南京城市义务教育设施空间演化
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摘要
选取规模、质量、可达性和承载压力等指标,综合运用Zipf对数模型、G指数、差异判别系数及路网测度技术等方法研究南京城市义务教育设施的空间演化。结果表明:(1)义务教育设施总体规模在扩大,但小学规模差异缩小,初级中学则扩大。中心城区和郊区的规模差异呈现不同特征。(2)义务教育质量总体表现出空间扩散态势,核心-边缘结构依然明显存在,行政区内极化现象突出。(3)义务教育设施的时间可达性总体降低,学区划分对可达性公平存在重大影响。(4)由于人口年龄结构和设施布局变化,除江宁区和建邺区外的多数地区义务教育承载压力明显减轻。
Basic public service equalization is essential for the promotion of regional sustainable development and establishment of harmonious society. Educational equalization is one of core components of basic public service equalization and realization of educational equity is especially a critical task and representation of basic public service equalization. Based on a set of reliable and practical indicators including scale, quality, accessibility as well as carrying capacity of compulsory educational facilities, this paper employs a series of methods such as Zipf logarithm model, G index, differential determination coefficient and GIS-based road network measurement to investigate the spatial evolution of compulsory educational facilities in urban Nanjing within2006-2015. The results of this study show that: Within 2006-2015, the overall scale of the compulsory education facilities in Nanjing is expanding, meanwhile the size difference of elementary schools is shrinking, and junior high schools are expanding. Also, the scale difference of educational facilities in the central urban and suburban areas shows the trend of widening and narrowing respectively. The educational quality difference generally declines with fluctuation, and high-quality education resource exhibits a general spatial diffusion but is still relatively concentrated. Besides, the core-periphery structure of qualities on compulsory educational facilities still exists obviously, and the phenomena of polarization on high-quality educational resources within administrative districts become more prominent. Due to factors such as school relocation and extension of residential areas, overall accessibility of compulsory educational facilities declines with higher time cost. Compared with elementary schools, the decline of accessibility of junior high schools is more significant. Among all districts in the study area, Jianye District is characterized by a minimum internal equilibrium of accessibility and patterns of school districts division exert a dominant impact on accessibility fairness. On account of changes of population age structure and the layout of the urban facilities, the pressure of education capacity in the study area is generally alleviated except Jiangning District and Jianye District, which have a relatively sharp rise. Furthermore, the equilibrium of capacity distribution of compulsory educational facilities in the central urban area has increased, and the suburbs show a downward trend. This article examines the ten-year spatial evolution process of compulsory educational facilities in urban Nanjing, aiming at providing scientific decision-making advice for the optimization of planning and management on compulsory educational facilities.
Basic public service equalization is essential for the promotion of regional sustainable development and establishment of harmonious society. Educational equalization is one of core components of basic public service equalization and realization of educational equity is especially a critical task and representation of basic public service equalization. Based on a set of reliable and practical indicators including scale, quality, accessibility as well as carrying capacity of compulsory educational facilities, this paper employs a series of methods such as Zipf logarithm model, G index, differential determination coefficient and GIS-based road network measurement to investigate the spatial evolution of compulsory educational facilities in urban Nanjing within2006-2015. The results of this study show that: Within 2006-2015, the overall scale of the compulsory education facilities in Nanjing is expanding, meanwhile the size difference of elementary schools is shrinking, and junior high schools are expanding. Also, the scale difference of educational facilities in the central urban and suburban areas shows the trend of widening and narrowing respectively. The educational quality difference generally declines with fluctuation, and high-quality education resource exhibits a general spatial diffusion but is still relatively concentrated. Besides, the core-periphery structure of qualities on compulsory educational facilities still exists obviously, and the phenomena of polarization on high-quality educational resources within administrative districts become more prominent. Due to factors such as school relocation and extension of residential areas, overall accessibility of compulsory educational facilities declines with higher time cost. Compared with elementary schools, the decline of accessibility of junior high schools is more significant. Among all districts in the study area, Jianye District is characterized by a minimum internal equilibrium of accessibility and patterns of school districts division exert a dominant impact on accessibility fairness. On account of changes of population age structure and the layout of the urban facilities, the pressure of education capacity in the study area is generally alleviated except Jiangning District and Jianye District, which have a relatively sharp rise. Furthermore, the equilibrium of capacity distribution of compulsory educational facilities in the central urban area has increased, and the suburbs show a downward trend. This article examines the ten-year spatial evolution process of compulsory educational facilities in urban Nanjing, aiming at providing scientific decision-making advice for the optimization of planning and management on compulsory educational facilities.
