择优取向、代表功能与议员候选人遴选——以英国保守党和工党为例
摘要
政党对于代议制民主来说是必不可少的,它基本垄断了民意代表的遴选权,负责向选民和政府推荐合格的议员候选人。在遴选实践中,英国保守党和工党长期采取了鲜明的择优取向,倾向从政条件更好的人选类型,但近30多年来两党内部面向弱势群体出现了朝向代表功能转变的迹象。政党遴选的这两种着力方向之间存在一定张力,同时也是再平衡策略的体现。这既反映出政党内部不同政治代表观及政治价值之间的固有冲突,也证明了二者竞选偏好和实用主义态度的内在一致性。择优取向与朝向代表功能的调适,虽有地位上的主辅之分,但又互促互进、相融共生,都是政党遴选时必不可少的考量维度。
引文
(1)[英]詹姆斯·布赖斯《现代民治政体》吉林人民出版社2011年版第101页。
(2)[美]利昂·D.爱泼斯坦《西方民主国家的政党》商务印书馆2014年版第21-22页。
(1)自英国女性获得被选举权以来,一直到20世纪90年代中期,其在下议院的席位比不足10%。近20年来,随着女性主体意识的觉醒,女性议员占比显著提升,2017年大选后已经上升到32%(208人)。参见Lukas Audickas and Richard Cracknell,“UK Election Statistics:1918-2018:100 Years of Elections”,p.28,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7529/CBP-7529.pdf。
(2)Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh(eds.),Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective:The Secret Garden of Politics,London:Sage Publications,1988,p.65.
(3)Vyara Apostolova,Lukas Audickas,Carl Baker,Alex Bate,Richard Cracknell,Noel Dempsey,Oliver Hawkins,Rod Mclnnes,Tom Rutherford and Elise Ubero,i“General Election2017:Results and Analysis(Second Edition)”,p.47,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf.
(4)对于女性参政受歧视,历史上其选举权的获得情况就是佐证之一。女性最早获得选举权的国家是新西兰(1893)和芬兰(1906),英国女性直到1928年才正式享有与男性相同的选举权。
(5)与之相对应的是,在1979-2017年期间,英国议员的平均年龄一直保持在50岁左右。
(6)Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh(eds.),Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective:The Secret Garden of Politics,London:Sage Publications,1988,pp.64-65.
(1)Chrysa Lamprinakou,“The‘Age’of the New Parliament”,see from http://parliamentarycandidates.org/news/the-age-ofthe-new-parliament/.
(2)据统计,在2017年大选产生的议员中有3/4是大学毕业生,保守党和工党的这一比例相对更高,分别为83%和84%。参见Lukas Audickas and Richard Cracknel,l“UK Election Statistics(1918-2018):100 Years of Elections”,p.31,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7529/CBP-7529.pdf。
(3)Chris Haverga,l“Oxbridge Alumni Again Set to Feature Heavily in Next Parliament”,see from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/oxbridge-alumni-again-set-to-feature-heavily-in-next-parliament/2018381.article.
(4)[美]利昂·D.爱泼斯坦《西方民主国家的政党》商务印书馆2014年版第216页。
(5)Lukas Audickas and Richard Cracknel,l“UK Election Statistics:1918-2018:100 Years of Elections”,p.32,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7529/CBP-7529.pdf.
(1)张君《西方政党遴选的政治学:民主化进程中的政党与议员候选人遴选》中国社会科学出版社2019年版第54-55页。
(2)2017年大选产生的新议员仅有87人,占比只有13.4%。实际上,如果将1997、2010年各100余名在职议员放弃寻求再次提名的特殊情况排除后,每届新议员的平均占比将明显更低。参见Lukas Audickas and Richard Cracknel,l“UK Election Statistics:1918-2018:100 years of Elections”,p.30,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7529/CBP-7529.pdf。
(3)最近几年来,受制于实际收入停滞不前的影响,越来越多的普通选民对精英政治日益失望和反感,对政治阶层的代表性愈发不满。不少选民将这种不满付诸行动,转而支持两大主要政党之外的其他政党,这在一定程度上使政党政治遭遇到民粹势力和身份政治的挑战。实际上,这些政党所提出的议员候选人与保守党、工党极为类似,仍然属于经济社会中的精英人物。当然,有些小型政党为吸引特定选民群体的支持,在女性或少数族群候选人中占比相对更高,例如,2017年大选时妇女平等党提出的议员候选人均为女性。
(4)Vyara Apostolova,Lukas Audickas,Carl Baker,Alex Bate,Richard Cracknell,Noel Dempsey,Oliver Hawkins,Rod Mclnnes,Tom Rutherford and Elise Ubero,i“General Election2017:Results and Analysis(Second Edition)”,pp.47-48,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf.
