煤焦燃烧过程中细模态颗粒物的生成机理及研究进展
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摘要
实现燃煤颗粒物(PM)污染排放控制必须深入了解颗粒物排放规律及生成机理。煤粉燃烧过程中产生飞灰颗粒粒径分布为粗模态,细模态和超细模态3种。与粗模态PM相比,细模态PM占比较大,其小粒径与富集性特点影响人体健康及大气环境。同时,相对于形成过程与机理相对成熟的超细模态PM,细模态PM形成机理及研究进展尚缺乏系统总结,抑制细模态PM排放存在困难。笔者分析了细模态PM的形成机理(焦炭颗粒的破碎、矿物质熔融聚合、外在矿物质破碎、表面灰粒的脱落)及主要影响因素,探讨了模拟研究进展并指出未来研究重点。煤灰PM粒径分布主要是焦炭颗粒破碎与矿物质聚合行为这2个因素相互竞争的结果。破碎行为使得细模态PM数量增多粒径减小,而矿物质聚合使得PM数量减小,有利于粗模态PM形成。影响PM形成的主要因素有孔隙结构、燃烧模式与焦炭粒径。孔隙率较高的煤胞型焦炭相较于其他结构焦炭更易发生破碎,产生更多细模态PM。增加温度与氧含量,降低粒径均有助于PM生成,但较高温度下灰粒的聚合可能导致粒径分布倾向于粗模态PM。破碎行为对焦炭燃烧特性模拟大致分为群体平衡模型和逾渗模型2类。基于细模态PM形成机理与影响因素,认为逾渗模型考虑了焦炭本身孔隙结构,更适于模拟焦炭破碎行为。本征动力学燃烧模型与逾渗模型的结合是准确预测灰颗粒粒径分布的关键,是下一步的研究重点。
In order to control the emission of particulate matter( PM) from coal combustion,it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the emission rule and formation mechanism of PM. During pulverized coal combustion,PM can be divided into three formation modes: coarse mode,fine mode,and ultrafine mode.Compared to the coarse mode,the fine mode particles account for a larger proportion,and affect human health and atmospheric environment due to their small sizes and enrichment characteristics.Besides,the systemic summary of formation mechanism and research progress on fine mode PM are relatively lacking,compared with that of ultrafine mode,and it is difficult to suppress the emission of the fine mode PM.In this paper,the formation mechanisms of fine mode PM( char fragmentation,mineral melt coalescence,exterior mineral fragmentation and ash shedding) as well as the main influencefactors were analyzed.The research progress of simulationwere discussed and the research emphasis in future was pointed out.The particle size distribution of PM in coal ash turns out to be the result of competition between the char fragmentation and mineral aggregation. The fragmentations results in the increase of amount and the decrease of particle size of fine mode PM,while mineral aggregation leads to the amount decrease of PM,which is conducive to the formation of coarse mode PM.The main factors affecting the formation of PM arepore structure,combustion mode and char particle size.With relatively higher porosity,char cenospheres are more likely to broken up into more fine mode PM than other chars.Both increasing temperature,oxygen content and decreasing particle size are helpful to the formation of PM,but the aggregation of ash particles at higher temperature may lead to the particle size distribution towards coarse mode PM.The simulation of coke combustion characteristics by fragmentation behavior is mainly divided as population balance model and percolative fragmentation model. On the basis of the formation mechanism and influencing factors of fine mode PM,the percolative model is more suitable for simulating the char fragmentation,which takes the porous char structure into account.Therefore,the combination of kinetics combustion model and percolative fragmentation model is the key for the accurate prediction on the ash particle size distribution,which is the next research focus.
