隔代照料与老年人年龄认同:子女代际支持的中介效应
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摘要
年龄认同是个体对衰老进程的主观体验,是健康老龄化的重要内容。以往关于照料孙子女与老年人年龄认同的相关性的研究较为少见,并且没有关注子女代际社会支持的作用,关于中国老年人隔代照料与年龄认同的相关研究也极为缺乏。本文根据2014年中国老年社会调查追踪数据,利用多元线性回归模型分析隔代照料与中国老年人年龄认同的相关性,同时利用Bootstrap中介效应检验法考察子女代际社会支持(代际经济支持、代际工具支持和代际情感支持)的中介作用。研究发现隔代照料与老年人年龄认同显著相关,即照料孙子女使老年人有更积极的年龄认同;隔代照料与城市老年人年龄认同显著相关,与农村老年人年龄认同在统计上不相关,与老年女性年龄认同显著相关,与老年男性年龄认同在统计上不相关,照料孙子女对老年人的影响具有城乡差异性和性别差异性。进一步的中介效应分析发现代际经济支持、代际工具支持在隔代照料与老年人年龄认同之间发生了完全中介作用。本文研究结果表明隔代照料对老年人及中国家庭所发挥的作用和价值不容忽视,社会和家庭一定要关注老年照料者的健康问题和生活需求,要重视老年人在家庭中的价值和作用。同时,对于照料孙子女的老年人,其成年子女应给予更多的代际支持,提升照料孙子女对老年人健康和幸福的促进作用。
Age identity is about the subjective experience of ageing,and is an important factor affecting the healthy ageing of older people. Although some studies have identified the association between age identity of the elderly and whether they have to perform grandparental care,there is little focus on the effect of their adult children's social support. Based on data from 2014 China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey,this pa?per analyses the effects of grandparental care on age identity of the Chinese older people using multiple lin?ear regression models. Meanwhile,it analyses the effects of intergenerational social support(economic sup?port,instrumental support and emotional support of their adult children)by the Bootstrap method. The find?ings suggest that grandparents who care for grandchildren have a more positive age identity than those who do not. Compared with grandparents living in rural areas,the positive effects of caring for grandchildren are more likely to occur among urban grandparents. The age identity of female grandparents is more likely to be positively affected by grandchildren care than their male counterparts. For slightly younger ones(less than70 years old),caring for grandchildren has a positive effect on their age identities. We also find that the in?tergenerational economic support and instrument support have full mediation effects on the relationship be?tween grandparental care and age identity. This paper shows the positive effect of caring for grandchildren on the age identity of grandparents. The families of older people should pay more attention to the age identi?ty of older caregivers,which could affect their health. At the same time,their adult children should give more support to them.
Age identity is about the subjective experience of ageing,and is an important factor affecting the healthy ageing of older people. Although some studies have identified the association between age identity of the elderly and whether they have to perform grandparental care,there is little focus on the effect of their adult children's social support. Based on data from 2014 China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey,this pa?per analyses the effects of grandparental care on age identity of the Chinese older people using multiple lin?ear regression models. Meanwhile,it analyses the effects of intergenerational social support(economic sup?port,instrumental support and emotional support of their adult children)by the Bootstrap method. The find?ings suggest that grandparents who care for grandchildren have a more positive age identity than those who do not. Compared with grandparents living in rural areas,the positive effects of caring for grandchildren are more likely to occur among urban grandparents. The age identity of female grandparents is more likely to be positively affected by grandchildren care than their male counterparts. For slightly younger ones(less than70 years old),caring for grandchildren has a positive effect on their age identities. We also find that the in?tergenerational economic support and instrument support have full mediation effects on the relationship be?tween grandparental care and age identity. This paper shows the positive effect of caring for grandchildren on the age identity of grandparents. The families of older people should pay more attention to the age identi?ty of older caregivers,which could affect their health. At the same time,their adult children should give more support to them.
