放牧季节和绵羊年龄对松嫩草地放牧绵羊血液指标的影响
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摘要
草地饲草季节动态变化是影响放牧家畜营养的主要因素,而如何通过放牧家畜自身的变化揭示草地质量变化的影响及程度还需要系统的探讨。本研究分别选择3月龄羔羊、3岁和6岁成年母羊各8只,分别在春季、夏季、秋季和冬季采集血样进行分析测定,对松嫩草地放牧绵羊血液常规指标和矿物质指标进行了动态监测,明晰不同季节、不同年龄对这些指标的影响及变化规律,旨在筛选评估家畜营养状态的敏感指标,为放牧家畜营养管理提供理论依据。结果表明,放牧季节和绵羊年龄以及季节和年龄互作均对放牧绵羊血中总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮、甘油三酯和葡萄糖含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。血液常量矿物质结果标明,年龄对血液中钠没有显著影响,季节有显著影响(P<0.05),但二者互作对血液中的钠无显著影响(P>0.05);年龄和季节对血液中钾和氯有显著影响(P<0.05),而且年龄和季节的互作对血液中氯含量有显著影响(P<0.05);年龄和季节对血液中钙有显著影响(P<0.05),但二者互作对其无显著影响(P>0.05);年龄和季节对血液中磷含量有显著影响(P<0.05),二者互作对其也影响显著(P<0.05);年龄对血液中镁没有显著影响(P>0.05),季节有显著影响(P<0.05)。总之,从变化幅度来看,血液中尿素氮和磷是绵羊血液中随季节变化较为敏感的指标。
The seasonal change of forage is the main factor that affects the nutrition of grazing livestock,and it is necessary to systematically study the influence and extent of forage quality changes on the grazing livestock.In this experiment,we clarified the influence of seasons and ages on these indexes through a dynamic monitoring routine and estimating mineral indices of blood sampled from sheep grazing in the Songnen Grassland.The purpose of this study was to screen and assess the sensitive indicators of the nutritional status of livestock,which can provide theoretical support for the nutrition management of grazing livestock.Eight 3-month-old lambs,3-year-old ewes,and 6-year-old ewes grazing in all four seasons were chosen for this experiment.The results show that grazing season and sheep age had significant effects on the total protein,albumin,urea nitrogen,triglyceride,and glucose content in sheep blood(P<0.05),and there was a significant interaction between age and season.The results of analysis of the major minerals in the blood showed no significant effect of age on the blood sodium content(P<0.05),but season did have a significant effect on sodium,and there was no significant effect of the interaction between age and season on blood sodium content(P>0.05).Both age and season had significant effects on potassium and chlorine in the blood,and there was a significant effect of their interaction on chlorine.Age and season significantly impacted calcium levels in the blood,but there was no effect of their interaction.Age and season,as well as their interaction,had significant effects on phosphorus levels.No significant effect of age was observed on the blood magnesium levels,but season significantly affected magnesium.In conclusion,blood urea nitrogen and phosphorus are sensitive indicators of seasonal change.
The seasonal change of forage is the main factor that affects the nutrition of grazing livestock,and it is necessary to systematically study the influence and extent of forage quality changes on the grazing livestock.In this experiment,we clarified the influence of seasons and ages on these indexes through a dynamic monitoring routine and estimating mineral indices of blood sampled from sheep grazing in the Songnen Grassland.The purpose of this study was to screen and assess the sensitive indicators of the nutritional status of livestock,which can provide theoretical support for the nutrition management of grazing livestock.Eight 3-month-old lambs,3-year-old ewes,and 6-year-old ewes grazing in all four seasons were chosen for this experiment.The results show that grazing season and sheep age had significant effects on the total protein,albumin,urea nitrogen,triglyceride,and glucose content in sheep blood(P<0.05),and there was a significant interaction between age and season.The results of analysis of the major minerals in the blood showed no significant effect of age on the blood sodium content(P<0.05),but season did have a significant effect on sodium,and there was no significant effect of the interaction between age and season on blood sodium content(P>0.05).Both age and season had significant effects on potassium and chlorine in the blood,and there was a significant effect of their interaction on chlorine.Age and season significantly impacted calcium levels in the blood,but there was no effect of their interaction.Age and season,as well as their interaction,had significant effects on phosphorus levels.No significant effect of age was observed on the blood magnesium levels,but season significantly affected magnesium.In conclusion,blood urea nitrogen and phosphorus are sensitive indicators of seasonal change.