引文
[1]韩增林,李彬,张坤领.中国城乡基本公共服务均等化及其空间格局分析[J].地理研究, 2015, 34(11):2035-2048.[Han Zenglin, Li Bin, Zhang Kunling. Evaluation and spatial analysis of the equalization of basic public service in urban and rural areas in China. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(11):2035-2048.]
[2] David Harvey. Social justice and the city[M]. Baltimore:The John Hopkins University Press, 1975:187-190.
[3]孔云峰,王震.县市级义务教育学校区位配置优化设计与实验[J].地球信息科学学报, 2012, 14(3):300-304.[Kong Yunfeng, Wang Zhen. Optimal location-allocation for county-level compulsory school site selection using GIS and integer linear programming. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2012, 14(3):300-304.]
[4] David Harvey. The urbanization of capital:Studies in the history and theory of capitalist urbanization[M]. Oxford:Basil Blackwell, 1985:11-17.
[5]刘宏燕,陈雯.中国基础教育资源布局研究述评[J].地理科学进展, 2017, 36(5):557-568.[Liu Hongyan, Chen Wen. A review of research on the distribution of basic education resources in China. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(5):557-568.]
[6] Taleai M, Sliuzas R, Flacke J. An integrated framework to evaluate the equity of urban public facilities using spatial multi-criteria analysis[J]. Cities, 2014, 40:56-69.
[7] Dadashpoor H, Rostami F, Alizadeh B. Is inequality in the distribution of urban facilities inequitable? Exploring a method for identifying spatial inequity in an Iranian city[J]. Cities, 2016,52:159-172.
[8]韩艳红,陆玉麒.教育公共服务设施可达性评价与规划——以江苏省仪征市高级中学为例[J].地理科学, 2012, 32(7):822-827.[Han Yanhong, Lu Yuqi. Accessibility assessment and planning of public service facilities for education:A case study on senior high schools in Yizheng City. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(7):822-827.]
[9]戴特奇,廖聪,胡科,等.公平导向的学校分配空间优化——以北京石景山区为例[J].地理学报, 2017, 72(8):1476-1485.[Dai Teqi, Liao Cong, Hu Ke et al. Secondary school allocation optimization towards equal access:A case study on Shijingshan District, Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(8):1476-1485.]
[10] Zolnik E, Minde J, Gupta D D et al. Supporting planning to co-locate public facilities:A case study from Loudoun County,Virginia[J]. Applied Geography, 2010, 30(4):687-696.
[11] Livy M R. The effect of local amenities on house price appreciation amid market shocks:The case of school quality[J]. Journal of Housing Economics, 2017, 36:62-72.
[12] Wu Q, Liu C, Zhang H X. Urban education differentiation and its socio-economic consequences:An internet-survey-based structural equation modeling analysis of new white collar workers in Nanjing, China[J]. Research in Social Stratification&Mobility, 2017, 48:1-9.
[13]苏飞,魏敏,李博,等.中国普通高中教育均等化及障碍因素分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(10):1478-1485.[Su Fei, Wei Min, Li Bo et al. The equalization of the general high school education and its obstacle factors in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(10):1478-1485.]
[14] Batley R, Mc Loughlin C. The politics of public services:A service characteristics approach[J]. World Development, 2015, 74:275-285.
[15]宋正娜.竞争型公共设施区位决策——概念、选址原则及模型构建[J].地理科学,2016,36(10):1485-1494.[Song Zhengna.Competitive public facilities location decision:Concept, location selection principle and model construction. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(10):1485-1494.]
