教育研究的去芜存菁之路:从多模态叙事到证据公平——美国AERA 2019年会述评
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摘要
2019年4月5日-9日,美国教育研究协会(AERA)年会在加拿大的多伦多市召开,年会主题是"‘后真相’时代教育研究的去芜存菁之路:从多模态叙事到证据公平"。年会研讨的内容十分丰富,涵盖了学习科学与学习技术领域的一些前沿研究:从智慧、深度、全息、泛在连接的技术时代背景,通过协同交互,建立资源的流动与互通,实现人与人、人与环境的赋能,进而形成跨界融合的学习生态。为此,从理解学习、设计学习和评价学习三个维度,可勾勒出智能化时代教育生态的概貌,并从跨尺度融合研究、构筑学习设计生态圈和基于理解的学习评价之角度,阐述了未来研究的发展趋势,以期为领域学者及教育工作者提供借鉴。
AERA 2019 was held in Toronto, Canada from the 5th to the 9th of April. The theme of this year was "Leveraging educational research in a ‘Post-truth' era: From multimodal narratives to democratize evidence ". This review study focused on the frontier research of the learning sciences and learning technology in this conference. The study tried to address the issue of coop-eration and interaction; realizing resource flow and sharing; empowering between human and environment which in turn, forming the integrated learning ecosystem in this intelligent, deep, widely-connected information age. To achieve this, the study depicted the landscape of education ecosystem from learning understanding, learning design and learning assessment dimensions. Future research directions were demonstrated in terms of multiscale study, learning design community establishment, and learning assessment based on understanding.
AERA 2019 was held in Toronto, Canada from the 5th to the 9th of April. The theme of this year was "Leveraging educational research in a ‘Post-truth' era: From multimodal narratives to democratize evidence ". This review study focused on the frontier research of the learning sciences and learning technology in this conference. The study tried to address the issue of coop-eration and interaction; realizing resource flow and sharing; empowering between human and environment which in turn, forming the integrated learning ecosystem in this intelligent, deep, widely-connected information age. To achieve this, the study depicted the landscape of education ecosystem from learning understanding, learning design and learning assessment dimensions. Future research directions were demonstrated in terms of multiscale study, learning design community establishment, and learning assessment based on understanding.
引文
[1]Giamellaro M,O’Connell K,Knapp M.Teachers Becoming Actors in Authentic Data Stories[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[2]Zapata-Rivera D,Lehman B,Jackson T,Liu L.Refining Conversation-Based Assessments of Science Inquiry Skills[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[3]Panther G,Sorby S,Veurink N,et al.Describing the Technological Experiences Integrated Into a Spatial Skills Curriculum for Middle School Students[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[4]Essmiller K,Thompson P M,Asino T I.It’s Nifty but is It Useful:Exploring the World With Mixed Reality[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[5]Neal K V,Zhou M,Chen Y,et al.Using Robot-Mediated Activities to Promote Children’s Collaboration in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Educational Settings[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[6]Dogbey J,Kumi-Yeboah A,Yuan G.Cultural Diversity in Online Learning:Perceptions of Minority Graduate Students[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[7]Chen K Z,Oakley B.Redeveloping a MOOC to be More Culturally Relevant:A Design-Based Approach[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[8]Torso K,Kern A L.Culturally Relevant STEM Education for Native American Youth:A Critical Component for Community Self-Governance[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[9]Wang J.Influence of Showing Instructor in Online Video Lectures:ASystematic Review[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[10]Wang J,Antonenko P,Keil A,et al.Investigating Cognitive Dynamics in Videos With and Without Instructor Presence[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[11]dos Santos A P L,Bradshaw K,Bernacki M.The Influence of Affect in Help-Seeking Behaviors and Performance in an Intelligent Tutoring System[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American E-ducational Research Association,2019.