In order to control the emission of particulate matter( PM) from coal combustion,it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the emission rule and formation mechanism of PM. During pulverized coal combustion,PM can be divided into three formation modes: coarse mode,fine mode,and ultrafine mode.Compared to the coarse mode,the fine mode particles account for a larger proportion,and affect human health and atmospheric environment due to their small sizes and enrichment characteristics.Besides,the systemic summary of formation mechanism and research progress on fine mode PM are relatively lacking,compared with that of ultrafine mode,and it is difficult to suppress the emission of the fine mode PM.In this paper,the formation mechanisms of fine mode PM( char fragmentation,mineral melt coalescence,exterior mineral fragmentation and ash shedding) as well as the main influencefactors were analyzed.The research progress of simulationwere discussed and the research emphasis in future was pointed out.The particle size distribution of PM in coal ash turns out to be the result of competition between the char fragmentation and mineral aggregation. The fragmentations results in the increase of amount and the decrease of particle size of fine mode PM,while mineral aggregation leads to the amount decrease of PM,which is conducive to the formation of coarse mode PM.The main factors affecting the formation of PM arepore structure,combustion mode and char particle size.With relatively higher porosity,char cenospheres are more likely to broken up into more fine mode PM than other chars.Both increasing temperature,oxygen content and decreasing particle size are helpful to the formation of PM,but the aggregation of ash particles at higher temperature may lead to the particle size distribution towards coarse mode PM.The simulation of coke combustion characteristics by fragmentation behavior is mainly divided as population balance model and percolative fragmentation model. On the basis of the formation mechanism and influencing factors of fine mode PM,the percolative model is more suitable for simulating the char fragmentation,which takes the porous char structure into account.Therefore,the combination of kinetics combustion model and percolative fragmentation model is the key for the accurate prediction on the ash particle size distribution,which is the next research focus.
引文
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[4] DAMLE A S,ENSOR D S,RANADE M B.Coal combustion aerosol formation mechanisms:A review[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,1982,1(1):119-133.
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[10] YU D X,XU M H,YAO H,et al.A new method for identifying the modes of particulate matter from pulverized coal combustion[J].Powder Technology,2008,183(1):105-114.
[11] TIAN C,LU Q,LIU Y,et al. Understanding of physicochemical properties and formation mechanisms of fine particular matter generated from Canadian coal combustion[J]. Fuel,2016,165:224-234.
[12] WEN C,XU M,YU D,et al.PM10formation during the combustion of N2-char and CO2-char of Chinese coals[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2013,34:2383-2392.
[13] QUANN RJ,NEVILLE M,JANGHORBANI M,et al.Mineral matter and trace-element vaporization in a laboratorypulverized coal combustion system[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,1982,16(11):776-781.
[14] NIU Y,LIU X,WANG S,et al.A numerical investigation of the effect of flue gas recirculation on the evolution of ultra-fine ash particles during pulverized coal char combustion[J]. Combustion and Flame,2017,184:1-10.
[15] NIU Y,WANG S,SHADDIX C R,et al.Kinetic modeling of the formation and growth of inorganic nano-particles during pulverized coal char combustion in O2/N2and O2/CO2atmospheres[J].Combustion and Flame,2016,173:195-207.
[16] NIU Y,YAN B,LIU S,et al.Ultra-fine particulate matters(PMs)formation during air and oxy-coal combustion:Kinetics study[J].Applied Energy,2018,218:46-53.
[17] GRAY V R.The role of explosive ejection in the pyrolysis of coal[J].Fuel,1988,67(9):1298-1304.
[18] ZYGOURAKIS K.Effect of pyrolysis conditions on the macropore structure of coal-derived chars[J].Energy&Fuels,1993,7(1):33-41.
[19] DACOMBE P J,HAMPARTSOUMIAN E,POURKASHANIAN M.Fragmentation of large coal particles in a drop-tube furnace[J].Fuel,1994,73(8):1365-1367.
[20] BUHRE B,HINKLEY J,GUPTA R,et al.Fine ash formation during combustion of pulverised coal–coal property impacts[J].Fuel,2006,85(2):185-193.
[21] XU M,YU D,YAO H,et al.Coal combustion-generated aerosols:Formation and properties[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2011,33(1):1681-1697.
[22] HELBLE J J,SAROFIM A F.Influence of char fragmentation on ash particle-size distributions[J]. Combustion and Flame,1989,76(2):183-196.
[23] MITCHELL R E,AKANETUK A E J.The impact of fragmentation on char conversion during pulverized coal combustion[J].Symposium on Combustion,1996,26(2):3137-3144.
[24] KANG S G,HELBLE J J,SAROFIM A F,et al. Time-resolved evolution of fly ash during pulverized coal combustion[J].Symposium on Combustion,1989,22(1):231-238.