(5)谢峰《政治演进与制度变迁:英国政党与政党制度研究》北京大学出版社2013年版第266-267页。
(1)Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski,Political Recruitment:Gender,Race and Class in the British Parliament,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995,pp.72-73.
(2)Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski,Political Recruitment:Gender,Race and Class in the British Parliament,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995,p.73;“All-women Shortlist”,see from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-women_shortlist.
(3)Rhys Williams and Akash Paun,Party People:How Do-and How Should-British Political Parties Select Their Parliamentary Candidates?,London:Institute for Government,2011,p.29;Thomas Quinn,Modernising the Labour Party:Organizational Change since 1983,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2005,p.116.
(4)Vyara Apostolova,Lukas Audickas,Carl Baker,Alex Bate,Richard Cracknell,Noel Dempsey,Oliver Hawkins,Rod Mclnnes,Tom Rutherford and Elise Ubero,i“General Election2017:Results and Analysis(Second Edition)”,p.49,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf.
(5)Rhys Williams and Akash Paun,Party People:How Do-and How Should-British Political Parties Select Their Parliamentary Candidates?,London:Institute for Government,2011,pp.17-19.
(6)Vyara Apostolova,Lukas Audickas,Carl Baker,Alex Bate,Richard Cracknell,Noel Dempsey,Oliver Hawkins,Rod Mclnnes,Tom Rutherford and Elise Ubero,i“General Election2017:Results and Analysis(Second Edition)”,p.48,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf.
(7)谢峰《政治演进与制度变迁:英国政党与政党制度研究》北京大学出版社2013年版第267页。
(8)“Rule Book 2017”,p.20,pp.37-53,see from http://labourpartymarxists.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Rule-Book-2017.pdf.
(9)“Constitution of the Conservative Party”,p.7,see from https://www.politicalpartydb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/UK_CONSERVATIVE_PARTY_CONSTITUTION_2009.pdf.
(1)“Rule Book 2017”,p.22,see from http://labourpartymarxists.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Rule-Book-2017.pdf.
(1)“52 Minority MPs to Sit in‘Most Diverse UK Parliament Ever’”,see from http://www.britishfuture.org/articles/52-minoritymps-to-sit-in-most-diverse-uk-parliament-ever/.
(2)[加]弗兰克·坎宁安《民主理论导论》吉林出版集团有限责任公司2010年版第134-137页。
(3)谢峰《政治演进与制度变迁:英国政党与政党制度研究》北京大学出版社2013年版第222-233页。
(2)[美]利昂·D.爱泼斯坦《西方民主国家的政党》商务印书馆2014年版第21-22页。
(1)自英国女性获得被选举权以来,一直到20世纪90年代中期,其在下议院的席位比不足10%。近20年来,随着女性主体意识的觉醒,女性议员占比显著提升,2017年大选后已经上升到32%(208人)。参见Lukas Audickas and Richard Cracknell,“UK Election Statistics:1918-2018:100 Years of Elections”,p.28,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7529/CBP-7529.pdf。
(2)Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh(eds.),Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective:The Secret Garden of Politics,London:Sage Publications,1988,p.65.
(3)Vyara Apostolova,Lukas Audickas,Carl Baker,Alex Bate,Richard Cracknell,Noel Dempsey,Oliver Hawkins,Rod Mclnnes,Tom Rutherford and Elise Ubero,i“General Election2017:Results and Analysis(Second Edition)”,p.47,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf.
(4)对于女性参政受歧视,历史上其选举权的获得情况就是佐证之一。女性最早获得选举权的国家是新西兰(1893)和芬兰(1906),英国女性直到1928年才正式享有与男性相同的选举权。
(5)与之相对应的是,在1979-2017年期间,英国议员的平均年龄一直保持在50岁左右。
(6)Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh(eds.),Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective:The Secret Garden of Politics,London:Sage Publications,1988,pp.64-65.
(1)Chrysa Lamprinakou,“The‘Age’of the New Parliament”,see from http://parliamentarycandidates.org/news/the-age-ofthe-new-parliament/.