[16] Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city[J]. Urban Studies,2016, 53(16):3510-3526.
[17]曾文,张小林,向梨丽,等. 2000~2010年南京都市区人口空间变动特征研究[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(1):81-89.[Zeng Wen,Zhang Xiaolin, Xiang Lili et al. The features of population redistribution of Nanjing metropolitan area in 2000-2010.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(1):81-89.]
[18]南京市统计局.南京市统计年鉴(2007)[M].南京:南京出版社, 2007:82-83.[Nanjing Statistical Bureau. Statistical Yearbook of Nanjing(2007). Nanjing:Nanjing Press, 2007:82-83.]
[19]韩增林,杜鹏,王利,等.区域公共服务设施优化配置方法研究——以大连市甘井子区兴华街道小学配置为例[J].地理科学,2014,34(7):803-809.[Han Zenglin, Du Peng, Wang Li et al.Method for optimization allocation of regional public service infrastructure:A case study of Xinghua Street primary school.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(7):803-809.]
[20]李运.南京市流动人口子女义务教育现状及若干建议[J].课程教育研究:新教师教学, 2014,78(18):14-15.[Li Yun. Present development and suggestions of compulsory education for children of floating population in Nanjing. Course Education Studies:New Teaching, 2014, 74(18):14-15.]
[21]卢晓旭,陆玉麒,尚正永,等.学校体系规模调整和空间演化特征的测度与分析——以南京市普通高级中学为例[J].地理科学, 2011, 31(12):1454-1460.[Lu Xiaoxu, Lu Yuqi, Shang Zhengyong et al. Measurement and analysis of scale adjustment of school system and features of spatial evolution:A case study of ordinary senior high schools in Nanjing, China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(12):1454-1460.]
[22]韩增林,杨文毅,郭建科,等.环渤海地区临港石化产业集聚水平测度[J].地理科学, 2017, 37(8):1135-1144.[Han Zenglin,Yang Wenyi, Guo Jianke et al. The determination of the port-petrochemical industries’agglomeration level in the Bohai Sea Rim. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(8):1135-1144.]
[23] Getis A, Ord J K. The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics[J]. Geographical Analysis, 1992, 24(3):189-240.
[24]孙峰,杨涛.城市电动自行车广义出行成本分析[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版), 2013, 37(2):439-442.[Sun Feng,Yang Tao. Study on the generalized travel cost of urban electric bicycle. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Transportation Science&Engineering), 2013, 37(2):439-442.]
[2] David Harvey. Social justice and the city[M]. Baltimore:The John Hopkins University Press, 1975:187-190.
[3]孔云峰,王震.县市级义务教育学校区位配置优化设计与实验[J].地球信息科学学报, 2012, 14(3):300-304.[Kong Yunfeng, Wang Zhen. Optimal location-allocation for county-level compulsory school site selection using GIS and integer linear programming. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2012, 14(3):300-304.]
[4] David Harvey. The urbanization of capital:Studies in the history and theory of capitalist urbanization[M]. Oxford:Basil Blackwell, 1985:11-17.
[5]刘宏燕,陈雯.中国基础教育资源布局研究述评[J].地理科学进展, 2017, 36(5):557-568.[Liu Hongyan, Chen Wen. A review of research on the distribution of basic education resources in China. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(5):557-568.]
[6] Taleai M, Sliuzas R, Flacke J. An integrated framework to evaluate the equity of urban public facilities using spatial multi-criteria analysis[J]. Cities, 2014, 40:56-69.
[7] Dadashpoor H, Rostami F, Alizadeh B. Is inequality in the distribution of urban facilities inequitable? Exploring a method for identifying spatial inequity in an Iranian city[J]. Cities, 2016,52:159-172.
[8]韩艳红,陆玉麒.教育公共服务设施可达性评价与规划——以江苏省仪征市高级中学为例[J].地理科学, 2012, 32(7):822-827.[Han Yanhong, Lu Yuqi. Accessibility assessment and planning of public service facilities for education:A case study on senior high schools in Yizheng City. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(7):822-827.]
