推进土壤污染防控与修复 厚植农业高质量发展根基
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摘要
科学有效地开展土壤污染防控与治理修复,从农产品质量安全的源头上保证产地环境安全,已日益成为公众关注的热点。本文阐述了新时代土壤科学的新使命与功能定位,分析了我国农用地土壤污染防控与修复研究和实践的进展动态,从促进农业绿色发展和高质量发展出发,提出了我国土壤污染防控与治理修复及产业化发展的战略重点与技术路径。
How to take scientific and effective countermeasures to prevent and remediate soil contamination, so as to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products, has become a great public concern in China. This paper illustrated the status and functions of soil in the new era and proposed that a modern soil science research and development system adaptable to the green and high-quality development of the economy and society be established. The progress in research and development on contamination control of agricultural land and quality safety of agricultural products, including prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution, soil contamination control and remediation to ensure the quality of farmland, and standardized production of agricultural products and supervision of their quality and safety, was systematically reviewed. Furthermore, the strategic focus and technical approach for science and technologies on soil contamination prevention, control and remediation, along with their industrial applications, were proposed to promote the green and high-quality agricultural development. The strategies to achieve this objective should be focused on(1) soil investigation planning based on scientific soil classification and categorization,(2) further development of soil environmental quality standards, as well as the monitoring and early warning system,(3) development of the green and sustainable remediation models with strong scientific and technological support, and(4) improvement on the policy-making framework and institutional innovations.
How to take scientific and effective countermeasures to prevent and remediate soil contamination, so as to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products, has become a great public concern in China. This paper illustrated the status and functions of soil in the new era and proposed that a modern soil science research and development system adaptable to the green and high-quality development of the economy and society be established. The progress in research and development on contamination control of agricultural land and quality safety of agricultural products, including prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution, soil contamination control and remediation to ensure the quality of farmland, and standardized production of agricultural products and supervision of their quality and safety, was systematically reviewed. Furthermore, the strategic focus and technical approach for science and technologies on soil contamination prevention, control and remediation, along with their industrial applications, were proposed to promote the green and high-quality agricultural development. The strategies to achieve this objective should be focused on(1) soil investigation planning based on scientific soil classification and categorization,(2) further development of soil environmental quality standards, as well as the monitoring and early warning system,(3) development of the green and sustainable remediation models with strong scientific and technological support, and(4) improvement on the policy-making framework and institutional innovations.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国环境保护部,国土资源部.全国土壤污染状况调查公报. http://www. gov. cn/foot/2014-04/17/content_2661768. htm Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, Ministry of Land and Resourcesof the People's Republic of China. Report on the national general survey of soil contamination(In Chinese). http://www. gov. cn/foot/2014-04/17/content_2661768. htm
[2]曾希柏,徐建明,黄巧云,等.中国农田重金属问题的若干思考.土壤学报,2013, 50(1):186-194Zeng X B, Xu J M, Huang Q Y, et al. Some deliberations on the issues of heavy metals in farmlands of China(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013, 50(1):186-194
[3]Zhao F J,Ma Y B,Zhu Y G,et al. Soil contamination in China:Current status and mitigation strategies. Environmental Science&Technology,2014, 49(2):750-759
[4]张桃林.科学认识和防治耕地土壤重金属污染.土壤,2015, 47(3):435-439Zhang T L. More comprehensive understanding and effective control of heavy metal pollution of cultivated soils in China(In Chinese). Soils, 2015, 47(3):435-439
[5]徐建明,孟俊,刘杏梅,等.我国农田土壤重金属污染防治与粮食安全保障.中国科学院院刊,2018, 33(2):153-159Xu J M, Meng J, Liu X M, et al. Control of heavy metal pollution in farmland of China in terms of food security(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(2):153-159