引文
[1]Hank,K,&Buber,I.Grandparents Caring for Their Grandchildren:Findings from the 2004 Survey of Health,Ageing,and Retirement in Europe[J].Journal of Family Issues,2009,30(1):53-73.
[2]Di Gessa,G,Glaser,K,&Tinker,A.The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on the Health of Grandparents in Europe:A Life Course Approach[J].Social Science&Medicine,2016,38(4):166-175.
[3]Chen,F,&Liu,G.The Health Implications of Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren in China[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2012,67(1):99-112.
[4]Laughlin,L.Who’s Minding the Kids?Child Care Arrangements:Spring 2011[C]//U.S.Census Bureau.Current Population Reports.Washington,DC,2013:70-135.
[5]Glaser,K,Di Gessa,G,&Tinker,A.Grandparenting in Europe:The Health and Wellbeing of Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren:The Role of Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage[M].Publisher:Grandparents Plus,2014:2-5.
[6]Kaufman,G,&Elder Jr,G H.Grandparenting and Age Identity[J].Journal of Aging Studies,2003,17(3):269-282.
[7]Jose,J P,&Cherayi,S.Age Identity and Psychosocial Disability in Older Persons of Kerala[J].Indian Journal of Gerontology,2017,31(1):20-42.
[8]Howard,J A.Social Psychology of Identities[J].Annual Review of Sociology,2000,26(1):367-393.
[9]Levy,B R,Slade,M D,Kunkel,S R,&Kasl,S V.Longevity Increased by Positive Self-perceptions of Aging[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2002,83(2):261-270.
[10]Kavirajan,H,Vahia,I V,Thompson,W K,Depp,C,Allison,M,&Jeste,D V.Attitude toward Own Aging and Mental Health in Post-menopausal Women[J].Asian Journal of Psychiatry,2011,4(1):26-30.
[11]Freeman,A T,Santini,Z I,Tyrovolas,S,Rummel-Kluge,C,Haro,J M,&Koyanagi,A.Negative Perceptions of Ageing Predict the Onset and Persistence of Depression and Anxiety:Findings from a Prospective Analysis of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing[J].Journal of Affective Disorders,2016,199:132-138.
[12]Barrett,A E.Gendered Experiences in Midlife:Implications for Age Identity[J].Journal of Aging Studies,2005,19(2):163-183.
[13]Leder,S,Grinstead,L N,&Torres,E.Grandparents Raising Grandchildren:Stressors,Social Support,and Health Outcomes[J].Journal of Family Nursing,2007,13(3):333-352.
[14]Hughes,M E,Waite,L J,LaPierre,T A,&Luo,Y.All in the Family:The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Grandparents,Health[J].The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2007,62(2):S108-S119.
[15]Baker,L A,&Silverstein,M.Depressive Symptoms among Grandparents Raising Grandchildren:The Impact of Participation in Multiple Roles[J].Journal of Intergenerational Relationships,2008,6(3):285-304.
[16]Chen,F,Mair,C A,Bao,L,&Yang,Y C.Race/Ethnic Differentials in the Health Consequences of Caring for Grandchildren for Grandparents[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2014,70(5):793-803.
[17]Kelley,S J,Whitley,D,Sipe,T A,&Yorker,B C.Psychological Distress in Grandmother Kinship Care Providers:The Role of Resources,Social Support,and Physical Health[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2000,24(3):311-321.
[18]Sands,R G,&Goldberg-Glen,R S.Factors Associated with Stress among Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren[J].Family Relations,2000,49(1):97-105.
[19]Goodman,C,&Silverstein,M.Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren:Family Structure and Well-being in Culturally Diverse Families[J].The Gerontologist,2002,42(5):676-689.
[20]Coupland,J.Discourse,Identity and Change in Mid-to-late Life:Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Language and Ageing[J].Ageing&Society,2009,29(6):849-861.
[21]Barak,B.Age Identity:A Cross-cultural Global Approach[J].International Journal of Behavioral Development,2009,33(1):2-11.
