为了“美好生活”的治理:基于社会政策视角的工作-生活平衡研究
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摘要
公共治理应及时回应新时代公众的福利需求。在工作-生活冲突日益成为影响现代劳动者福利和幸福感的新社会风险的背景下,促进工作-生活平衡是实现美好生活追求的重要途径。本文基于广东某市城市劳动者的问卷调查与访谈数据,运用多因素定序logit模型分析了工作-生活平衡状态与劳动者的年龄、性别、在劳动力市场中的层级、组织制度安排以及家庭分工之间的关系。结果表明工作-生活平衡状况有较为显著的性别差异,而用人单位的支持性政策对于帮助员工协调工作-生活关系有较大帮助。基于治理理念审视工作-生活冲突:一方面应重视非物质性福利及其供给;另一方面应推动政府公共部门合理而适度地介入劳动者的工作-生活关系,通过制度供给、政策激励以及外部约束等手段,促进一个由政府、组织、社会以及家庭构成的协作体系,为"美好生活"提供一种制度保障。
The process of governance is mainly about response to the welfare demands of the public. As work-life conflict has become a critical factor that influencing people's wellbeing,it is the government's responsibility to help people maintain a balance between work and life needs and make them able to pursuit a better life. Based on data that collected through questionnaires and interviews in J city of Guangdong province,this study analyzed the relationship of work-life balance status and demographic variables,levels in the labor market,the organizational arrangements and labor division in the family arena of labors living in the city.The results show that work-life balance differs between male and female,and supportive policies offered by the employers could be of great help to the employee's work-life balance. Based on governance theory,this study calls for reconsideration of work-life balance from macroscopic level,which means that we should pay attention to the non-material welfare and its provision on the one hand and to push the public sectors intervene in the work-life relationship in a reasonable and moderate manner,to facilitate a cooperative system of government,employers,society and family as a system guarantee of people's "better life".
The process of governance is mainly about response to the welfare demands of the public. As work-life conflict has become a critical factor that influencing people's wellbeing,it is the government's responsibility to help people maintain a balance between work and life needs and make them able to pursuit a better life. Based on data that collected through questionnaires and interviews in J city of Guangdong province,this study analyzed the relationship of work-life balance status and demographic variables,levels in the labor market,the organizational arrangements and labor division in the family arena of labors living in the city.The results show that work-life balance differs between male and female,and supportive policies offered by the employers could be of great help to the employee's work-life balance. Based on governance theory,this study calls for reconsideration of work-life balance from macroscopic level,which means that we should pay attention to the non-material welfare and its provision on the one hand and to push the public sectors intervene in the work-life relationship in a reasonable and moderate manner,to facilitate a cooperative system of government,employers,society and family as a system guarantee of people's "better life".
引文
[1]Regus,Workplace Stress Report 2012:From Distressed to De-stressed[EB/OL].http://press.regus.com/united-states/from-distressed-to-de-stressed/,2012.
[2]Arulappan,M.,Worklife Balance:A Critique.Women in Leadership&Management[M].BCID:University of Bradford,2003.
[3]Byrne,U,Work Life Balance:Why Are We Talking about It at All[J].Business Information Review,2005,22(1):53-59.
[4]Greenhaus,J.H.,Beutell,N.J.,Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles[J].Academy of Management Review,1985,10(1):76-88.
[5]Thomas,L.T.,&Ganster,D.C.,Impact of Family-Supportive Work Variables on Work-Family Conflict and Strain:A Control Perspective[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1995,80(1):6-15.
[6]Burke,R.J.,Work Family Stress,Conflict,Coping and Burnout in Police Officers[J].Stress Medicine,1993,9(3):171-180.
[7]Frone,M.R.,Barnes,G.M.,&Farrell,M.P.,Relationship of Work-family Conflict to Substance Use among Employed Mother:The Role of Negative Affect[J].Journal of Marriage and the Family,1994,56(4):1019-1030
[8]Aryee,S.Antecedents and Outcomes of WorkFamily Conflict among Married Professional Women:Evidence from Singapore[J].Human Relations,1992,45(8):813-837.