[25] KANG S G.Fundamental studies of mineral matter transformation during pulverized coal combustion:Residual ash formation[D].Cambrige:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1991.
[26] YAN L.CCSEM analysis of mineral in pulverized coal and ash formation modeling[D]. Newcastle:The University of Newcastle,2000.
[27] RAASK E.Mineral Impurities in coal combustion:Behavior,problems,and remedial measures[M]:New York:Hemisphere Publishing,1985.
[28] YAN L,GUPTA R P,WALL T F.A mathematical model of ash formation during pulverized coal combustion[J]. Fuel,2002,81(3):337-344.
[29] KANG S W,SAROFIM A F,BER J M. Particle rotation in coal combustion:Statistical,experimental and theoretical studies[J].Symposium on Combustion,1989,22(1):145-153.
[30] MONROE L S.An experimental and modeling study of residual fly ash formation in combustion of a bituminous coal[D].Cambrige:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1989.
[31] YU J,LUCAS J A,WALL T F.Formation of the structure of chars during devolatilization of pulverized coal and its thermoproperties:A review[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2007,33(2):135-170.
[32] FLETCHER T H. Swelling properties of coal chars during rapid pyrolysis and combustion[J].Fuel,1993,72(11):1485-1495.
[33] GADIOU R,BOUZIDI Y,PRADO G.The devolatilisation of millimetre sized coal particles at high heating rate:The influence of pressure on the structure and reactivity of the char[J]. Fuel,2002,81(16):2121-2130.
[34] GALE T K,FLETCHER T H,BARTHOLOMEW C H.Effects of pyrolysis conditions on internal surface-areas and densities of coal chars prepared at high heating rates in reactive and nonreactive atmospheres[J].Energy&Fuels,1995,9(3):513-524.
[35] HAN X,JIANG X,YAN J,et al. Effects of retorting factors on combustion properties of shale char.2:Pore structure[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(1):97-102.
[36] LEE C W,SCARONI A W,JENKINS R G.Effect of pressure on the devolatilization and swelling behavior of a softening coal during rapid heating[J].Fuel,1991,70(8):957-965.
[37] LIGHTMAN P,STREET P J.Microscopical examination heat treated pulverized coal particles[J].Fuel,1968,47(1):7-28.
[38] NSAKALA N Y,ESSENHIGH R H,WALKER P L.Characteristics of chars produced from lignites by pyrolysis at 808℃following rapid heating[J].Fuel,1978,57(10):605-611.
[39] YU J,LUCAS J,WALL T,et al.Modeling the development of char structure during the rapid heating of pulverized coal[J].Combustion and Flame,2004,136(4):519-532.
[40] ZENG D,CLARK M,GUNDERSON T,et al.Swelling properties and intrinsic reactivities of coal chars produced at elevated pressures and high heating rates[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2005,30(2):2213-2221.
[41] BAILEY J G,TATE A,DIESSEL C F K,et al.A Char morphology system with applications to coal combustion[J]. Fuel,1990,69(2):225-239.
[42] BENFELL K E,LIU G S,ROBERTS D G,et al. Modeling char combustion:The influence of parent coal petrography and pyrolysis pressure on the structure and intrinsic reactivity of its char[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2000,28(2):2233-2241.
[43] SIMONS G A.The role of pore structure in coal pyrolysis and gasification[J]. Progress in Energy&Combustion Science,1983,9(4):269-290.
[44] WEBB P A,ORR C.Analytical methods in fine particle technology[M]. Norcross,GA:Micromeritics Instrument Corporation,1997.
[45] ROUQUEROL J,AVNIR D,FAIRBRIDGE C W,et al. Recommendations for the characterization of porous solids[J].Pure and Applied Chemistry,1994,66(8):1739-1758.
[46] KANG SG,SAROFIM AF,BER J M.Effect of char structure on residual ash formation during pulverized coal combustion[J].Symposium on Combustion,1992,24(1):1153-1159.
[47] KANTOROVICH I I,BAR-ZIV E.Role of the pore structure in the fragmentation of highly porous char particles[J]. Combustion and Flame,1998,113(4):532-541.
[48] AARNA I,SUUBERG E M.Changes in reactive surface area and porosity during char oxidation[J]. Symposium on Combustion,1998,27(2):2933-2939.
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