摘要
针对目前电动拖拉机底盘布置研究相对较少的情况,基于现有的整机匹配结果进行了底盘布置设计,利用三维建模软件建立模型,输入质量参数,提取整机主要零部件重心位置参数,然后通过分析拖拉机牵引机组作业时的力学特性,建立相关数学模型。以电动拖拉机的牵引效率和整机质量作为优化目标,采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法进行多目标优化。综合考虑了犁耕作业下拖拉机的稳定性要求、驱动力要求、载荷波动情况以及传动系和行走系零件寿命等影响因素,制定了算法运行的约束条件,建立了约束方程组。以电动拖拉机的使用重力、前后电池组的质心和整机质心为目标变量,推导出动力性和经济性最优的目标函数。通过ModeFRONTIER平台,采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法对电池分布式方案进行了多目标优化。两种不同耕深条件下的优化结果对比分析表明,按照本文方式优化布置后的电动拖拉机在耕深为180 mm时,优化后的整体质量与经验法相比减少了14. 3%,配重质量为25. 3 kg;耕深为240 mm时,优化后的整体质量与经验法相比减少了10. 3%,配重质量仅为4. 4 kg,说明在牵引工况下无需额外增加配重就能达到良好的牵引性能。与经验法相比,两种耕深条件下拖拉机的配重都小很多,说明基于传统拖拉机的配重经验法计算并不适用于电动拖拉机,同时也能说明,电动拖拉机因自身总质量超过同功率段传统拖拉机,可以通过合理设计底盘布置方案,在没有配重的情况下达到理想的牵引效率。优化后的电动拖拉机底盘布置方案,在作业工况下驱动轮滑转率小于特征滑转率,整机牵引效率明显提高。
In view of the relatively few researches on the chassis layout of electric tractor,the chassis layout design was carried out based on the matching results of the whole machine. The model was established by using 3 D modeling software,and the center of gravity parameters of main parts of whole machine was extracted. Then,by analyzing the mechanical characteristics of tractor traction unit,a mathematical model was established. Taking the traction efficiency of the electric tractor and weight of the whole machine as the optimization objective,the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm was used for multi-objective optimization. The influence factors of tractor's stability,driving force,load fluctuation and life of drive system and walking system parts were considered as the constraint conditions of the algorithm. The constraint equations were set up. The gravity function of the electric tractor,centroid of front and rear battery packs and centroid of the whole machine were taken as the target variables,and the objective function of optimal power and economy was derived. Through the Mode FRONTIER platform,the NSGA-Ⅱalgorithm was used to optimize the battery distribution. The results of the optimization under two different tillage depth conditions were compared and analyzed. It was found that when the tillage depth was180 mm,the overall weight of the optimized electric tractor was reduced by 14. 3% compared with theweight of experience method,and the counterweight was only 25. 3 kg. When the tillage depth was240 mm,the overall weight of the electric tractor was reduced by 10. 3% compared with the weight of experience method,and the counterweight was only 4. 4 kg. The results showed that the empirical method based on traditional tractor was not suitable for electric tractors. Under the working conditions,the driving wheel slip ratio of the optimized electric tractor was less than the characteristic slip ratio,and the traction efficiency of the whole machine was obviously improved.
引文
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