[22]Diehl,M,Wahl,H W,Barrett,A E,Brothers,A F,Miche,M,Montepare,J M,&Wurm,S.Awareness of Aging:Theoretical Considerations on an Emerging Concept[J].Developmental Review,2014,34(2):93-113.
[23]Westerhof,G J,Miche,M,Brothers,A F,Barrett,A E,Diehl,M,Montepare,J M,&Wurm,S.The Influence of Subjective Aging on Health and Longevity:A Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Data[J].Psychology and Aging,2014,29(4):793-802.
[24]Bordone,V,&Arpino,B.Do Grandchildren Influence How Old You Feel?[J].Journal of Aging and Health,2016,28(6):1055-1072.
[25]Kornadt,A E,Hess,T M,Voss,P,&Rothermund,K.Subjective Age across the Life Span:A Differentiated,Longitudinal Approach[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2018,73(5):767-777.
[26]Wolff,J K,Schüz,B,Ziegelmann,J P,Warner,L M,&Wurm,S.Short-term Buffers,but Long-term Suffers?Differential Effects of Negative Self-perceptions of Aging Following Serious Health Events[J].The Journals of Gerontology:Series B,2017,72(3):408-414.
[27]Shrira,A,Palgi,Y,Ben-Ezra,M,Hoffman,Y,&Bodner,E.A Youthful Age Identity Mitigates the Effect of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms on Successful Aging[J].The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,2016,24(2):174-175.
[28]Levy,B R.Mind Matters:Cognitive and Physical Effects of Aging Self-stereotypes[J].The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2003,58(4):203-211.
[29]Waldrop,D,&Weber,J.From Grandparent to Caregiver:The Stress and Satisfaction of Raising Grandchildren[J].Families in Society:The Journal of Contemporary Social Services,2001,82(5):461-472.
[30]靳小怡,刘妍珺.照料孙子女对老年人生活满意度的影响--基于流动老人和非流动老人的研究[J].东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017,19(2):119-129.
[31]Butler,F R,&Zakari,N.Grandparents Parenting Grandchildren:Assessing Health Status,Parental Stress,and Social Supports[J].Journal of Gerontological Nursing,2005,31(3):43-54.
[32]Orb,A,&Davey,M.Grandparents Parenting Their Grandchildren[J].Australasian Journal on Ageing,2005,24(3):162-168.
[33]Fergusson,E,Maughan,B,&Golding,J.Which Children Receive Grandparental Care and What Effect Does It Have?[J].Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2008,49(2):161-169.
[34]孙鹃娟,冀云.中国老年人照顾孙子女对老化态度的影响[J].人口与发展,2016,22(4):79-86.
[35]Hayslip Jr,B,Blumenthal,H,&Garner,A.Social Support and Grandparent Caregiver Health:One-year Longitudinal Findings for Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2014,70(5):804-812.
[36]Cheng,S T,&Chan,A C.Filial Piety and Psychological Well-being in Well Older Chinese[J].The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2006,61(5):262-269.
[37]Zhou,J,Mao,W,Lee,Y,&Chi,I.The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Grandparents’Physical Health Outcomes:The Role of Intergenerational Support[J].Research on Aging,2017,39(5):612-634.
[38]Cong,Z,&Silverstein,M.Intergenerational Support and Depression among Elders in Rural China:Do Daughters-In-Law Matter?[J].Journal of Marriage and Family,2008,70(3):599-612.
[39]宋璐,李树茁,李亮.提供孙子女照料对农村老年人心理健康的影响研究[J].人口与发展,2008,14(3):10-18.
[40]Li-Jung,E,Ku,S,Stearns,C,Van Houtven,C,Lee,S,Dilworth-Anderson,P,&Konrad,T.Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on the Health of Grandparents in Taiwan[J].The Journals of Gerontology,Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2013,68(6):1009-1021.
[41]Lou,V W,Lu,N,Xu,L,&Chi,I.Grandparent-grandchild Family Capital and Self-rated Health of Older Rural Chinese Adults:The Role of the Grandparent-parent Relationship[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2013,68(4):599-608.