[6]黄道友,朱奇宏,朱捍华,等.重金属污染耕地农业安全利用研究进展与展望.农业现代化研究,2018,39(6):1030-1043Huang D Y, Zhu Q H, Zhu H H, et al. Advance and prospects of safety agro-utilization of heavy metal contaminated farmland soil(In Chinese). Research of Agriculture Modernization, 2018, 39(6):1030-1043
[7]张桃林.加强土壤和产地环境管理,促进农业可持续发展.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(4):435-444Zhang T L. Strengthening soil and environment management of agricultural producing area, promoting sustainable development of agriculture in China(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015, 30(4):435-444
[8]赵其国,骆永明.论我国土壤保护宏观战略.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(4):452-458Zhao Q G, Luo Y M. The macro strategy of soil protection in China(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2015, 30(4):452-458
[9]沈仁芳,滕应.土壤安全的概念与我国的战略对策.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(4)468-476Shen R F, Teng Y. Concept of soil safety and its application in China(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015,30(4):468-476
[10]张甘霖,吴华勇.从问题到解决方案:土壤与可持续发展目标的实现.中国科学院院刊,2018, 33(2):124-134Zhang G L, Wu H Y. From “Problems” to"Solutions":Soil functions for realization of sustainable development goals(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(2):124-134
[11]赵其国.发展与创新现代土壤科学.土壤学报,2003,40(4):321-327Zhao Q G. Development and innovation of modern soil Science(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003, 40(4):321-327
[12]Liang X F, Xu Y, Xu Y M,et al. Two-year stability of immobilization effect of sepiolite on Cd contaminants in paddy soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23:12922-12931
[13]Chen Z, Tang Y T, Yao A J, et al. Mitigation of Cd accumulation in paddy rice(Oryza sativa L.)by Fe fertilization. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 231:549-559
[14]Huang G X, Ding C F, Hu Z Y, et al. Topdressing iron fertilizer coupled with pre-immobilization in acidic paddy fields reduced cadmium uptake by rice(Oryza sativa L.). Science of the Total Environment, 2018,636:1040-1047
[15]Huang G X, Ding C F, Guo F Y, et al. The optimum Se application time for reducing Cd uptake by rice(Oryza sativa L.)and its mechanism. Plant and Soil, 2018, 431(1/2):231-243
[16]Huang G X, Ding C F,Zhou Z G,et al. A tillering application of zinc fertilizer based on basal stabilization reduces Cd accumulation in rice(Oryza sativa L.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2019, 167:338-344
[17]Wang X Q,Yu H Y, Li F B. Enhanced immobilization of arsenic and cadmium in a paddy soil by combined applications of woody peat and Fe(NO3)3:Possible mechanisms and environmental implications. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 649:535-543
[18]骆永明,滕应.我国土壤污染的区域差异与分区治理修复策略.中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):145-152Luo Y M, Teng Y. Regional difference in soil pollution and strategy of soil zonal governance and remediationin China(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(2):145-152
[19]刘凤枝,师荣光,徐亚平,等.农产品产地土壤环境质量适宜性评价研究.农业环境科学学报,2007, 26(1):6-14Liu F Z, Shi R G, Xu Y P, et al. Study on soil environmental suitability assessment for agricultural producing area(In Chinese). Journal of AgroEnvironment Science, 2007, 26(1):6-14
[20]Cheng J J, Ding C F, Li X G, et al. Heavy metals in navel orange orchards of Xinfeng County and their transfer from soils to navel oranges. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,122:153-158
[21]Cheng J J, Ding C F,Li X G, et al. Rare earth element transfer from soil to navel orange pulp(Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Newhall)and the effects on internal fruit quality. PLoS One, 2015,10(3):e0120618.DOI:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0120618
[22]唐豆豆,袁旭音,汪宜敏,等.地质高背景农田土壤中水稻对重金属的富集特征及风险预测.农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):18-26Tang D D, Yuan X Y, Wang Y M, et al. Enrichment characteristics and risk prediction of heavy metals for rice grains growing in paddy soils with a high geological background(In Chinese). Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2018,37(1):18-26
[23]生态环境部,国家市场监督管理总局. GB 15619-2018土壤环境质量-农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行). 2018Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, State Administration for Market Regulation. GB 15619-2018 Soil environmental quality:Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land(In Chinese).2018