(2)据统计,在2017年大选产生的议员中有3/4是大学毕业生,保守党和工党的这一比例相对更高,分别为83%和84%。参见Lukas Audickas and Richard Cracknel,l“UK Election Statistics(1918-2018):100 Years of Elections”,p.31,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7529/CBP-7529.pdf。
(3)Chris Haverga,l“Oxbridge Alumni Again Set to Feature Heavily in Next Parliament”,see from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/oxbridge-alumni-again-set-to-feature-heavily-in-next-parliament/2018381.article.
(4)[美]利昂·D.爱泼斯坦《西方民主国家的政党》商务印书馆2014年版第216页。
(5)Lukas Audickas and Richard Cracknel,l“UK Election Statistics:1918-2018:100 Years of Elections”,p.32,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7529/CBP-7529.pdf.
(1)张君《西方政党遴选的政治学:民主化进程中的政党与议员候选人遴选》中国社会科学出版社2019年版第54-55页。
(2)2017年大选产生的新议员仅有87人,占比只有13.4%。实际上,如果将1997、2010年各100余名在职议员放弃寻求再次提名的特殊情况排除后,每届新议员的平均占比将明显更低。参见Lukas Audickas and Richard Cracknel,l“UK Election Statistics:1918-2018:100 years of Elections”,p.30,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7529/CBP-7529.pdf。
(3)最近几年来,受制于实际收入停滞不前的影响,越来越多的普通选民对精英政治日益失望和反感,对政治阶层的代表性愈发不满。不少选民将这种不满付诸行动,转而支持两大主要政党之外的其他政党,这在一定程度上使政党政治遭遇到民粹势力和身份政治的挑战。实际上,这些政党所提出的议员候选人与保守党、工党极为类似,仍然属于经济社会中的精英人物。当然,有些小型政党为吸引特定选民群体的支持,在女性或少数族群候选人中占比相对更高,例如,2017年大选时妇女平等党提出的议员候选人均为女性。
(4)Vyara Apostolova,Lukas Audickas,Carl Baker,Alex Bate,Richard Cracknell,Noel Dempsey,Oliver Hawkins,Rod Mclnnes,Tom Rutherford and Elise Ubero,i“General Election2017:Results and Analysis(Second Edition)”,pp.47-48,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf.
(5)谢峰《政治演进与制度变迁:英国政党与政党制度研究》北京大学出版社2013年版第266-267页。
(1)Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski,Political Recruitment:Gender,Race and Class in the British Parliament,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995,pp.72-73.
(2)Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski,Political Recruitment:Gender,Race and Class in the British Parliament,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995,p.73;“All-women Shortlist”,see from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-women_shortlist.
(3)Rhys Williams and Akash Paun,Party People:How Do-and How Should-British Political Parties Select Their Parliamentary Candidates?,London:Institute for Government,2011,p.29;Thomas Quinn,Modernising the Labour Party:Organizational Change since 1983,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2005,p.116.
(4)Vyara Apostolova,Lukas Audickas,Carl Baker,Alex Bate,Richard Cracknell,Noel Dempsey,Oliver Hawkins,Rod Mclnnes,Tom Rutherford and Elise Ubero,i“General Election2017:Results and Analysis(Second Edition)”,p.49,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf.
(5)Rhys Williams and Akash Paun,Party People:How Do-and How Should-British Political Parties Select Their Parliamentary Candidates?,London:Institute for Government,2011,pp.17-19.
(6)Vyara Apostolova,Lukas Audickas,Carl Baker,Alex Bate,Richard Cracknell,Noel Dempsey,Oliver Hawkins,Rod Mclnnes,Tom Rutherford and Elise Ubero,i“General Election2017:Results and Analysis(Second Edition)”,p.48,see from http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf.
(7)谢峰《政治演进与制度变迁:英国政党与政党制度研究》北京大学出版社2013年版第267页。
(8)“Rule Book 2017”,p.20,pp.37-53,see from http://labourpartymarxists.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Rule-Book-2017.pdf.
(9)“Constitution of the Conservative Party”,p.7,see from https://www.politicalpartydb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/UK_CONSERVATIVE_PARTY_CONSTITUTION_2009.pdf.
(1)“Rule Book 2017”,p.22,see from http://labourpartymarxists.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Rule-Book-2017.pdf.
(1)“52 Minority MPs to Sit in‘Most Diverse UK Parliament Ever’”,see from http://www.britishfuture.org/articles/52-minoritymps-to-sit-in-most-diverse-uk-parliament-ever/.
(2)[加]弗兰克·坎宁安《民主理论导论》吉林出版集团有限责任公司2010年版第134-137页。
(3)谢峰《政治演进与制度变迁:英国政党与政党制度研究》北京大学出版社2013年版第222-233页。