[9]Rice,R.W.,Frone,M.R.&McFarlin,D.B.,Worknonwork Conflict and the Perceived Quality of Life.Journal of Organizational Behavior[J].1992,13(2):155-168.
[10]Duxbury,L.,Work-life Conflict in Canada in the New Millennium[J].The Sydney Papers,2003,15(1):78-97.
[11]Adams,G.A.,King,L.A.&King,D.W.,Relationships of Job and Family Involvement,Family Social Support,and Work-Family Conflict With Job and Life Satisfaction[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1996,81(4):411-420.
[12]Carlson,D.S.,Personality and Role Variables as Predictors of Three Forms of Work-Family Conflict[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,1999,55(2):236-253.
[13]Byron,K.,A Meta-Analytic Review of WorkFamily Conflict and Its Antecedents[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,2005,67(2):169-198.
[14]Duxbury,L.E.,Higgins,C.A.,Gender Differences in Work-Family Conflict[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1991,76(1):60-74.
[15]Crompton,R.,Lyonette,C.,Work-Life“Balance”in Europe[J].Acta Sociologica,2006,49(4):379-393.
[16]Aryee,S.,Srinivas,E.S.,&Tan,H.H.,Rhythms of Life:Antecedents and Outcomes of Work-family Balance in Employed Parents[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(1):132-146.
[17]Fast,J.,Frederick,J.Working Arrangements and Time Stress[J].Canadian Social Trends,1996,45:14-19.
[18]Baker,K.,Changing Assumptions and Contingent Solutions:The Costs and Benefits of Women Working Full-and Part-Time[J].Sex Roles,1993,28:47-71.
[19]Frone,M.R.,Yardley,J.K.,&Markel,K.S.,Developing and Testing an Integrative Model of the Workfamily Interface[J].Journal of vocational behavior,1997,50(2):145-167.
[20]Hochschild,A.R.,The Time Bind:When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work[M].New York:Metropolitan Books,1997.
[21]Christensen,K.E.,Staines,G.L.,Flextime:A Viable Solution to Work/Family Conflict?[J].Journal of Family Issues,1990,11(4):455-476.
[22]Hill,E.J.,Hawkins,A.J.,&Miller,B.C.,Work and Family in the Virtual Office:Perceived Influences of Mobile Telework[J].Family Relations,1996,45(3):293-301.
[23]Thompson,C.A.,Beauvais,L.L.,&Lyness,K.S.,When Work-Family Benefits are not Enough:The Influence of Work-Family Culture on Benefit Utilization,Organizational Attachment,and Work-Family Conflict[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,1999,54(3):392-415.
[24]Allen,T.D.,Family-Supportive Environments:The Role of Organizational Perceptions[J].Journal of V-ocational Behavior,2001,58(3):414-435.
[25]Belle,D,Poverty and Women’s Mental Health[J].American Psychologist,1990,45(3):385-389.
[26]Norton,A.,Glick,P.,One Parent Families:ASocial and Economic Profile[J].Family Relations,1986,35(1):9-17.
[27]Grandey,A.A.,Cropanzano,R.,The Conservation of Resource Model Applied to Work-Family Conflict and Strain[J].Journal of Vocatinal Behavior,1999,54(2):350-370.
[28]King,L.A.,Mattimore,L.K.,King,D.W.,&Adams,G.A.,Family Support Inventory for Workers:A New Measure of Perceived Social Support from Family Members[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,1995,16:235-258.
[29]Powell,G.N.,Francesco,A.M.&Ling,Y.,Toward Culture-Sensitive Theories of the Work-Family Interface[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2009,30(5):597-616.
[30]张再生.工作-家庭关系理论与工作家庭平衡计划[J].南开管理评论,2002,(4):55-59.
[31]黄冬梅,尹文强,张宜民,王培承,孙葵,赵延奎.医生工作家庭冲突与社会支持、制度支持的关系[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2009,(1):27-32.