[24]Ding C F,Ma Y B,Li X G,et al. Derivation of soil thresholds for lead applying species sensitivity distribution:A case study for root vegetables. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 303:21-27
[25]Ding C F,Ma Y B,Li X G,et al. Determination and validation of soil thresholds for cadmium based on food quality standard and health risk assessment.Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 619/620:700-706
[26]国家市场监督管理总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T36783-2018种植根茎类蔬菜的旱地土壤镉、铅、铬、汞、砷安全阈值.2018State Administration for Market Regulation,Standardization Administration. GB/T3 678 3-2018 Safety thresholds values of cadmium, lead,chromium, mercury and arsenic in upland soils for planting rootstalk vegetables(In Chinese). 2018
[27]国家市场监督管理总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T36869-2018水稻生产的土壤镉、铅、铬、汞、砷安全阈值.2018State Administration for Market Regulation,Standardization Administration. GB/T36869-2018Safety threshold values cadmium, lead, chromium,mercury and arsenic in soil for rice production(In Chinese). 2018
[28]王玉军,刘存,周东美,等.一种农田土壤重金属影响评价的新方法:土壤和农产品综合质量指数法.农业环境科学学报,2016,35(7):1225-1232Wang Y J,Liu C, Zhou D M,et al. A new approach for evaluating soil heavy metal impact:A comprehensive index combined soil environmentalquality and agricultural products quality(In Chinese). Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016, 35(7):1225-1232
[29]Guo F Y,Ding C F, Zhou Z G, et al. Stability of immobilization remediation of several amendments on cadmium contaminated soils as affected by simulated soil acidification. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018, 161:164-172
[30]郭娟,罗小丽,姚爱军,等.模拟酸雨条件下铁硅材料和生物炭对土壤镉砷形态及生物有效性的影响.农业环境科学学报,2018,37(7):1495-1502Guo J,Luo X L, Yao A J, et al. Effects of ironsilicon material and biochar on soil Cd and As speciation and vegetable uptake under simulated acid rain condition(In Chinese). Journal of AgroEnvironment Science, 2018, 37(7):1495-1502
[2]曾希柏,徐建明,黄巧云,等.中国农田重金属问题的若干思考.土壤学报,2013, 50(1):186-194Zeng X B, Xu J M, Huang Q Y, et al. Some deliberations on the issues of heavy metals in farmlands of China(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013, 50(1):186-194
[3]Zhao F J,Ma Y B,Zhu Y G,et al. Soil contamination in China:Current status and mitigation strategies. Environmental Science&Technology,2014, 49(2):750-759
[4]张桃林.科学认识和防治耕地土壤重金属污染.土壤,2015, 47(3):435-439Zhang T L. More comprehensive understanding and effective control of heavy metal pollution of cultivated soils in China(In Chinese). Soils, 2015, 47(3):435-439
[5]徐建明,孟俊,刘杏梅,等.我国农田土壤重金属污染防治与粮食安全保障.中国科学院院刊,2018, 33(2):153-159Xu J M, Meng J, Liu X M, et al. Control of heavy metal pollution in farmland of China in terms of food security(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(2):153-159
[6]黄道友,朱奇宏,朱捍华,等.重金属污染耕地农业安全利用研究进展与展望.农业现代化研究,2018,39(6):1030-1043Huang D Y, Zhu Q H, Zhu H H, et al. Advance and prospects of safety agro-utilization of heavy metal contaminated farmland soil(In Chinese). Research of Agriculture Modernization, 2018, 39(6):1030-1043
[7]张桃林.加强土壤和产地环境管理,促进农业可持续发展.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(4):435-444Zhang T L. Strengthening soil and environment management of agricultural producing area, promoting sustainable development of agriculture in China(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015, 30(4):435-444
[8]赵其国,骆永明.论我国土壤保护宏观战略.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(4):452-458Zhao Q G, Luo Y M. The macro strategy of soil protection in China(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2015, 30(4):452-458
[9]沈仁芳,滕应.土壤安全的概念与我国的战略对策.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(4)468-476Shen R F, Teng Y. Concept of soil safety and its application in China(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015,30(4):468-476
[10]张甘霖,吴华勇.从问题到解决方案:土壤与可持续发展目标的实现.中国科学院院刊,2018, 33(2):124-134Zhang G L, Wu H Y. From “Problems” to"Solutions":Soil functions for realization of sustainable development goals(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(2):124-134
[11]赵其国.发展与创新现代土壤科学.土壤学报,2003,40(4):321-327Zhao Q G. Development and innovation of modern soil Science(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003, 40(4):321-327
[12]Liang X F, Xu Y, Xu Y M,et al. Two-year stability of immobilization effect of sepiolite on Cd contaminants in paddy soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23:12922-12931
[13]Chen Z, Tang Y T, Yao A J, et al. Mitigation of Cd accumulation in paddy rice(Oryza sativa L.)by Fe fertilization. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 231:549-559
