农业机械减少水稻收获损失了吗?
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摘要
为了解农业机械的推广是否能够减少收获损失,本研究基于2016年中国20个省市1 032户农户水稻产后收获损失调研数据,利用分位数回归方法定量分析农业机械的使用对水稻产后收获损失的影响。结果表明:1)目前我国水稻的产后收割、脱粒、田间运输和清粮的总损失率为3.92%;2)不同环节的机械减损效果不同。在收获环节使用联合收割机可以降低农户的水稻损失率。在田间运输环节使用机械可以降低水稻的产后收获损失率。在清粮环节使用机械会加大水稻的产后收获损失率;3)购买农机社会化服务可以降低联合收获中水稻收获损失率较低的农户损失率,同时也会降低分段收获中水稻收获损失率较高的农户损失率。
To understand whether the machine harvest has reduced the rice harvest losses,based on the data of 1 032 Chinese farm households in 20 provinces in 2016,this study runs quantile regression to analyze the impacts of the machine harvest on harvest losses of rice.The results show that:Firstly,the total losses rate of harvest,threshing,field transportation and cleaning is 3.92%;Secondly,combined-harvesting can reduce the rate of losses of farmers who used their own machines.Compared with the manpower,using machine in transportation can reduce the loss rate but increase it in cleaning;Thirdly,the machine social service can reduce the rate of losses of farmers whose post-harvest loss rate is lower in the combined harvest while it increases it in the segmented harvest.In conclusion,in order to reduce the loss rate and take full advantage of agricultural machinery,it is necessary to improve and normalize the social service for the use of agricultural machinery.
To understand whether the machine harvest has reduced the rice harvest losses,based on the data of 1 032 Chinese farm households in 20 provinces in 2016,this study runs quantile regression to analyze the impacts of the machine harvest on harvest losses of rice.The results show that:Firstly,the total losses rate of harvest,threshing,field transportation and cleaning is 3.92%;Secondly,combined-harvesting can reduce the rate of losses of farmers who used their own machines.Compared with the manpower,using machine in transportation can reduce the loss rate but increase it in cleaning;Thirdly,the machine social service can reduce the rate of losses of farmers whose post-harvest loss rate is lower in the combined harvest while it increases it in the segmented harvest.In conclusion,in order to reduce the loss rate and take full advantage of agricultural machinery,it is necessary to improve and normalize the social service for the use of agricultural machinery.
引文
[1]宋洪远,张恒春,李婕,武志刚.中国粮食产后损失问题研究:以河南省小麦为例[J].华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2015,118(4):1-6Song H Y,Zhang H C,Li J,Wu Z G.Loss of harvest of China’s grain:A case study of wheat in Henan Province[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2015,118(4):1-6(in Chinese)
[2]樊琦,祁华清.既要重视粮食生产更要做好粮食产后节约减损[J].中国粮食经济,2014(7):63Fan Q,Qi H Q.Post-harvestsavings is as important as food production[J].China Grain Economy,2014(7):63(in Chinese)
[3]胡越,周应恒,韩一军,徐锐钊.减少食物浪费的资源及经济效应分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(12):150-155Hu Y,Zhou Y H,Han Y J,Xu R Z.Resources and economic effect analysis of reducing food waste[J].China Population Resourse and Environment,2013,23(12):150-155(in Chinese)
[4]Greeley M.Farm-level post-harvest food losses:The myth of the soft third option[J].Ids Bulletin,2010,13(3):51-60