引文
[1]张勇,郭武君,李晓梅,张昌吉,成述儒,宫旭胤,田萍,张利平.补饲水平对甘肃高山细毛羊血液指标及其羔羊体重的影响.草业科学,2016,33(11):2337-2344.Zhang Y,Guo W J,Li X M,Zhang C J,Cheng S R,Gong X Y,Tian P,Zhang L P.Effects of supplemental level on serum biochemical indexes and body weight of Gansu Alpine Merino lambs.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(11):2337-2344.(in Chinese)
[2]韩敏,张金合,马茂荣,苏秀玲,何俊琴,王宇.放牧与圈养绒山羊血液生理生化指标比较分析.北京:中国畜牧兽医学会家畜内科学分会,2009.Han M,Zhang J H,Ma M R,Su X L,He J Q,Wang Y.Comparative analysis of blood physiological and biochemical indexes in grazing and confinedness cashmere goat.Beijing:Department of Domestic Animal Internal Medicine of China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Society,2009.(in Chinese)
[3]刘福元,陈玉林,杨玉福,白丁平.放牧绵羊微量元素摄入量与季节变化的关系研究.草业科学,2009,26(11):113-117.Liu F Y,Chen Y L,Yang Y F,Bai D P.Study on the relationship between the intake of trace elements and seasonal changes in grazing sheep.Pratacultural Science,2009,26(11):113-117.(in Chinese)
[4]阎萍,潘和平.不同季节牧草营养成分与牦牛血液激素含量变化的研究.甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(1):50-52.Yan P,Pan H P.Study on the nutrient composition of pasture and changes of hormone content in blood of yak in different seasons.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2004,39(1):50-52.(in Chinese)
[5]范小红,杨得玉,郝力壮,刘书杰,牛建章,张晓卫,孙璐,张成图,李吉业.青海省海晏县牧场牧草营养品质全年动态.草业科学,2017,34(11):2359-2365.Fan X H,Yang D Y,Hao L Z,Liu S J,Niu J Z,Zhang X W,Sun L,Zhang C T,Li J Y.Annual analysis of nutritional quality of pasture in Haiyan County,Qinghai Province.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(11):2359-2365.(in Chinese)
[6]黄嵘峥.放牧绵羊采食量的季节变化及营养盈缺的研究.石河子:石河子大学硕士学位论文,2016.Huang Z R.Study on seasonal variation of intake and nutrient deficiency in grazing sheep.Master Thesis.Shihezi:Shihezi University,2016.(in Chinese)
[7]张昌吉,张利平.补饲舔砖对甘肃高山细毛羊生产性能的影响.草业科学,2015,32(9):1496-1499.Zhang C J,Zhang L P.Influence of brick supplementation on gansu alpine merino production performance.Pratacultural Science,2017,32(9):1496-1499.(in Chinese)
[8]王彪.季节对青海海南地区放牧生态系统氮、硫、钙、磷丰缺影响的研究.杨凌:西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2009.Wang B.Study on the effects of seasons on nitrogen,sulfur,calcium and phosphorus deficiency in grazing ecosystems in Qinghai,Hainan.Master Thesis.Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2009.(in Chinese)
[9]蒋世海,陈明华,杨平贵.不同月龄的藏绵羊生理生化指标研究.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2015(1):19-23.Jiang S H,Chen M H,Yang P G.Study on physiological and biochemical indexes of Tibetan sheep of different months.Heilongjiang Animal Husbandry and Medicine,2015(1):19-23.(in Chinese)
[10]Gabler M T,Heinrichs A J.Effects of increasing dietary protein on nutrient utilization in heifers.Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(6):2170-2177.