[12]Dahn M,DeLiema D,Enyedy N D.Using Art to Tell Stories About Failure When Learning to Code[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[13]Romero-Hall E J,Patrick R,Sahin G.Improving Students’Attitudes Toward the Elderly Through a Role-Playing Learning Experience:A Design Case[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[14]Qin F,Liu B,Qi X,et al.Wearable Neurophysiological Recordings in Middle School Classroom Correlate With Students’Academic Performance[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[15]Rotgans J I,Schmidt H G,Koh Y Y J,et al.Neuroscientific Correlates of Learning to Diagnose Chest X-Rays:A Functional NearInfrared Spectroscopy Study[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[16]Kang J,Lindgren R,Sroczynski S.Student Gestural Interaction Patterns Within an Embodied Science Simulation[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[17]Kalenda P J.Creating Learning Experiences That Promote Informal Science Education:Designing Interactive Zoo Exhibits Through Action Research[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[18]Silvis D.Open Floor Planning:Organizing Families’Sociotechnical Practices in Home Learning Environments[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[19]Kamarainen A M,Metcalf S J,Dickes A C,et al.Impact of Blended Immersive Virtual World and Programming Curriculum on Student Perspectives About Scientific Modeling[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[20]Chakarov A J,Biddy Q,Recker M M,et al.Designing and Implementing Sensor-Based Science Units That Incorporate Computational Thinking[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[21]Barany A,Talafian H,Shah M,Foster A N.Supporting Learning as Identity Change Through Augmented Virtual Environments:Case Study Findings[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[22]Quintana C,Stockdill D B,Quintana R M,Bennett J C.Exploring the Integration of Project-Based Learning Approaches Into MOOCs[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[23]Warr M,Mishra P.Teachers as Designers:Many Threads of Meaning[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[24]Quintana R M,Brooks C,Smothers C,Tan Y.Engaging MOOCLearners in the Creation of Data Science Problems[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[25]Bressler A,Quintana R M,Zint M T.By Learners,for Learners:Reviewing a MOOC on Climate Change Co-Designed by Students and Faculty[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[26]Matuk C,Sutherland S,Althoff W,et al.Synergies between Research and Game Design:Reflections on Interactive Narrative Experiments by Student Game Designers[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[27]Hsu H P,Zou W,Hughes J E,Shi Y.Creating Virtual Reality Artifacts to Develop 21st Century Skills and Environmental Literacy[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[28]Lee J,Pant M D,Md-Yunus S.Competency-Based Learning:Developing a Competency-Based Geometry Methods Course[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[29]Welsh S.Critical Pedagogies at Scale:Designing MOOCs for Social Impact[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[30]Petrosino A,Sherard M,Harron J,et al.Developing Preservice Teachers’Conceptualization of Models and Simulations Through Group-Based Cloud Computing[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[31]Barker L M,McQuitty V,Hickey P J.The Beauty of Pausability:Approximations of Teaching in a Virtual Reality Environment[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[32]Barker S,Nugent G,Keshwani J,et al.Wearable Textiles to Support STEM Learning and Attitudes[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[33]Wang S,Bienkowski M,Cui W,et al.Putting Technology to the Test:Efficacy Studies of an Adaptive System in China[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[34]Cai Z,Graesser A C,Hu X.Assessing Learners’Responses in AutoTutor[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[35]Mercier E M,Kelly S B,Shehab S S,Jung J.Collaborative Problem Solving in Engineering Courses:Does Technology Influence Quality of Interactions?[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[36]Yeung G J,Bailey A L,Pérez M Q,et al.Toward the Development of Personalized Learning Companion Robots for Early Speech and Language Assessment[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[37]Kim Y,Huang L,Zhou M.Current Research on Sociable Educational Robots[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[38]Kline A.Computer Vision Affordances for Child-Robot Interaction[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[39]Keifert D,Enyedy N D,Dahn M,et al.Tracing Bodies Through Liminal Blends During Play-Based Inquiry in a Mixed-Reality Environment[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[40]Mandinach E B,Gummer E S.What Does It Mean for Teachers to be Data Literate:Laying out the Skills,Knowledge,and Dispositions[J].Teaching and Teacher Education,2016,60:366-376.
[41]Diamond J,Cerrone M,Delacruz G C,et al.Playing With Data:Investigating a Dashboard to Support Teacher Formative Assessment With Game Play Data[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[42]Wilkerson M H,Lanouette K.Making Data Useful:A Longitudinal Examination of Young Adults’Developing Data Transformation Processes[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[43]Rutstein D W.Assessing Computational Thinking:Practices Versus Concepts[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[44]Weintrop D.An Approach for Assessing Computational Thinking in Mathematics and Science Classrooms[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[45]Grover S,Hutchins N,Biswas G.Examining Synergistic Learning of Physics and Computational Thinking Through Collaborative Problem Solving in Computational Modeling[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[46]Biswas G,Rajendran R,Munshi A.Multimodal Data Analysis of Students’Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in Open-Ended Learning Environments[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[47]Azevedo R,Taub M,Cloude E B,Price M.Understanding SelfRegulatory Processes Using Multimodal Trace Data During HumanMachine Interactions With an Intelligent Tutoring System[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[48]Mudrick N V.Designing Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring Systems:Fostering Cognitive,Affective,and Metacognitive Self-Regulated Learning Processes Using Multimodal,Multichannel Process Data[EB/OL].[2019-07-03].https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/bitstream/handle/1840.20/35467/etd.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
[49]Jablansky S,Alexander P A,Schmidt L.Finding Patterns Within Patterning:Data Mining of Relational Reasoning Utterances in Engineering Design[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[50]Xing W.Examining the Influence of Online Discourse on User Commitment in Twitter Through Data Mining[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[51]Wu B,Sung H.Exploring the Epistemic Development Trajectories in Jigsaw-Based Collaborative Problem Solving[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[52]Liu L,Leong C W,Ubale R,Chen L.Exploring Automated Scoring of Student-Generated Model in Science Assessment[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[53]Tang H,Pei B,Xing W.Beyond the Dichotomy:Quantifying the Effect of Achievement Emotions on Student’Retention in MOOCForums[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[54]Rowe E,Asbell-Clarke J,Baker R S.Game-Based Measures of Implicit Learning[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[55]Kelly S,Olney A M,Donnelly P,et al.Automatically Measuring Question Authenticity in Real-World Classrooms[J].Educational Researcher,2018(7):451-464.
