政治技能与自我效能感对职业适应能力的影响——自尊的中介作用
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摘要
本研究采用问卷调查法,以492名高校大学生为研究对象,探索政治技能和自我效能感对大学生职业适应能力的影响及自尊的中介作用。结果表明:(1)政治技能和自我效能感对个体的职业适应能力有积极影响。(2)自尊在政治技能和职业适应能力之间,自我效能感与职业适应能力之间起着双重中介作用。
Occupational adaptability is defined as a kind of ability that individuals can adapt to the changes and development on their career path and can effectively solve the practical problems faced in their career path. To develop good occupational adaptability is a critical and necessary task for people to hunt for a job and adapt to social life. Many scholars have studied from the aspects of role adaptation, occupational adaptation, interpersonal skills adaptation and cognitive adaptation to solve the difficulties encountered by individuals in occupational adaptation. However, within academic circles, studies of occupational adaptability in the past lack the complete and clear understanding of the antecedents and consequences of occupational adaptability. Studies have shown that political skills, self-efficacy and self-esteem all play an important role in an individual's career. However, previous research has not studied in detail the relationship between them and their effects on an individual's occupational adaptability. Therefore, this study uses a questionnaire survey to explore the impact of political skills and self-efficacy on the individual's occupational adaptability, as well as the intermediary role of self-esteem.The data of this study is from college students in a university in Chongqing. In this study, Occupational Adaptability Scale is used to measure the individual's occupational adaptability; Political Skill Inventory is used to measure the individual's political skills; General Self-Efficacy Scale is used to measure the individual's self-efficacy; Self-Esteem Scale is used to measure the individual's self-esteem. These all are self-rating scales. In this study, 501 college students are surveyed, and 492 valid questionnaires are collected. The effective recovery rate is 98.2%. There are 123 boys, accounting for 25%; and 369 girls, accounting for 75%.This study uses SPSS 21.0 and Amos17.0 to analyze data collected by questionnaire survey. First, this study conducts a regression analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire, the results show that:(1) Political skills have positive effect on individuals' occupational adaptability. Individuals with high political skills can be sensitive to interpersonal relationships and rules in organizations, timely adjust their own behavior and take actions to exert positive influence on others, get more support and cooperation, thereby enhancing the ability to adapt to occupation.(2) Selfefficacy positively predicts career adaptability. Individuals with a high degree of self-efficacy can have more confidence and be more hardworking and can react to a new workplace environment in a more positive and effective mode of thinking and emotional response. Therefore, they have a higher vocational adaptability. In order to further study the influence mechanism of political skills and self-efficacy on occupational adaptability, this study introduces self-esteem as an intermediary variable into the structural equation model. The results show that self-esteem plays a dual intermediary role between political skill and career adaptability, and between self-efficacy and career adaptability as well. In a word, this research has successfully explored the factors influencing the occupational adaptability of individuals through empirical research and enriched the research results of the predecessors. However, the scope of sampling in this study only includes undergraduates from universities in Chongqing for testing, which may affect the generalization of the conclusion of this study. Future research can extend the scope of the study to graduates and new employees to study their job hunting, entry, and occupation adaptation. Second, the present study focuses more on the relationship between variables at the individual level of college students. Future research may consider the impact of organizational and school-level variables.
Occupational adaptability is defined as a kind of ability that individuals can adapt to the changes and development on their career path and can effectively solve the practical problems faced in their career path. To develop good occupational adaptability is a critical and necessary task for people to hunt for a job and adapt to social life. Many scholars have studied from the aspects of role adaptation, occupational adaptation, interpersonal skills adaptation and cognitive adaptation to solve the difficulties encountered by individuals in occupational adaptation. However, within academic circles, studies of occupational adaptability in the past lack the complete and clear understanding of the antecedents and consequences of occupational adaptability. Studies have shown that political skills, self-efficacy and self-esteem all play an important role in an individual's career. However, previous research has not studied in detail the relationship between them and their effects on an individual's occupational adaptability. Therefore, this study uses a questionnaire survey to explore the impact of political skills and self-efficacy on the individual's occupational adaptability, as well as the intermediary role of self-esteem.The data of this study is from college students in a university in Chongqing. In this study, Occupational Adaptability Scale is used to measure the individual's occupational adaptability; Political Skill Inventory is used to measure the individual's political skills; General Self-Efficacy Scale is used to measure the individual's self-efficacy; Self-Esteem Scale is used to measure the individual's self-esteem. These all are self-rating scales. In this study, 501 college students are surveyed, and 492 valid questionnaires are collected. The effective recovery rate is 98.2%. There are 123 boys, accounting for 25%; and 369 girls, accounting for 75%.This study uses SPSS 21.0 and Amos17.0 to analyze data collected by questionnaire survey. First, this study conducts a regression analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire, the results show that:(1) Political skills have positive effect on individuals' occupational adaptability. Individuals with high political skills can be sensitive to interpersonal relationships and rules in organizations, timely adjust their own behavior and take actions to exert positive influence on others, get more support and cooperation, thereby enhancing the ability to adapt to occupation.(2) Selfefficacy positively predicts career adaptability. Individuals with a high degree of self-efficacy can have more confidence and be more hardworking and can react to a new workplace environment in a more positive and effective mode of thinking and emotional response. Therefore, they have a higher vocational adaptability. In order to further study the influence mechanism of political skills and self-efficacy on occupational adaptability, this study introduces self-esteem as an intermediary variable into the structural equation model. The results show that self-esteem plays a dual intermediary role between political skill and career adaptability, and between self-efficacy and career adaptability as well. In a word, this research has successfully explored the factors influencing the occupational adaptability of individuals through empirical research and enriched the research results of the predecessors. However, the scope of sampling in this study only includes undergraduates from universities in Chongqing for testing, which may affect the generalization of the conclusion of this study. Future research can extend the scope of the study to graduates and new employees to study their job hunting, entry, and occupation adaptation. Second, the present study focuses more on the relationship between variables at the individual level of college students. Future research may consider the impact of organizational and school-level variables.