[11]孙海霞.松嫩平原农牧交错区绵羊放牧系统粗饲料利用的研究.哈尔滨:东北师范大学博士学位论文,2007.Sun H X.Study on forage utilization of sheep grazing system in ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in Songnen Plain.PhD Thesis.Harbin:Dissertation of Northeast Normal University,2007.(in Chinese)
[12]陈勇,王泰,苏元君.不同年龄的贾洛羊生理生化指标测定.西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2015,41(6):667-671.Chen Y,Wang T,Su Y J.Determination of physiological and biochemical indexes of Jialuo sheep in different ages.Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities(Natural Science Edition),2015,41(6):667-671.(in Chinese)
[13]张继才,和占星,杨世平.BMY牛不同生长阶段血液理化指标的检测.中国农学通报,2012,28(29):66-70.Zhang J C,He Z X,Yang S P.Detection of blood physical and chemical indexes at different growth stages of BMY cattle.Chinese Agriculture Bulletin,2012,28(29):66-70.(in Chinese)
[14]王莉,唐大轩,熊静悦.不同月龄SPF级SD大鼠血液学及生化指标的变化.医学动物防制,2009,25(12):903-908.Wang L,Tang D X,Xiong J Y.Changes in different months blood SPF level SD rats and biochemical indexes of medical animal.Journal of Medical Pest Control,2009,25(12):903-908.(in Chinese)
[15]田兴贵,朱红刚,主性.贵州黑山羊母羊血液生化指标测定分析.家畜生态学报,2010,31(6):57-60.Tian X G,Zhu H G,Zhu X.Measurement and analysis of blood biochemical indexes in Guizhou black goat ewes.Journal of Animal Ecology,2010,31(6):57-60.(in Chinese)
[16]Sreinhou W D,Bauman D E.Propionate metabolism:A new interpretation.Applied&Environmental Microbiology,1988,78(8):2706-2715.
[17]Amaral D M,Veenhuizen J J,Drackley J K,Cooley M H,McGilliard A D,Young J W.Metabolism of propionate,glucose,and carbon dioxide as affected by exogenous glucose in dairy cows at energy equilibrium.Journal of Dairy Research,1990,73(5):1244-1254.
[18]Huntington G B,Prior R L,Britton R A.Glucose and lactate absorption and metabolic interrelationships in steers changed from how to high concentrate diets.The Journal of Nutrition,1981,111(7):1164-1172.
[19]田兴贵,朱红刚,杨正梅.雷山小香羊母羊部分血液生化指标测定分析.西南农业学报,2011,24(2):745-748.Tian X G,Zhu H G,Yang Z M.Analysis of Leishan small Xiang goat ewes of some blood biochemical indexes.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2011,24(2):745-748.(in Chinese)
[20]National Research Council.Nutrition Requirements of Sheep.6th ed.Washington:National Academy of Science,1985.
[21]刘彩琴.高寒草甸土、草、绵羊生态系统中常量矿物元素的季节变化.兰州:甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文,2003.Liu C Q.Seasonal variation of major mineral elements in alpine meadow soil,grass and sheep ecosystems.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2003.(in Chinese)
[22]李亚奎.内蒙古四子王旗地区放牧绵羊矿物质营养限制因子的研究.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2005.Li Y K.Study on mineral nutrient limiting factors of grazing sheep in Siziwangqi area of Inner Mongolia.Master Thesis.Huhhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
[23]李亚奎,胡红莲,卢德勋.荒漠草地放牧系统常量矿物质元素季节变化及盈缺分析.中国草地学报,2011,33(1):77-83.Li Y K,Hu H L,Lu D X.Seasonal variation of mineral elements in the grassland grazing system and their surplus and deficiency analysis.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2011,33(1):77-83.(in Chinese)
[24]孙海霞,常思颖,陈孝龙.不同季节刈割羊草对绵羊采食量和养分消化率的影响.草地学报,2016,24(6):1369-1373.Sun H X,Chang S Y,Chen X L.Effects of mowing Leymus chinensis on feed intake and nutrient digestibility in different seasons.Journal of Grassland,2016,24(6):1369-1373.(in Chinese)