[5]郭熙保,赵光南.我国农村留守劳动力结构劣化状况及其对策思考:基于湖北、湖南、河南三省调查数据的分析[J].中州学刊,2010,179(5):112-117Guo X B,Zhao G N.Thedeterioration of the structure of rural left-behind labor forces in China and its countermeasures:Based on the analysis of survey data in Hubei,Hunan and Henan Provinces[J].Academic Journal of Zhongzhou,2010,179(5):112-117(in Chinese)
[6]李旻,赵连阁.农村劳动力流动对农业劳动力老龄化形成的影响:基于辽宁省的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2010(9):68-75Li M,Zhao L G.Theimpact of rural labor mobility on the aging of agricultural labor force:Based on the empirical analysis of Liaoning Province[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2010(9):68-75(in Chinese)
[7]宋修一.农户采用农机作业服务的影响因素分析[D].南京:南京农业大学,2009Song X Y.Analysis of factors affecting farmers’use of agricultural machinery operation services[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2009(in Chinese)
[8]中国机械工业年鉴编辑委员会,中国农业机械工业协会.中国农业机械工业年鉴2017[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2018China Machinery Industry Yearbook Editorial Committee,China Agricultural Machinery Industry Association.China Agricultural Machinery Industry Yearbook 2017[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2018(in Chinese)
[9]Lundqvist J,Fraiture C D,Molden D.Saving water:From field to fork:Curbing losses and wastage in the food chain[J].Siwi Policy Brief,2008(1):5-29
[10]Parfitt J,Barthel M,Macnaughton S.Food waste within food supply chains:Quantification and potential for change to 2050[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2010,365(1554):3065-3081
[11]李植芬,何勇.粮食产后处理系统损失的测定与分析[J].农业工程学报,1989,5(4):9-15Li Z F,He Y.Survey and analysis of the losses in grain postproduction system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,1989,5(4):9-15(in Chinese)
[12]梁录瑞,刘启文,彭珂珊,王天义.我国粮食产后系统中的人为损失与减免对策[J].经济地理,1993,13(1):92-96Liang L R,Liu Q W,Peng K S,Wang T Y.Man-made losses and reduction measures in China’s grain post-harvest system[J].Economic Geography,1993,13(1):92-96(in Chinese)
[13]詹玉荣.全国粮食产后损失抽样调查及分析[J].中国粮食经济,1995(4):44-47Zhan Y R.Sampling survey and analysis of national grain postharvest losses[J].China Grain Economy,1995(4):44-47(in Chinese)
[14]郑伟.农村产后粮食损失评估及对策研究[J].粮油仓储科技通讯,2000(4):47-51Zhen W.Post-harvest food loss assessment and countermeasure research in rural areas[J].Grain and Oil Storage Technology Newsletter,2000(4):47-51(in Chinese)
[15]高利伟,许世卫,李哲敏,成升魁,喻闻,张永恩,李灯华,王禹,吴晨.中国主要粮食作物产后损失特征及减损潜力研究[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(23):1-11Gao L W,Xu S W,Li Z M,Cheng S K,Yu W,Zhang Y E,Li DH,Wang Y,Wu C.Main grain crops postharvest losses and its reducing potential in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(23):1-11(in Chinese)
[16]黄东,姚灵,武拉平,朱欣頔.中国水稻收获环节的损失有多高?:基于5省6地的实验调查[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(8):1427-1438Huang D,Yao L,Wu L P,Zhu X D.Measuring rice loss during harvest in China:Based on experiment and survey in five provinces[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33(8):1427-1438(in Chinese)
[17]李植芬,夏培焜,汪彰辉,万善杨,何勇.粮食产后损失的构成分析及防止对策[J].浙江农业大学学报,1991,17(4):52-58Li Z F,Xia P K,Wang Z H,Wan S Y,He Y.Composition analysis and prevention measures of food loss after harvest[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University,1991,17(4):52-58(in Chinese)