引文
方平,马焱,朱文龙,姜媛.(2016).自尊研究的现状与问题.心理科学进展24(9),1427-1434.
高婧,吴晶晶.(2013).政治技能对职业成功的影响:职场友谊的中介作用.云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),30(6),150-155.
黄凯杰,李丹,赵倩.(2014).自尊问题研究综述.社会心理科学,29(8),32-37.
刘志军,刘旭,李维.(2016).初中生乐观归因风格与抗挫折能力:自尊的中介作用.心理与行为研究,14(1),64-69.
李毅,吴桐.(2016).大学生体像烦恼与恋爱压力--自尊的中介作用.心理与行为研究,14(6),779-787.
马凌,王瑜,邢芸.(2013).企业员工工作满意度、组织承诺与工作绩效关系.企业经济,5,68-71.
乔纳森.(1998).自我(陈浩莺译).北京:人民邮电出版社.
申姝红.(2010).高校学生职业适应能力培养体系构建.山西财经大学硕士学位论文.
施章清,应贤慧,叶科.(2009).大学生被接纳感与心理健康:自尊的中介功能.心理科学,32(2),456-458.
汪向东,王希林,马弘.(1999).心理卫生评定量表手册.北京:中国心理卫生杂志社.
王富益,王丽丽,张建人,董薇.(2016).员工职业适应能力量表的编制及初步应用.中国临床心理学杂志,24(6),1021-1028.
王叶飞,谢光荣.(2016).情绪智力、自我领导与大学生压力应对方式的关系:积极情感与自我效能感的中介作用.中国临床心理学杂志,24(3),558-565.
魏运华.(2004).自尊的心理发展与教育.北京.北京师范大学出版社.
徐延辉,龚紫钰.(2016).社会质量、自我效能感与城市外来人口的社会融入.社会科学辑刊,2,44-53.
薛亦伦,张骁,丁雪,沙开庆.(2016).高政治技能的员工如何规避工作场所排斥?--基于中国文化情境的研究.管理世界,7,98-108.
张作记.(2005).行为医学量表手册.北京:中华医学电子音像出版.
曾昱,胡鹏.(2017).留守初中生的人际主动、情绪智力、自尊与积极适应的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,31(4),295-300.
周浩,龙立荣.(2004).共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法.心理科学进展,12(6),942-950.
张向葵,刘双.(2008).西方自尊两因素理论研究回顾及其展望.心理科学,31(2),494-499.
张向葵,张林,赵义泉.(2004).关于自尊结构模型的理论建构.心理科学,27(4),791-795.
Bandura,A.(1977).Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychological Review,84(2),191-215.
Bandura,A.(2001).Social cognitive theory:An agentic perspective.Annual Review of Psychology,52,1-26.
Buyukgoze-Kavas,A.(2016).Predicting career adaptability from positive psychological traits.The Career Development Quarterly,64(2),114-125.
Chang,C.H.,Ferris,D.L.,Johnson,R.E.,Rosen,C.C.,&Tan,J.A.(2012).Core self-evaluations:A review and evaluation of the literature.Journal of Management,38(1),81-128.
Coleman Gallagher,V.,Meurs,J.A.,&Harris,K.J.(2016).Political skill reduces the negative impact of distrust.Career development international,21(5),442-458.