[25]魏炳栋.不同季节对青海海南地区“土-草-畜”放牧生态系统氮、硫、钙、磷丰缺影响的研究.兰州:甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文,2005.Wei B D.Study on the effects of different seasons on nitrogen,sulfur,calcium and phosphorus deficiency in soil,grass and livestock grazing ecosystems in Qinghai,Hainan.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
[26]段国芳,王兰玉,陶玉莲.乐都县岗沟镇绵羊唾液中钠、钾含量的检测.青海大学学报(自然科学版),2002,20(3):8-9.Duan G F,Wang L Y,Tao Y L.Determination of sodium and potassium contents in saliva of sheep in ditch town of Ledu County.Journal of Qinghai University(Natural Science Edition),2002,20(3):8-9.(in Chinese)
[27]葛仕豪,初汉平,孟冬梅.济宁青山羊血液生化指标测定与分析.江苏农业科学,2015,43(7):216-218.Ge S H,Chu H P,Meng D M.Early hamping,determination and analysis of Jining goat blood biochemical index.Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(7):216-218.(in Chinese)
[2]韩敏,张金合,马茂荣,苏秀玲,何俊琴,王宇.放牧与圈养绒山羊血液生理生化指标比较分析.北京:中国畜牧兽医学会家畜内科学分会,2009.Han M,Zhang J H,Ma M R,Su X L,He J Q,Wang Y.Comparative analysis of blood physiological and biochemical indexes in grazing and confinedness cashmere goat.Beijing:Department of Domestic Animal Internal Medicine of China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Society,2009.(in Chinese)
[3]刘福元,陈玉林,杨玉福,白丁平.放牧绵羊微量元素摄入量与季节变化的关系研究.草业科学,2009,26(11):113-117.Liu F Y,Chen Y L,Yang Y F,Bai D P.Study on the relationship between the intake of trace elements and seasonal changes in grazing sheep.Pratacultural Science,2009,26(11):113-117.(in Chinese)
[4]阎萍,潘和平.不同季节牧草营养成分与牦牛血液激素含量变化的研究.甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(1):50-52.Yan P,Pan H P.Study on the nutrient composition of pasture and changes of hormone content in blood of yak in different seasons.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2004,39(1):50-52.(in Chinese)
[5]范小红,杨得玉,郝力壮,刘书杰,牛建章,张晓卫,孙璐,张成图,李吉业.青海省海晏县牧场牧草营养品质全年动态.草业科学,2017,34(11):2359-2365.Fan X H,Yang D Y,Hao L Z,Liu S J,Niu J Z,Zhang X W,Sun L,Zhang C T,Li J Y.Annual analysis of nutritional quality of pasture in Haiyan County,Qinghai Province.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(11):2359-2365.(in Chinese)
[6]黄嵘峥.放牧绵羊采食量的季节变化及营养盈缺的研究.石河子:石河子大学硕士学位论文,2016.Huang Z R.Study on seasonal variation of intake and nutrient deficiency in grazing sheep.Master Thesis.Shihezi:Shihezi University,2016.(in Chinese)
[7]张昌吉,张利平.补饲舔砖对甘肃高山细毛羊生产性能的影响.草业科学,2015,32(9):1496-1499.Zhang C J,Zhang L P.Influence of brick supplementation on gansu alpine merino production performance.Pratacultural Science,2017,32(9):1496-1499.(in Chinese)
[8]王彪.季节对青海海南地区放牧生态系统氮、硫、钙、磷丰缺影响的研究.杨凌:西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2009.Wang B.Study on the effects of seasons on nitrogen,sulfur,calcium and phosphorus deficiency in grazing ecosystems in Qinghai,Hainan.Master Thesis.Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2009.(in Chinese)
[9]蒋世海,陈明华,杨平贵.不同月龄的藏绵羊生理生化指标研究.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2015(1):19-23.Jiang S H,Chen M H,Yang P G.Study on physiological and biochemical indexes of Tibetan sheep of different months.Heilongjiang Animal Husbandry and Medicine,2015(1):19-23.(in Chinese)
[10]Gabler M T,Heinrichs A J.Effects of increasing dietary protein on nutrient utilization in heifers.Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(6):2170-2177.
