西方社交网络的政治极化与算法传播的角色反思
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摘要
近几年西方政治极化与社交网络的选择性亲和关系日趋明显,政治极化呈现出一系列新变化,并在算法传播的推波助澜下有泛滥网络之势。西方政治极化表现在社交网络上是种族民粹主义的传播和民粹政治、情感政治的崛起。其原因首先是主流媒体信誉下降为社交网络崛起提供契机,而算法传播在其中扮演了助推器的角色,它促成网络集群的聚合,算法的个性化定制也为组织化政治操纵提供便利渠道。规避社交网络政治极化的风险需要加强网络民主建设,调整算法设计以利于民主协商的过程,同时通过提高算法透明度和可审核性的努力,使算法传播在改善西方网络政治极端对立问题上发挥积极作用。
In recent years,there exists an increasingly obvious selective affinity between political polarization and social network in western countries.Political polarization,presenting a series of changes,shows a trend of being widespread on the internet with the aggravation of algorithm communication.Political polarization in western countries is represented as the dissemination of racial populism and the emergence of populist politics and sentimental politics on social networks.It's mainly because that those social networks emerge owing to the declining prestige of mainstream media and algorithm communication serves as a booster which promotes the aggregation of network clusters.Simultaneously,the personalized customization of the algorithm also provides a convenient channel for organized political manipulation.To avoid the risk of political polarization on social networks needs to reinforce the construction of cyber democracy and adjust the design of algorithm,which can be propitious to democratic consultations.Also,algorithm communication can play apositive role in improving political polarization on western social networks through the improvement of the transparency and auditability of the algorithm.
In recent years,there exists an increasingly obvious selective affinity between political polarization and social network in western countries.Political polarization,presenting a series of changes,shows a trend of being widespread on the internet with the aggravation of algorithm communication.Political polarization in western countries is represented as the dissemination of racial populism and the emergence of populist politics and sentimental politics on social networks.It's mainly because that those social networks emerge owing to the declining prestige of mainstream media and algorithm communication serves as a booster which promotes the aggregation of network clusters.Simultaneously,the personalized customization of the algorithm also provides a convenient channel for organized political manipulation.To avoid the risk of political polarization on social networks needs to reinforce the construction of cyber democracy and adjust the design of algorithm,which can be propitious to democratic consultations.Also,algorithm communication can play apositive role in improving political polarization on western social networks through the improvement of the transparency and auditability of the algorithm.
引文
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(5)Dalton RJ.,“Social modernization and the end of ideology debate:patterns of ideological polarization”.Japanese Journal of Political Science,Vol.35,no.7,2006,pp.1-22.
(6)Bishop B.,The Big Sort:Why The Clustering of Like-minded America is Tearing Us Apart.New York:Mariner Books,2008,pp.329-331.
(1)Laclau,E.,On Populist Reason.London:Verso,2005,p.30.
(2)Gerbaudo,P,Screti,F.,“Reclaiming popular sovereignty:the vision of the state in the discourse of Podemos and the Movimento 5Stelle”.Javnost:The Public,Vol.22,no.4,2017,pp.320-335.
(1)Nagle,A.,Kill All Normies:Online Culture Wars from 4Chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right.Alresford:Zero Books,2017,p.112.
(2)Braidotti,R.,The posthuman.Malden,MA:Polity Press,2013,p.67.
(3)Illousz,E.,Cold intimacies:The making of emotional capitalism.Malden,MA:Polity Press,2007,p.234-240.
(4)Dean,J.,Affective networks.MediaTropes,2010,p.19-44.
(5)Karppi,T.,Khk9nen,L.,Mannevuo,M.,Pajala,M.,Sihvonen,T.,“Affective capitalism:Investments and investigations”.Ephemera:Theory&Politics in Organization,Vol.16,no.9,2016,pp.1-13.
(1)Harsin,J.,“Regimes of post truth,post politics,and attention economies”.Communication,Culture&Critique,Vol.46,no.2,2015,pp.327-333.
(2)Engesser,S,Ernst,N,Esser,F.,“Populism and social media:how politicians spread a fragmented ideology”.Information,Communication&Society,Vol.20,no.7,2017,pp.1109-1126.
(3)Gerbaudo,P.,Populism 2.0.In:Trottier,D,Fuchs,C(eds)Social Media,Politics and the State:Protests,Revolutions,Riots,Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook,Twitter and YouTube.New York:Routledge,2014,pp.67-87.
(1)Nagle,A.,Kill All Normies:Online Culture Wars from 4Chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right.Alresford:Zero Books,2017,pp.56-62.
(2)Starkman,D.,The Watchdog That Didn’t Bark:The Financial Crisis and the Disappearance of Investigative Journalism.New York:Columbia University Press,2014,pp.213-219.
(3)Surowiecki,J.,The Wisdom of Crowds,New York:Anchor,2005,pp.99-105.
(1)Gardels,N.,“Wael Ghonim:we have a duty to use our social media power to speak the truth”.The World Post,Vol.32,no.6,2016,p.43.
(2)Laclau,E.,On Populist Reason,London:Verso,2005,pp.251-255.
(3)Dylko I,Dolgov I,Hoffman W,et al.,“The dark side of technology:an experimental investigation of the influence of customizability technology on online political selective exposure”.Computer in Human Behavior,Vol.73,no.11,2017,pp.181-190.
(4)Bishop B.,The Big Sort:Why The Clustering of Like-minded America is Tearing Us Apart,New York:Mariner Books.2008,pp.36-40.
(1)Allcott H,Gentzkow M.,“Social Media and Fake News in the 2016Election”.Journal of Economic Perspectives,Vol.14,no.2,2017,pp.211-236.
(2)Castle,D.,“Hearts,Minds and Radical Democracy.”Red Pepper,no.1,1998,Accessed December 4,2014.
(3)Connolly,W.,Why I Am Not A Secularist.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1999,pp.14-16.
(1)Howard,P.,Is Social Media Killing Democracy?Oxford Internet Institute,2016,pp.178-182.
(2)Orwat C,Raabe O,Buchmann E,et al.,“Software als Institution und ihre Gestaltbarkeit”.Informatik_Spektrum Vol.22,no.6,2010,pp.626-633.
(3)Diakopoulos,N.,Algorithmic?Accountability Reporting:On the Investigation of Black Boxes,New York,NY:Columbia Journalism School,Tow Center for Digital Journalism,2014,pp.354-357.
(4)Nissenbaum H.,“From preemption to circumvention:if technology regulates,why do we need regulation and vice versa”.Berkeley Technology Law Journal,Vol.26,no.7,2011,pp.1367-1386.
(5)Dalton RJ.,“Social modernization and the end of ideology debate:patterns of ideological polarization”.Japanese Journal of Political Science,Vol.35,no.7,2006,pp.1-22.
(6)Bishop B.,The Big Sort:Why The Clustering of Like-minded America is Tearing Us Apart.New York:Mariner Books,2008,pp.329-331.