[32]胡春梅,何华敏,何利.公务员生存质量、工作家庭冲突与应对方式关系[J].中国公共卫生,2013,(8):1224-1227.
[33]刘伯红,张永英,李亚妮.工作和家庭的平衡:中国的问题与政策研究报告[R].北京:国际劳工组织,2008.
[34]林忠,鞠蕾,陈丽.工作-家庭冲突研究与中国议题:视角、内容和设计[J].管理世界,2013,(9):154-171.
[35]格里·斯托克.作为理论的治理:五个论点[J].华夏风译.国际社会科学杂志(中文版),1999,(1):19-30.
(1)不少文献用“工作-家庭”的表述,主要侧重工作与家庭照顾之间的关系状况。近些年来,更多的学者用“工作-生活”的表述,这里的“生活”主要包括与“工作”相对的另一方面,即闲暇(兴趣爱好、朋友社交和电影电视等活动)和打理家庭(睡眠、饮食、家务、子女照顾等)。
(2)这个包含了多维度指标的美好生活指数可以用来替代单一、冰冷的国内生产总值(GDP),从更全面的角度来衡量现代各国人们的整体生活水平和生活质量。
(3)近几年我国两会都有部分人大代表提案涉及此类话题,如全国政协委员张晓梅在2011年提交的议案就倡导应“鼓励部分女性回归家庭”,认为这样对稳定社会和促进家庭和睦有积极作用。参见广州日报2011年3月8日相关报道:http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/html/2011-03/08/content_1285043.htm.
[2]Arulappan,M.,Worklife Balance:A Critique.Women in Leadership&Management[M].BCID:University of Bradford,2003.
[3]Byrne,U,Work Life Balance:Why Are We Talking about It at All[J].Business Information Review,2005,22(1):53-59.
[4]Greenhaus,J.H.,Beutell,N.J.,Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles[J].Academy of Management Review,1985,10(1):76-88.
[5]Thomas,L.T.,&Ganster,D.C.,Impact of Family-Supportive Work Variables on Work-Family Conflict and Strain:A Control Perspective[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1995,80(1):6-15.
[6]Burke,R.J.,Work Family Stress,Conflict,Coping and Burnout in Police Officers[J].Stress Medicine,1993,9(3):171-180.
[7]Frone,M.R.,Barnes,G.M.,&Farrell,M.P.,Relationship of Work-family Conflict to Substance Use among Employed Mother:The Role of Negative Affect[J].Journal of Marriage and the Family,1994,56(4):1019-1030
[8]Aryee,S.Antecedents and Outcomes of WorkFamily Conflict among Married Professional Women:Evidence from Singapore[J].Human Relations,1992,45(8):813-837.
[9]Rice,R.W.,Frone,M.R.&McFarlin,D.B.,Worknonwork Conflict and the Perceived Quality of Life.Journal of Organizational Behavior[J].1992,13(2):155-168.
[10]Duxbury,L.,Work-life Conflict in Canada in the New Millennium[J].The Sydney Papers,2003,15(1):78-97.
[11]Adams,G.A.,King,L.A.&King,D.W.,Relationships of Job and Family Involvement,Family Social Support,and Work-Family Conflict With Job and Life Satisfaction[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1996,81(4):411-420.
[12]Carlson,D.S.,Personality and Role Variables as Predictors of Three Forms of Work-Family Conflict[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,1999,55(2):236-253.
[13]Byron,K.,A Meta-Analytic Review of WorkFamily Conflict and Its Antecedents[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,2005,67(2):169-198.
[14]Duxbury,L.E.,Higgins,C.A.,Gender Differences in Work-Family Conflict[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1991,76(1):60-74.
[15]Crompton,R.,Lyonette,C.,Work-Life“Balance”in Europe[J].Acta Sociologica,2006,49(4):379-393.
[16]Aryee,S.,Srinivas,E.S.,&Tan,H.H.,Rhythms of Life:Antecedents and Outcomes of Work-family Balance in Employed Parents[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(1):132-146.
[17]Fast,J.,Frederick,J.Working Arrangements and Time Stress[J].Canadian Social Trends,1996,45:14-19.