Coleman,J.M.,Prior,D.B.,&Adams,C.E.(1981).Erosional furrows on continental shelf edge,Mississippi delta region.Geo-Marine Letters,1(1),11-15.
Cullen,K.L.,Fan,J.&Liu,C.(2012).Employee popularity mediates the relationship between political skill and workplace interpersonal mistreatment.Journal of Management,40(6),1760-1778.
Cullen,K.L.,Gerbasi,A.,&Chrobot-Mason,D.(2018).Thriving in central network positions:The role of political skill.Journal of Management,44(2),682-706.
Ferris,G.R.,Treadway,D.C.,Kolodinsky,R.W.,Hochwarter,W.A.,Kacmar,C.J.,Douglas,C.,et al.(2005).Development and validation of the political skill inventory.Journal of Management,31(1),126-152.
Ferris,G.R.,Treadway,D.C.,Perrewé,P.L.,Brouer,R.L.,Douglas,C.,&Lux,S.(2007).Political skill in organizations.Journal of Management,33(3),290-320.
Frink,D.D.,Robinson,R.K.,Reithel,B.,Arthur,M.M.,Ammeter,A.P.,Ferris,G.R.,et al.(2003).Gender demography and organization performance:A twostudy investigation with convergence.Group and organization Management,28(1),127-147.
Harris,K.J.,Kacmar,K.M.,Zivnuska,S.,&Shaw J.D.(2007).The impact of political skill on impression management effectiveness.Journal of Applied Psychology,92(1),278-285.
Jawahar,I.M.,Meurs,J.A.,Ferris,G.R.,&Hochwarter,W.A.(2008).Selfefficacy and political skill as comparative predictors of task and contextual performance:A two-study constructive replication.Human Performance,21(2),138-157.
Lazarus,R.S.,&Flokman,S.(1984).Stress,appraisal,and coping.New York:Springer.
Leary,M.R.,Tambor,E.S.,Terdal,S.K.,&Downs,D.L.(1995).Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor:The sociometer hypothesis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,68(3),518-530.
Locke,E.A.(1987).Social foundations of thought and action:A social-cognitive view by Albert Bandura.The Academy of Management Review,12(1),169-171.
Mintzberg,H.(1985).The organization as a political arena.Journal of Management Studies,22(2),133-154.
Pajares,F.,&Miller,M.D.(1994).Role of self-efficacy and self-concept beliefs in mathematical problem solving:A path analysis.Journal of Educational Psychology,86(2),193-203.
Perrewé,P.L.,Ferris,G.R.,Frank,D.D.,&Anthony,W.P.(2004).Political skill:An antidote for workplace stressors.Academy of Management Executive,14(3),115-123.
Savickas,M.L.(1997).Career adaptability:An integrative construct for life-span,life-space theory.The Career Development Quarterly,45(3),247-259.
Siu,O.L.,Lu,C.Q.,&Spector,P.E.(2007).Employees’well-being in greater China:The direct and moderating effects of general self-efficacy.Applied Psychology,56(2),288-301.
White,R.W.(1963).Ego and reality in psychoanalytic theory:A proposal regarding independent ego energies.Psychological Issues,3,1-210.
高婧,吴晶晶.(2013).政治技能对职业成功的影响:职场友谊的中介作用.云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),30(6),150-155.
黄凯杰,李丹,赵倩.(2014).自尊问题研究综述.社会心理科学,29(8),32-37.
刘志军,刘旭,李维.(2016).初中生乐观归因风格与抗挫折能力:自尊的中介作用.心理与行为研究,14(1),64-69.
李毅,吴桐.(2016).大学生体像烦恼与恋爱压力--自尊的中介作用.心理与行为研究,14(6),779-787.
马凌,王瑜,邢芸.(2013).企业员工工作满意度、组织承诺与工作绩效关系.企业经济,5,68-71.
乔纳森.(1998).自我(陈浩莺译).北京:人民邮电出版社.
申姝红.(2010).高校学生职业适应能力培养体系构建.山西财经大学硕士学位论文.
施章清,应贤慧,叶科.(2009).大学生被接纳感与心理健康:自尊的中介功能.心理科学,32(2),456-458.
汪向东,王希林,马弘.(1999).心理卫生评定量表手册.北京:中国心理卫生杂志社.
王富益,王丽丽,张建人,董薇.(2016).员工职业适应能力量表的编制及初步应用.中国临床心理学杂志,24(6),1021-1028.
王叶飞,谢光荣.(2016).情绪智力、自我领导与大学生压力应对方式的关系:积极情感与自我效能感的中介作用.中国临床心理学杂志,24(3),558-565.
魏运华.(2004).自尊的心理发展与教育.北京.北京师范大学出版社.