[14]Huang G X, Ding C F, Hu Z Y, et al. Topdressing iron fertilizer coupled with pre-immobilization in acidic paddy fields reduced cadmium uptake by rice(Oryza sativa L.). Science of the Total Environment, 2018,636:1040-1047
[15]Huang G X, Ding C F, Guo F Y, et al. The optimum Se application time for reducing Cd uptake by rice(Oryza sativa L.)and its mechanism. Plant and Soil, 2018, 431(1/2):231-243
[16]Huang G X, Ding C F,Zhou Z G,et al. A tillering application of zinc fertilizer based on basal stabilization reduces Cd accumulation in rice(Oryza sativa L.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2019, 167:338-344
[17]Wang X Q,Yu H Y, Li F B. Enhanced immobilization of arsenic and cadmium in a paddy soil by combined applications of woody peat and Fe(NO3)3:Possible mechanisms and environmental implications. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 649:535-543
[18]骆永明,滕应.我国土壤污染的区域差异与分区治理修复策略.中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):145-152Luo Y M, Teng Y. Regional difference in soil pollution and strategy of soil zonal governance and remediationin China(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(2):145-152
[19]刘凤枝,师荣光,徐亚平,等.农产品产地土壤环境质量适宜性评价研究.农业环境科学学报,2007, 26(1):6-14Liu F Z, Shi R G, Xu Y P, et al. Study on soil environmental suitability assessment for agricultural producing area(In Chinese). Journal of AgroEnvironment Science, 2007, 26(1):6-14
[20]Cheng J J, Ding C F, Li X G, et al. Heavy metals in navel orange orchards of Xinfeng County and their transfer from soils to navel oranges. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,122:153-158
[21]Cheng J J, Ding C F,Li X G, et al. Rare earth element transfer from soil to navel orange pulp(Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Newhall)and the effects on internal fruit quality. PLoS One, 2015,10(3):e0120618.DOI:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0120618
[22]唐豆豆,袁旭音,汪宜敏,等.地质高背景农田土壤中水稻对重金属的富集特征及风险预测.农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):18-26Tang D D, Yuan X Y, Wang Y M, et al. Enrichment characteristics and risk prediction of heavy metals for rice grains growing in paddy soils with a high geological background(In Chinese). Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2018,37(1):18-26
[23]生态环境部,国家市场监督管理总局. GB 15619-2018土壤环境质量-农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行). 2018Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, State Administration for Market Regulation. GB 15619-2018 Soil environmental quality:Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land(In Chinese).2018
[24]Ding C F,Ma Y B,Li X G,et al. Derivation of soil thresholds for lead applying species sensitivity distribution:A case study for root vegetables. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 303:21-27
[25]Ding C F,Ma Y B,Li X G,et al. Determination and validation of soil thresholds for cadmium based on food quality standard and health risk assessment.Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 619/620:700-706
[26]国家市场监督管理总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T36783-2018种植根茎类蔬菜的旱地土壤镉、铅、铬、汞、砷安全阈值.2018State Administration for Market Regulation,Standardization Administration. GB/T3 678 3-2018 Safety thresholds values of cadmium, lead,chromium, mercury and arsenic in upland soils for planting rootstalk vegetables(In Chinese). 2018
[27]国家市场监督管理总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T36869-2018水稻生产的土壤镉、铅、铬、汞、砷安全阈值.2018State Administration for Market Regulation,Standardization Administration. GB/T36869-2018Safety threshold values cadmium, lead, chromium,mercury and arsenic in soil for rice production(In Chinese). 2018
[28]王玉军,刘存,周东美,等.一种农田土壤重金属影响评价的新方法:土壤和农产品综合质量指数法.农业环境科学学报,2016,35(7):1225-1232Wang Y J,Liu C, Zhou D M,et al. A new approach for evaluating soil heavy metal impact:A comprehensive index combined soil environmentalquality and agricultural products quality(In Chinese). Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016, 35(7):1225-1232
[29]Guo F Y,Ding C F, Zhou Z G, et al. Stability of immobilization remediation of several amendments on cadmium contaminated soils as affected by simulated soil acidification. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018, 161:164-172
[30]郭娟,罗小丽,姚爱军,等.模拟酸雨条件下铁硅材料和生物炭对土壤镉砷形态及生物有效性的影响.农业环境科学学报,2018,37(7):1495-1502Guo J,Luo X L, Yao A J, et al. Effects of ironsilicon material and biochar on soil Cd and As speciation and vegetable uptake under simulated acid rain condition(In Chinese). Journal of AgroEnvironment Science, 2018, 37(7):1495-1502