[18]Baker,K.,Changing Assumptions and Contingent Solutions:The Costs and Benefits of Women Working Full-and Part-Time[J].Sex Roles,1993,28:47-71.
[19]Frone,M.R.,Yardley,J.K.,&Markel,K.S.,Developing and Testing an Integrative Model of the Workfamily Interface[J].Journal of vocational behavior,1997,50(2):145-167.
[20]Hochschild,A.R.,The Time Bind:When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work[M].New York:Metropolitan Books,1997.
[21]Christensen,K.E.,Staines,G.L.,Flextime:A Viable Solution to Work/Family Conflict?[J].Journal of Family Issues,1990,11(4):455-476.
[22]Hill,E.J.,Hawkins,A.J.,&Miller,B.C.,Work and Family in the Virtual Office:Perceived Influences of Mobile Telework[J].Family Relations,1996,45(3):293-301.
[23]Thompson,C.A.,Beauvais,L.L.,&Lyness,K.S.,When Work-Family Benefits are not Enough:The Influence of Work-Family Culture on Benefit Utilization,Organizational Attachment,and Work-Family Conflict[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,1999,54(3):392-415.
[24]Allen,T.D.,Family-Supportive Environments:The Role of Organizational Perceptions[J].Journal of V-ocational Behavior,2001,58(3):414-435.
[25]Belle,D,Poverty and Women’s Mental Health[J].American Psychologist,1990,45(3):385-389.
[26]Norton,A.,Glick,P.,One Parent Families:ASocial and Economic Profile[J].Family Relations,1986,35(1):9-17.
[27]Grandey,A.A.,Cropanzano,R.,The Conservation of Resource Model Applied to Work-Family Conflict and Strain[J].Journal of Vocatinal Behavior,1999,54(2):350-370.
[28]King,L.A.,Mattimore,L.K.,King,D.W.,&Adams,G.A.,Family Support Inventory for Workers:A New Measure of Perceived Social Support from Family Members[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,1995,16:235-258.
[29]Powell,G.N.,Francesco,A.M.&Ling,Y.,Toward Culture-Sensitive Theories of the Work-Family Interface[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2009,30(5):597-616.
[30]张再生.工作-家庭关系理论与工作家庭平衡计划[J].南开管理评论,2002,(4):55-59.
[31]黄冬梅,尹文强,张宜民,王培承,孙葵,赵延奎.医生工作家庭冲突与社会支持、制度支持的关系[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2009,(1):27-32.
[32]胡春梅,何华敏,何利.公务员生存质量、工作家庭冲突与应对方式关系[J].中国公共卫生,2013,(8):1224-1227.
[33]刘伯红,张永英,李亚妮.工作和家庭的平衡:中国的问题与政策研究报告[R].北京:国际劳工组织,2008.
[34]林忠,鞠蕾,陈丽.工作-家庭冲突研究与中国议题:视角、内容和设计[J].管理世界,2013,(9):154-171.
[35]格里·斯托克.作为理论的治理:五个论点[J].华夏风译.国际社会科学杂志(中文版),1999,(1):19-30.
(1)不少文献用“工作-家庭”的表述,主要侧重工作与家庭照顾之间的关系状况。近些年来,更多的学者用“工作-生活”的表述,这里的“生活”主要包括与“工作”相对的另一方面,即闲暇(兴趣爱好、朋友社交和电影电视等活动)和打理家庭(睡眠、饮食、家务、子女照顾等)。
(2)这个包含了多维度指标的美好生活指数可以用来替代单一、冰冷的国内生产总值(GDP),从更全面的角度来衡量现代各国人们的整体生活水平和生活质量。
(3)近几年我国两会都有部分人大代表提案涉及此类话题,如全国政协委员张晓梅在2011年提交的议案就倡导应“鼓励部分女性回归家庭”,认为这样对稳定社会和促进家庭和睦有积极作用。参见广州日报2011年3月8日相关报道:http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/html/2011-03/08/content_1285043.htm.