[56]Li H,Gobert J,Dickler R F.Comparison of Automated Scoring Methods for Scientific Explanations[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[2]Zapata-Rivera D,Lehman B,Jackson T,Liu L.Refining Conversation-Based Assessments of Science Inquiry Skills[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[3]Panther G,Sorby S,Veurink N,et al.Describing the Technological Experiences Integrated Into a Spatial Skills Curriculum for Middle School Students[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[4]Essmiller K,Thompson P M,Asino T I.It’s Nifty but is It Useful:Exploring the World With Mixed Reality[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[5]Neal K V,Zhou M,Chen Y,et al.Using Robot-Mediated Activities to Promote Children’s Collaboration in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Educational Settings[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[6]Dogbey J,Kumi-Yeboah A,Yuan G.Cultural Diversity in Online Learning:Perceptions of Minority Graduate Students[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[7]Chen K Z,Oakley B.Redeveloping a MOOC to be More Culturally Relevant:A Design-Based Approach[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[8]Torso K,Kern A L.Culturally Relevant STEM Education for Native American Youth:A Critical Component for Community Self-Governance[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[9]Wang J.Influence of Showing Instructor in Online Video Lectures:ASystematic Review[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[10]Wang J,Antonenko P,Keil A,et al.Investigating Cognitive Dynamics in Videos With and Without Instructor Presence[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[11]dos Santos A P L,Bradshaw K,Bernacki M.The Influence of Affect in Help-Seeking Behaviors and Performance in an Intelligent Tutoring System[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American E-ducational Research Association,2019.
[12]Dahn M,DeLiema D,Enyedy N D.Using Art to Tell Stories About Failure When Learning to Code[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[13]Romero-Hall E J,Patrick R,Sahin G.Improving Students’Attitudes Toward the Elderly Through a Role-Playing Learning Experience:A Design Case[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[14]Qin F,Liu B,Qi X,et al.Wearable Neurophysiological Recordings in Middle School Classroom Correlate With Students’Academic Performance[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[15]Rotgans J I,Schmidt H G,Koh Y Y J,et al.Neuroscientific Correlates of Learning to Diagnose Chest X-Rays:A Functional NearInfrared Spectroscopy Study[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[16]Kang J,Lindgren R,Sroczynski S.Student Gestural Interaction Patterns Within an Embodied Science Simulation[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[17]Kalenda P J.Creating Learning Experiences That Promote Informal Science Education:Designing Interactive Zoo Exhibits Through Action Research[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[18]Silvis D.Open Floor Planning:Organizing Families’Sociotechnical Practices in Home Learning Environments[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[19]Kamarainen A M,Metcalf S J,Dickes A C,et al.Impact of Blended Immersive Virtual World and Programming Curriculum on Student Perspectives About Scientific Modeling[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[20]Chakarov A J,Biddy Q,Recker M M,et al.Designing and Implementing Sensor-Based Science Units That Incorporate Computational Thinking[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[21]Barany A,Talafian H,Shah M,Foster A N.Supporting Learning as Identity Change Through Augmented Virtual Environments:Case Study Findings[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[22]Quintana C,Stockdill D B,Quintana R M,Bennett J C.Exploring the Integration of Project-Based Learning Approaches Into MOOCs[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[23]Warr M,Mishra P.Teachers as Designers:Many Threads of Meaning[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[24]Quintana R M,Brooks C,Smothers C,Tan Y.Engaging MOOCLearners in the Creation of Data Science Problems[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[25]Bressler A,Quintana R M,Zint M T.By Learners,for Learners:Reviewing a MOOC on Climate Change Co-Designed by Students and Faculty[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[26]Matuk C,Sutherland S,Althoff W,et al.Synergies between Research and Game Design:Reflections on Interactive Narrative Experiments by Student Game Designers[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[27]Hsu H P,Zou W,Hughes J E,Shi Y.Creating Virtual Reality Artifacts to Develop 21st Century Skills and Environmental Literacy[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[28]Lee J,Pant M D,Md-Yunus S.Competency-Based Learning:Developing a Competency-Based Geometry Methods Course[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[29]Welsh