FU J,QIAN Z H,REN L Q. Morphologic effects of filiform papilla root on the lingual mechanical functions of Chinese yellow cattle[J]. International Journal of Morphology,2016,34(1):63-77.
[25] SCALA G,MIRABELLA N,PELAGALLI G V. Morphofunctional study of the lingual papillae in cattle(Bos taurus)[J].Anatomia,Histologia,Embryologia,1995,24(2):101-105.
[26]万玲,严波,张培源.断裂力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2012.
[27]付君,钱志辉,尹维,等.小麦摩擦与拉伸性能[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2015,45(2):501-507.FU Jun,QIAN Zhihui,YIN Wei,et al. Experimental study of friction and tensile properties of wheat[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2015,45(2):501-507.(in Chinese)
[28] MIU P I,KUTZBACH H D. Modeling and simulation of grain threshing and separation in threshing units[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2008,60(1):96-104.
[29]任露泉.回归设计及其优化[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[30]任露泉.试验设计及其优化[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[31]张强,梁留锁.农业机械学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2014.