[9]戴特奇,廖聪,胡科,等.公平导向的学校分配空间优化——以北京石景山区为例[J].地理学报, 2017, 72(8):1476-1485.[Dai Teqi, Liao Cong, Hu Ke et al. Secondary school allocation optimization towards equal access:A case study on Shijingshan District, Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(8):1476-1485.]
[10] Zolnik E, Minde J, Gupta D D et al. Supporting planning to co-locate public facilities:A case study from Loudoun County,Virginia[J]. Applied Geography, 2010, 30(4):687-696.
[11] Livy M R. The effect of local amenities on house price appreciation amid market shocks:The case of school quality[J]. Journal of Housing Economics, 2017, 36:62-72.
[12] Wu Q, Liu C, Zhang H X. Urban education differentiation and its socio-economic consequences:An internet-survey-based structural equation modeling analysis of new white collar workers in Nanjing, China[J]. Research in Social Stratification&Mobility, 2017, 48:1-9.
[13]苏飞,魏敏,李博,等.中国普通高中教育均等化及障碍因素分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(10):1478-1485.[Su Fei, Wei Min, Li Bo et al. The equalization of the general high school education and its obstacle factors in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(10):1478-1485.]
[14] Batley R, Mc Loughlin C. The politics of public services:A service characteristics approach[J]. World Development, 2015, 74:275-285.
[15]宋正娜.竞争型公共设施区位决策——概念、选址原则及模型构建[J].地理科学,2016,36(10):1485-1494.[Song Zhengna.Competitive public facilities location decision:Concept, location selection principle and model construction. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(10):1485-1494.]
[16] Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city[J]. Urban Studies,2016, 53(16):3510-3526.
[17]曾文,张小林,向梨丽,等. 2000~2010年南京都市区人口空间变动特征研究[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(1):81-89.[Zeng Wen,Zhang Xiaolin, Xiang Lili et al. The features of population redistribution of Nanjing metropolitan area in 2000-2010.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(1):81-89.]
[18]南京市统计局.南京市统计年鉴(2007)[M].南京:南京出版社, 2007:82-83.[Nanjing Statistical Bureau. Statistical Yearbook of Nanjing(2007). Nanjing:Nanjing Press, 2007:82-83.]
[19]韩增林,杜鹏,王利,等.区域公共服务设施优化配置方法研究——以大连市甘井子区兴华街道小学配置为例[J].地理科学,2014,34(7):803-809.[Han Zenglin, Du Peng, Wang Li et al.Method for optimization allocation of regional public service infrastructure:A case study of Xinghua Street primary school.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(7):803-809.]
[20]李运.南京市流动人口子女义务教育现状及若干建议[J].课程教育研究:新教师教学, 2014,78(18):14-15.[Li Yun. Present development and suggestions of compulsory education for children of floating population in Nanjing. Course Education Studies:New Teaching, 2014, 74(18):14-15.]
[21]卢晓旭,陆玉麒,尚正永,等.学校体系规模调整和空间演化特征的测度与分析——以南京市普通高级中学为例[J].地理科学, 2011, 31(12):1454-1460.[Lu Xiaoxu, Lu Yuqi, Shang Zhengyong et al. Measurement and analysis of scale adjustment of school system and features of spatial evolution:A case study of ordinary senior high schools in Nanjing, China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(12):1454-1460.]
[22]韩增林,杨文毅,郭建科,等.环渤海地区临港石化产业集聚水平测度[J].地理科学, 2017, 37(8):1135-1144.[Han Zenglin,Yang Wenyi, Guo Jianke et al. The determination of the port-petrochemical industries’agglomeration level in the Bohai Sea Rim. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(8):1135-1144.]
[23] Getis A, Ord J K. The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics[J]. Geographical Analysis, 1992, 24(3):189-240.
[24]孙峰,杨涛.城市电动自行车广义出行成本分析[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版), 2013, 37(2):439-442.[Sun Feng,Yang Tao. Study on the generalized travel cost of urban electric bicycle. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Transportation Science&Engineering), 2013, 37(2):439-442.]