[18]刘振江,李飞.减少粮食产后损失的对策分析[J].决策咨询,2011(4):73-77Liu Z J,Li F.Countermeasure analysis of reducing food loss after delivery[J].Decision-Making&Consultancy,2011(4):73-77(in Chinese)
[19]吴林海,胡其鹏,朱淀,王建华.水稻收获损失主要影响因素的实证分析:基于有序多分类Logistic模型[J].中国农村观察,2015(6):22-33Wu L H,Hu Q P,Zhu D,Wang J H.Empirical analysis of main factors influencing harvest rice losses:Based on the ordered multinomial logistic model[J].China Rural Survey,2015(6):22-33(in Chinese)
[20]Basavaraja H,Mahajanashetti S B,Udagatti N C.Economic analysis of post-harvest losses in food grains in India:A case study of Karnataka[J].Agricultural Economics Research Review,2007,20(1):581-593
[21]曹芳芳,黄东,朱俊峰,武拉平.小麦收获损失及其主要影响因素:基于1135户小麦种植户的实证分析[J].中国农村观察,2018(2):75-87Cao F F,Huang D,Zhu J F,Wu L P.The wheat harvest loss and its main determinants in China:An empirical analysis based on survery data from 1135 households[J].China Rural Survey,2018(2):75-87(in Chinese)
[22]王桂民,易中懿,陈聪,曹光乔.收获时期对稻麦轮作水稻机收损失构成的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(2):36-42Wang G M,Yi Z Y,Chen C,Cao G Q.Effect of harvesting date on loss component characteristics of rice mechanical harvested in rice and wheat rotation area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(2):36-42(in Chinese)
[23]池仁勇.粮食产后损失行为调控模型的研究[J].科技通报,1997,13(3):51-54Chi R Y.Researsh on behaviour control model of grain postharvest losses[J].Bulletin of Science and Technology,1997,13(3):51-54(in Chinese)
[24]Sheahan M,Barrett C B.Review:Food loss and waste in SubSaharan Africa[J].Food Policy,2017,70:1-12
[25]农业农村部全程机械化推进行动专家指导组.早稻生产全程机械化技术指导意见(试行)[EB/OL].(2018-04-04)[2018-07-06].http:∥www.njhs.moa.gov.cn/quancheng/201804/t20180404_6139671.htm Agricultural and rural department mechanized promotion of the operation of the expert steering group.Technical guidance on full mechanization of early rice production(trial)[EB/OL].(2018-04-04)[2018-07-06].http:∥www.njhs.moa.gov.cn/quancheng/201804/t20180404_6139671.htm
[26]王贤坤.谷物机械化收获损失率的影响因素及简捷测定[J].塔里木农垦大学学报,1996,8(1):66-68Wang X K.Factors influencing the loss rate of mechanized grain harvest and its simple determination[J].Journal of tarim farming university,1996,8(1):66-68(in Chinese)
[27]蔡荣,蔡书凯.农业生产环节外包实证研究:基于安徽省水稻主产区的调查[J].农业技术经济,2014(4):34-42Cai R,Cai S K.Empirical research on agricultural production outsourcing:Based on the investigation of main rice producing areas in Anhui Province[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2014(4):34-42(in Chinese)
[28]郭鸿鹏.农机作业委托体制创新理论及实证研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2004Guo H P.The innovation theory and empirical study of farm machinery operation[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2004(in Chinese)
(1)根据国家统计局数据资料计算(http:∥data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01)
(2)本研究所研究的收获环节指从田间收割到水稻到达储藏地或晾晒地之间的所有环节。收割仅仅指割倒环节。
(3)指将水稻从田间运到储藏地或晾晒地。
(1)假设农户是理性的,可以预期到未来水稻的市场销售价格。具体价格选取的是农户收获后距离收获日期最近的销售价格。
[2]樊琦,祁华清.既要重视粮食生产更要做好粮食产后节约减损[J].中国粮食经济,2014(7):63Fan Q,Qi H Q.Post-harvestsavings is as important as food production[J].China Grain Economy,2014(7):63(in Chinese)
[3]胡越,周应恒,韩一军,徐锐钊.减少食物浪费的资源及经济效应分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(12):150-155Hu Y,Zhou Y H,Han Y J,Xu R Z.Resources and economic effect analysis of reducing food waste[J].China Population Resourse and Environment,2013,23(12):150-155(in Chinese)