[11]孙海霞.松嫩平原农牧交错区绵羊放牧系统粗饲料利用的研究.哈尔滨:东北师范大学博士学位论文,2007.Sun H X.Study on forage utilization of sheep grazing system in ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in Songnen Plain.PhD Thesis.Harbin:Dissertation of Northeast Normal University,2007.(in Chinese)
[12]陈勇,王泰,苏元君.不同年龄的贾洛羊生理生化指标测定.西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2015,41(6):667-671.Chen Y,Wang T,Su Y J.Determination of physiological and biochemical indexes of Jialuo sheep in different ages.Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities(Natural Science Edition),2015,41(6):667-671.(in Chinese)
[13]张继才,和占星,杨世平.BMY牛不同生长阶段血液理化指标的检测.中国农学通报,2012,28(29):66-70.Zhang J C,He Z X,Yang S P.Detection of blood physical and chemical indexes at different growth stages of BMY cattle.Chinese Agriculture Bulletin,2012,28(29):66-70.(in Chinese)
[14]王莉,唐大轩,熊静悦.不同月龄SPF级SD大鼠血液学及生化指标的变化.医学动物防制,2009,25(12):903-908.Wang L,Tang D X,Xiong J Y.Changes in different months blood SPF level SD rats and biochemical indexes of medical animal.Journal of Medical Pest Control,2009,25(12):903-908.(in Chinese)
[15]田兴贵,朱红刚,主性.贵州黑山羊母羊血液生化指标测定分析.家畜生态学报,2010,31(6):57-60.Tian X G,Zhu H G,Zhu X.Measurement and analysis of blood biochemical indexes in Guizhou black goat ewes.Journal of Animal Ecology,2010,31(6):57-60.(in Chinese)
[16]Sreinhou W D,Bauman D E.Propionate metabolism:A new interpretation.Applied&Environmental Microbiology,1988,78(8):2706-2715.
[17]Amaral D M,Veenhuizen J J,Drackley J K,Cooley M H,McGilliard A D,Young J W.Metabolism of propionate,glucose,and carbon dioxide as affected by exogenous glucose in dairy cows at energy equilibrium.Journal of Dairy Research,1990,73(5):1244-1254.
[18]Huntington G B,Prior R L,Britton R A.Glucose and lactate absorption and metabolic interrelationships in steers changed from how to high concentrate diets.The Journal of Nutrition,1981,111(7):1164-1172.
[19]田兴贵,朱红刚,杨正梅.雷山小香羊母羊部分血液生化指标测定分析.西南农业学报,2011,24(2):745-748.Tian X G,Zhu H G,Yang Z M.Analysis of Leishan small Xiang goat ewes of some blood biochemical indexes.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2011,24(2):745-748.(in Chinese)
[20]National Research Council.Nutrition Requirements of Sheep.6th ed.Washington:National Academy of Science,1985.
[21]刘彩琴.高寒草甸土、草、绵羊生态系统中常量矿物元素的季节变化.兰州:甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文,2003.Liu C Q.Seasonal variation of major mineral elements in alpine meadow soil,grass and sheep ecosystems.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2003.(in Chinese)
[22]李亚奎.内蒙古四子王旗地区放牧绵羊矿物质营养限制因子的研究.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2005.Li Y K.Study on mineral nutrient limiting factors of grazing sheep in Siziwangqi area of Inner Mongolia.Master Thesis.Huhhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
[23]李亚奎,胡红莲,卢德勋.荒漠草地放牧系统常量矿物质元素季节变化及盈缺分析.中国草地学报,2011,33(1):77-83.Li Y K,Hu H L,Lu D X.Seasonal variation of mineral elements in the grassland grazing system and their surplus and deficiency analysis.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2011,33(1):77-83.(in Chinese)
[24]孙海霞,常思颖,陈孝龙.不同季节刈割羊草对绵羊采食量和养分消化率的影响.草地学报,2016,24(6):1369-1373.Sun H X,Chang S Y,Chen X L.Effects of mowing Leymus chinensis on feed intake and nutrient digestibility in different seasons.Journal of Grassland,2016,24(6):1369-1373.(in Chinese)
[25]魏炳栋.不同季节对青海海南地区“土-草-畜”放牧生态系统氮、硫、钙、磷丰缺影响的研究.兰州:甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文,2005.Wei B D.Study on the effects of different seasons on nitrogen,sulfur,calcium and phosphorus deficiency in soil,grass and livestock grazing ecosystems in Qinghai,Hainan.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
[26]段国芳,王兰玉,陶玉莲.乐都县岗沟镇绵羊唾液中钠、钾含量的检测.青海大学学报(自然科学版),2002,20(3):8-9.Duan G F,Wang L Y,Tao Y L.Determination of sodium and potassium contents in saliva of sheep in ditch town of Ledu County.Journal of Qinghai University(Natural Science Edition),2002,20(3):8-9.(in Chinese)
[27]葛仕豪,初汉平,孟冬梅.济宁青山羊血液生化指标测定与分析.江苏农业科学,2015,43(7):216-218.Ge S H,Chu H P,Meng D M.Early hamping,determination and analysis of Jining goat blood biochemical index.Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(7):216-218.(in Chinese)