[2]Di Gessa,G,Glaser,K,&Tinker,A.The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on the Health of Grandparents in Europe:A Life Course Approach[J].Social Science&Medicine,2016,38(4):166-175.
[3]Chen,F,&Liu,G.The Health Implications of Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren in China[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2012,67(1):99-112.
[4]Laughlin,L.Who’s Minding the Kids?Child Care Arrangements:Spring 2011[C]//U.S.Census Bureau.Current Population Reports.Washington,DC,2013:70-135.
[5]Glaser,K,Di Gessa,G,&Tinker,A.Grandparenting in Europe:The Health and Wellbeing of Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren:The Role of Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage[M].Publisher:Grandparents Plus,2014:2-5.
[6]Kaufman,G,&Elder Jr,G H.Grandparenting and Age Identity[J].Journal of Aging Studies,2003,17(3):269-282.
[7]Jose,J P,&Cherayi,S.Age Identity and Psychosocial Disability in Older Persons of Kerala[J].Indian Journal of Gerontology,2017,31(1):20-42.
[8]Howard,J A.Social Psychology of Identities[J].Annual Review of Sociology,2000,26(1):367-393.
[9]Levy,B R,Slade,M D,Kunkel,S R,&Kasl,S V.Longevity Increased by Positive Self-perceptions of Aging[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2002,83(2):261-270.
[10]Kavirajan,H,Vahia,I V,Thompson,W K,Depp,C,Allison,M,&Jeste,D V.Attitude toward Own Aging and Mental Health in Post-menopausal Women[J].Asian Journal of Psychiatry,2011,4(1):26-30.
[11]Freeman,A T,Santini,Z I,Tyrovolas,S,Rummel-Kluge,C,Haro,J M,&Koyanagi,A.Negative Perceptions of Ageing Predict the Onset and Persistence of Depression and Anxiety:Findings from a Prospective Analysis of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing[J].Journal of Affective Disorders,2016,199:132-138.
[12]Barrett,A E.Gendered Experiences in Midlife:Implications for Age Identity[J].Journal of Aging Studies,2005,19(2):163-183.
[13]Leder,S,Grinstead,L N,&Torres,E.Grandparents Raising Grandchildren:Stressors,Social Support,and Health Outcomes[J].Journal of Family Nursing,2007,13(3):333-352.
[14]Hughes,M E,Waite,L J,LaPierre,T A,&Luo,Y.All in the Family:The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Grandparents,Health[J].The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2007,62(2):S108-S119.
[15]Baker,L A,&Silverstein,M.Depressive Symptoms among Grandparents Raising Grandchildren:The Impact of Participation in Multiple Roles[J].Journal of Intergenerational Relationships,2008,6(3):285-304.
[16]Chen,F,Mair,C A,Bao,L,&Yang,Y C.Race/Ethnic Differentials in the Health Consequences of Caring for Grandchildren for Grandparents[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2014,70(5):793-803.
[17]Kelley,S J,Whitley,D,Sipe,T A,&Yorker,B C.Psychological Distress in Grandmother Kinship Care Providers:The Role of Resources,Social Support,and Physical Health[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2000,24(3):311-321.
[18]Sands,R G,&Goldberg-Glen,R S.Factors Associated with Stress among Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren[J].Family Relations,2000,49(1):97-105.
[19]Goodman,C,&Silverstein,M.Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren:Family Structure and Well-being in Culturally Diverse Families[J].The Gerontologist,2002,42(5):676-689.
[20]Coupland,J.Discourse,Identity and Change in Mid-to-late Life:Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Language and Ageing[J].Ageing&Society,2009,29(6):849-861.
[21]Barak,B.Age Identity:A Cross-cultural Global Approach[J].International Journal of Behavioral Development,2009,33(1):2-11.