[4]Greeley M.Farm-level post-harvest food losses:The myth of the soft third option[J].Ids Bulletin,2010,13(3):51-60
[5]郭熙保,赵光南.我国农村留守劳动力结构劣化状况及其对策思考:基于湖北、湖南、河南三省调查数据的分析[J].中州学刊,2010,179(5):112-117Guo X B,Zhao G N.Thedeterioration of the structure of rural left-behind labor forces in China and its countermeasures:Based on the analysis of survey data in Hubei,Hunan and Henan Provinces[J].Academic Journal of Zhongzhou,2010,179(5):112-117(in Chinese)
[6]李旻,赵连阁.农村劳动力流动对农业劳动力老龄化形成的影响:基于辽宁省的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2010(9):68-75Li M,Zhao L G.Theimpact of rural labor mobility on the aging of agricultural labor force:Based on the empirical analysis of Liaoning Province[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2010(9):68-75(in Chinese)
[7]宋修一.农户采用农机作业服务的影响因素分析[D].南京:南京农业大学,2009Song X Y.Analysis of factors affecting farmers’use of agricultural machinery operation services[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2009(in Chinese)
[8]中国机械工业年鉴编辑委员会,中国农业机械工业协会.中国农业机械工业年鉴2017[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2018China Machinery Industry Yearbook Editorial Committee,China Agricultural Machinery Industry Association.China Agricultural Machinery Industry Yearbook 2017[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2018(in Chinese)
[9]Lundqvist J,Fraiture C D,Molden D.Saving water:From field to fork:Curbing losses and wastage in the food chain[J].Siwi Policy Brief,2008(1):5-29
[10]Parfitt J,Barthel M,Macnaughton S.Food waste within food supply chains:Quantification and potential for change to 2050[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2010,365(1554):3065-3081
[11]李植芬,何勇.粮食产后处理系统损失的测定与分析[J].农业工程学报,1989,5(4):9-15Li Z F,He Y.Survey and analysis of the losses in grain postproduction system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,1989,5(4):9-15(in Chinese)
[12]梁录瑞,刘启文,彭珂珊,王天义.我国粮食产后系统中的人为损失与减免对策[J].经济地理,1993,13(1):92-96Liang L R,Liu Q W,Peng K S,Wang T Y.Man-made losses and reduction measures in China’s grain post-harvest system[J].Economic Geography,1993,13(1):92-96(in Chinese)
[13]詹玉荣.全国粮食产后损失抽样调查及分析[J].中国粮食经济,1995(4):44-47Zhan Y R.Sampling survey and analysis of national grain postharvest losses[J].China Grain Economy,1995(4):44-47(in Chinese)
[14]郑伟.农村产后粮食损失评估及对策研究[J].粮油仓储科技通讯,2000(4):47-51Zhen W.Post-harvest food loss assessment and countermeasure research in rural areas[J].Grain and Oil Storage Technology Newsletter,2000(4):47-51(in Chinese)
[15]高利伟,许世卫,李哲敏,成升魁,喻闻,张永恩,李灯华,王禹,吴晨.中国主要粮食作物产后损失特征及减损潜力研究[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(23):1-11Gao L W,Xu S W,Li Z M,Cheng S K,Yu W,Zhang Y E,Li DH,Wang Y,Wu C.Main grain crops postharvest losses and its reducing potential in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(23):1-11(in Chinese)
[16]黄东,姚灵,武拉平,朱欣頔.中国水稻收获环节的损失有多高?:基于5省6地的实验调查[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(8):1427-1438Huang D,Yao L,Wu L P,Zhu X D.Measuring rice loss during harvest in China:Based on experiment and survey in five provinces[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33(8):1427-1438(in Chinese)