徐延辉,龚紫钰.(2016).社会质量、自我效能感与城市外来人口的社会融入.社会科学辑刊,2,44-53.
薛亦伦,张骁,丁雪,沙开庆.(2016).高政治技能的员工如何规避工作场所排斥?--基于中国文化情境的研究.管理世界,7,98-108.
张作记.(2005).行为医学量表手册.北京:中华医学电子音像出版.
曾昱,胡鹏.(2017).留守初中生的人际主动、情绪智力、自尊与积极适应的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,31(4),295-300.
周浩,龙立荣.(2004).共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法.心理科学进展,12(6),942-950.
张向葵,刘双.(2008).西方自尊两因素理论研究回顾及其展望.心理科学,31(2),494-499.
张向葵,张林,赵义泉.(2004).关于自尊结构模型的理论建构.心理科学,27(4),791-795.
Bandura,A.(1977).Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychological Review,84(2),191-215.
Bandura,A.(2001).Social cognitive theory:An agentic perspective.Annual Review of Psychology,52,1-26.
Buyukgoze-Kavas,A.(2016).Predicting career adaptability from positive psychological traits.The Career Development Quarterly,64(2),114-125.
Chang,C.H.,Ferris,D.L.,Johnson,R.E.,Rosen,C.C.,&Tan,J.A.(2012).Core self-evaluations:A review and evaluation of the literature.Journal of Management,38(1),81-128.
Coleman Gallagher,V.,Meurs,J.A.,&Harris,K.J.(2016).Political skill reduces the negative impact of distrust.Career development international,21(5),442-458.
Coleman,J.M.,Prior,D.B.,&Adams,C.E.(1981).Erosional furrows on continental shelf edge,Mississippi delta region.Geo-Marine Letters,1(1),11-15.
Cullen,K.L.,Fan,J.&Liu,C.(2012).Employee popularity mediates the relationship between political skill and workplace interpersonal mistreatment.Journal of Management,40(6),1760-1778.
Cullen,K.L.,Gerbasi,A.,&Chrobot-Mason,D.(2018).Thriving in central network positions:The role of political skill.Journal of Management,44(2),682-706.
Ferris,G.R.,Treadway,D.C.,Kolodinsky,R.W.,Hochwarter,W.A.,Kacmar,C.J.,Douglas,C.,et al.(2005).Development and validation of the political skill inventory.Journal of Management,31(1),126-152.
Ferris,G.R.,Treadway,D.C.,Perrewé,P.L.,Brouer,R.L.,Douglas,C.,&Lux,S.(2007).Political skill in organizations.Journal of Management,33(3),290-320.
Frink,D.D.,Robinson,R.K.,Reithel,B.,Arthur,M.M.,Ammeter,A.P.,Ferris,G.R.,et al.(2003).Gender demography and organization performance:A twostudy investigation with convergence.Group and organization Management,28(1),127-147.
Harris,K.J.,Kacmar,K.M.,Zivnuska,S.,&Shaw J.D.(2007).The impact of political skill on impression management effectiveness.Journal of Applied Psychology,92(1),278-285.
Jawahar,I.M.,Meurs,J.A.,Ferris,G.R.,&Hochwarter,W.A.(2008).Selfefficacy and political skill as comparative predictors of task and contextual performance:A two-study constructive replication.Human Performance,21(2),138-157.
Lazarus,R.S.,&Flokman,S.(1984).Stress,appraisal,and coping.New York:Springer.
Leary,M.R.,Tambor,E.S.,Terdal,S.K.,&Downs,D.L.(1995).Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor:The sociometer hypothesis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,68(3),518-530.
Locke,E.A.(1987).Social foundations of thought and action:A social-cognitive view by Albert Bandura.The Academy of Management Review,12(1),169-171.
Mintzberg,H.(1985).The organization as a political arena.Journal of Management Studies,22(2),133-154.
Pajares,F.,&Miller,M.D.(1994).Role of self-efficacy and self-concept beliefs in mathematical problem solving:A path analysis.Journal of Educational Psychology,86(2),193-203.
Perrewé,P.L.,Ferris,G.R.,Frank,D.D.,&Anthony,W.P.(2004).Political skill:An antidote for workplace stressors.Academy of Management Executive,14(3),115-123.
Savickas,M.L.(1997).Career adaptability:An integrative construct for life-span,life-space theory.The Career Development Quarterly,45(3),247-259.
Siu,O.L.,Lu,C.Q.,&Spector,P.E.(2007).Employees’well-being in greater China:The direct and moderating effects of general self-efficacy.Applied Psychology,56(2),288-301.
White,R.W.(1963).Ego and reality in psychoanalytic theory:A proposal regarding independent ego energies.Psychological Issues,3,1-210.