[22]Diehl,M,Wahl,H W,Barrett,A E,Brothers,A F,Miche,M,Montepare,J M,&Wurm,S.Awareness of Aging:Theoretical Considerations on an Emerging Concept[J].Developmental Review,2014,34(2):93-113.
[23]Westerhof,G J,Miche,M,Brothers,A F,Barrett,A E,Diehl,M,Montepare,J M,&Wurm,S.The Influence of Subjective Aging on Health and Longevity:A Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Data[J].Psychology and Aging,2014,29(4):793-802.
[24]Bordone,V,&Arpino,B.Do Grandchildren Influence How Old You Feel?[J].Journal of Aging and Health,2016,28(6):1055-1072.
[25]Kornadt,A E,Hess,T M,Voss,P,&Rothermund,K.Subjective Age across the Life Span:A Differentiated,Longitudinal Approach[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2018,73(5):767-777.
[26]Wolff,J K,Schüz,B,Ziegelmann,J P,Warner,L M,&Wurm,S.Short-term Buffers,but Long-term Suffers?Differential Effects of Negative Self-perceptions of Aging Following Serious Health Events[J].The Journals of Gerontology:Series B,2017,72(3):408-414.
[27]Shrira,A,Palgi,Y,Ben-Ezra,M,Hoffman,Y,&Bodner,E.A Youthful Age Identity Mitigates the Effect of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms on Successful Aging[J].The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,2016,24(2):174-175.
[28]Levy,B R.Mind Matters:Cognitive and Physical Effects of Aging Self-stereotypes[J].The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2003,58(4):203-211.
[29]Waldrop,D,&Weber,J.From Grandparent to Caregiver:The Stress and Satisfaction of Raising Grandchildren[J].Families in Society:The Journal of Contemporary Social Services,2001,82(5):461-472.
[30]靳小怡,刘妍珺.照料孙子女对老年人生活满意度的影响--基于流动老人和非流动老人的研究[J].东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017,19(2):119-129.
[31]Butler,F R,&Zakari,N.Grandparents Parenting Grandchildren:Assessing Health Status,Parental Stress,and Social Supports[J].Journal of Gerontological Nursing,2005,31(3):43-54.
[32]Orb,A,&Davey,M.Grandparents Parenting Their Grandchildren[J].Australasian Journal on Ageing,2005,24(3):162-168.
[33]Fergusson,E,Maughan,B,&Golding,J.Which Children Receive Grandparental Care and What Effect Does It Have?[J].Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2008,49(2):161-169.
[34]孙鹃娟,冀云.中国老年人照顾孙子女对老化态度的影响[J].人口与发展,2016,22(4):79-86.
[35]Hayslip Jr,B,Blumenthal,H,&Garner,A.Social Support and Grandparent Caregiver Health:One-year Longitudinal Findings for Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2014,70(5):804-812.
[36]Cheng,S T,&Chan,A C.Filial Piety and Psychological Well-being in Well Older Chinese[J].The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2006,61(5):262-269.
[37]Zhou,J,Mao,W,Lee,Y,&Chi,I.The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Grandparents’Physical Health Outcomes:The Role of Intergenerational Support[J].Research on Aging,2017,39(5):612-634.
[38]Cong,Z,&Silverstein,M.Intergenerational Support and Depression among Elders in Rural China:Do Daughters-In-Law Matter?[J].Journal of Marriage and Family,2008,70(3):599-612.
[39]宋璐,李树茁,李亮.提供孙子女照料对农村老年人心理健康的影响研究[J].人口与发展,2008,14(3):10-18.
[40]Li-Jung,E,Ku,S,Stearns,C,Van Houtven,C,Lee,S,Dilworth-Anderson,P,&Konrad,T.Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on the Health of Grandparents in Taiwan[J].The Journals of Gerontology,Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2013,68(6):1009-1021.
[41]Lou,V W,Lu,N,Xu,L,&Chi,I.Grandparent-grandchild Family Capital and Self-rated Health of Older Rural Chinese Adults:The Role of the Grandparent-parent Relationship[J].Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2013,68(4):599-608.