S.Critical Pedagogies at Scale:Designing MOOCs for Social Impact[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[30]Petrosino A,Sherard M,Harron J,et al.Developing Preservice Teachers’Conceptualization of Models and Simulations Through Group-Based Cloud Computing[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[31]Barker L M,McQuitty V,Hickey P J.The Beauty of Pausability:Approximations of Teaching in a Virtual Reality Environment[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[32]Barker S,Nugent G,Keshwani J,et al.Wearable Textiles to Support STEM Learning and Attitudes[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[33]Wang S,Bienkowski M,Cui W,et al.Putting Technology to the Test:Efficacy Studies of an Adaptive System in China[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[34]Cai Z,Graesser A C,Hu X.Assessing Learners’Responses in AutoTutor[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[35]Mercier E M,Kelly S B,Shehab S S,Jung J.Collaborative Problem Solving in Engineering Courses:Does Technology Influence Quality of Interactions?[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[36]Yeung G J,Bailey A L,Pérez M Q,et al.Toward the Development of Personalized Learning Companion Robots for Early Speech and Language Assessment[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[37]Kim Y,Huang L,Zhou M.Current Research on Sociable Educational Robots[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[38]Kline A.Computer Vision Affordances for Child-Robot Interaction[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[39]Keifert D,Enyedy N D,Dahn M,et al.Tracing Bodies Through Liminal Blends During Play-Based Inquiry in a Mixed-Reality Environment[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[40]Mandinach E B,Gummer E S.What Does It Mean for Teachers to be Data Literate:Laying out the Skills,Knowledge,and Dispositions[J].Teaching and Teacher Education,2016,60:366-376.
[41]Diamond J,Cerrone M,Delacruz G C,et al.Playing With Data:Investigating a Dashboard to Support Teacher Formative Assessment With Game Play Data[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[42]Wilkerson M H,Lanouette K.Making Data Useful:A Longitudinal Examination of Young Adults’Developing Data Transformation Processes[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[43]Rutstein D W.Assessing Computational Thinking:Practices Versus Concepts[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[44]Weintrop D.An Approach for Assessing Computational Thinking in Mathematics and Science Classrooms[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[45]Grover S,Hutchins N,Biswas G.Examining Synergistic Learning of Physics and Computational Thinking Through Collaborative Problem Solving in Computational Modeling[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[46]Biswas G,Rajendran R,Munshi A.Multimodal Data Analysis of Students’Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in Open-Ended Learning Environments[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[47]Azevedo R,Taub M,Cloude E B,Price M.Understanding SelfRegulatory Processes Using Multimodal Trace Data During HumanMachine Interactions With an Intelligent Tutoring System[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[48]Mudrick N V.Designing Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring Systems:Fostering Cognitive,Affective,and Metacognitive Self-Regulated Learning Processes Using Multimodal,Multichannel Process Data[EB/OL].[2019-07-03].https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/bitstream/handle/1840.20/35467/etd.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
[49]Jablansky S,Alexander P A,Schmidt L.Finding Patterns Within Patterning:Data Mining of Relational Reasoning Utterances in Engineering Design[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[50]Xing W.Examining the Influence of Online Discourse on User Commitment in Twitter Through Data Mining[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[51]Wu B,Sung H.Exploring the Epistemic Development Trajectories in Jigsaw-Based Collaborative Problem Solving[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[52]Liu L,Leong C W,Ubale R,Chen L.Exploring Automated Scoring of Student-Generated Model in Science Assessment[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[53]Tang H,Pei B,Xing W.Beyond the Dichotomy:Quantifying the Effect of Achievement Emotions on Student’Retention in MOOCForums[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[54]Rowe E,Asbell-Clarke J,Baker R S.Game-Based Measures of Implicit Learning[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.
[55]Kelly S,Olney A M,Donnelly P,et al.Automatically Measuring Question Authenticity in Real-World Classrooms[J].Educational Researcher,2018(7):451-464.
[56]Li H,Gobert J,Dickler R F.Comparison of Automated Scoring Methods for Scientific Explanations[C]//Toronto:Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association,2019.