[17]李植芬,夏培焜,汪彰辉,万善杨,何勇.粮食产后损失的构成分析及防止对策[J].浙江农业大学学报,1991,17(4):52-58Li Z F,Xia P K,Wang Z H,Wan S Y,He Y.Composition analysis and prevention measures of food loss after harvest[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University,1991,17(4):52-58(in Chinese)
[18]刘振江,李飞.减少粮食产后损失的对策分析[J].决策咨询,2011(4):73-77Liu Z J,Li F.Countermeasure analysis of reducing food loss after delivery[J].Decision-Making&Consultancy,2011(4):73-77(in Chinese)
[19]吴林海,胡其鹏,朱淀,王建华.水稻收获损失主要影响因素的实证分析:基于有序多分类Logistic模型[J].中国农村观察,2015(6):22-33Wu L H,Hu Q P,Zhu D,Wang J H.Empirical analysis of main factors influencing harvest rice losses:Based on the ordered multinomial logistic model[J].China Rural Survey,2015(6):22-33(in Chinese)
[20]Basavaraja H,Mahajanashetti S B,Udagatti N C.Economic analysis of post-harvest losses in food grains in India:A case study of Karnataka[J].Agricultural Economics Research Review,2007,20(1):581-593
[21]曹芳芳,黄东,朱俊峰,武拉平.小麦收获损失及其主要影响因素:基于1135户小麦种植户的实证分析[J].中国农村观察,2018(2):75-87Cao F F,Huang D,Zhu J F,Wu L P.The wheat harvest loss and its main determinants in China:An empirical analysis based on survery data from 1135 households[J].China Rural Survey,2018(2):75-87(in Chinese)
[22]王桂民,易中懿,陈聪,曹光乔.收获时期对稻麦轮作水稻机收损失构成的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(2):36-42Wang G M,Yi Z Y,Chen C,Cao G Q.Effect of harvesting date on loss component characteristics of rice mechanical harvested in rice and wheat rotation area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(2):36-42(in Chinese)
[23]池仁勇.粮食产后损失行为调控模型的研究[J].科技通报,1997,13(3):51-54Chi R Y.Researsh on behaviour control model of grain postharvest losses[J].Bulletin of Science and Technology,1997,13(3):51-54(in Chinese)
[24]Sheahan M,Barrett C B.Review:Food loss and waste in SubSaharan Africa[J].Food Policy,2017,70:1-12
[25]农业农村部全程机械化推进行动专家指导组.早稻生产全程机械化技术指导意见(试行)[EB/OL].(2018-04-04)[2018-07-06].http:∥www.njhs.moa.gov.cn/quancheng/201804/t20180404_6139671.htm Agricultural and rural department mechanized promotion of the operation of the expert steering group.Technical guidance on full mechanization of early rice production(trial)[EB/OL].(2018-04-04)[2018-07-06].http:∥www.njhs.moa.gov.cn/quancheng/201804/t20180404_6139671.htm
[26]王贤坤.谷物机械化收获损失率的影响因素及简捷测定[J].塔里木农垦大学学报,1996,8(1):66-68Wang X K.Factors influencing the loss rate of mechanized grain harvest and its simple determination[J].Journal of tarim farming university,1996,8(1):66-68(in Chinese)
[27]蔡荣,蔡书凯.农业生产环节外包实证研究:基于安徽省水稻主产区的调查[J].农业技术经济,2014(4):34-42Cai R,Cai S K.Empirical research on agricultural production outsourcing:Based on the investigation of main rice producing areas in Anhui Province[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2014(4):34-42(in Chinese)
[28]郭鸿鹏.农机作业委托体制创新理论及实证研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2004Guo H P.The innovation theory and empirical study of farm machinery operation[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2004(in Chinese)
(1)根据国家统计局数据资料计算(http:∥data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01)
(2)本研究所研究的收获环节指从田间收割到水稻到达储藏地或晾晒地之间的所有环节。收割仅仅指割倒环节。
(3)指将水稻从田间运到储藏地或晾晒地。
(1)假设农户是理性的,可以预期到未来水稻的市场销售价格。具体价格选取的是农户收获后距离收获日期最近的销售价格。