塔克拉玛干沙漠西南部的短命植物及其新记录种
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摘要
本文采用野外实地调查、标本整理及资料查阅的方法,研究塔克拉玛干沙漠西南部荒漠环境的短命植物,分析其种类组成、生活型特征(物候特性)和植物区系类型。结果:①研究区的短命植物种类有十字花科、禾本科、菊科、紫草科、茄科、车前科、罂粟科及牻牛儿苗科等8科21属的27种,其中十字花科有15种。新记录种有卷果涩荠、大蒜芥、蝎尾菊、偏穗雀麦、旱麦草、中亚天仙子、牻牛儿苗、垂果大蒜芥及砂蓝刺头等10种,占该区域短命植物的37%。②该区域短命植物生活史特征有夏性、冬性及春性。③该区域短命植物分别属于北温带分布、地中海-西亚至中亚分布、旧世界温带分布、世界分布及中亚分布,其中北温带分布及地中海-西亚至中亚分布的植物有15种,占研究区统计种类的51. 86%。该研究结果丰富了新疆南部特殊生境下的短命植物类群,为开发和保护该地区植物种质资源及揭示短命植物对不同生态环境的响应具有重要意义。
In this paper,the ephemeral plants growing in desert environment in the southwest Taklimakan Desert were studied by the means of field investigation,specimens of finishing and data access,and their species compositions,life history characters (phenological characters) and flora characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that: ① The ephemeral plants including 27 species in 21 genera and 8 families in the study area were preliminarily identified,which were Brassicaceae,Asteraceae,Solanaceae,Geraniaceae,Papaveraceae,Plantaginaceae,Boraginaceae,and Poaceae,in which there were 15 species in Brassicaceae. There were also 10 newly recorded species,i.e.,the Malcolmia scorpioides,Sisymbrium altissimum,Koelpinia linearis,Rromus squarrosus,Eremopyrum triticeum,Hyoscyamus pusillus,Sisymbrium heteromallum,Echinops gmelinii,Erodium stephanianum and Cardaria draba,accounting for 37% of the ephemeral species in the study area. ② The life cycle of the ephemeral plants in this area was characterized by spring ephemeral plant type,winter ephemeral plant type and summer ephemeral plant type.The low-altitude environment was mainly expressed by the winter ephemeral plant type and spring ephemeral plant type,and the high-altitude environment was expressed by the winter ephemeral plant type and summer ephemeral plant type. ③ The ephemeral plants in the study area belonged to the distribution patterns of northern temperate zone,the zone from Mediterranean-West Asia to Central Asia,Old World temperate zone,world temperate and Central Asia. Among them 15 species belonged to the distribution patterns of northern temperate zone and the zone from Mediterranean-West Asia to Central Asia,and they accounted for 51. 86% of the total in the study area. Accordingly,especially the newly recorded species,enriched the database of plant genetic diversity in the special habitat of south Xinjiang,and also were of the important scientific significance for researching the response of ephemeral plants to different ecological environments.
In this paper,the ephemeral plants growing in desert environment in the southwest Taklimakan Desert were studied by the means of field investigation,specimens of finishing and data access,and their species compositions,life history characters (phenological characters) and flora characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that: ① The ephemeral plants including 27 species in 21 genera and 8 families in the study area were preliminarily identified,which were Brassicaceae,Asteraceae,Solanaceae,Geraniaceae,Papaveraceae,Plantaginaceae,Boraginaceae,and Poaceae,in which there were 15 species in Brassicaceae. There were also 10 newly recorded species,i.e.,the Malcolmia scorpioides,Sisymbrium altissimum,Koelpinia linearis,Rromus squarrosus,Eremopyrum triticeum,Hyoscyamus pusillus,Sisymbrium heteromallum,Echinops gmelinii,Erodium stephanianum and Cardaria draba,accounting for 37% of the ephemeral species in the study area. ② The life cycle of the ephemeral plants in this area was characterized by spring ephemeral plant type,winter ephemeral plant type and summer ephemeral plant type.The low-altitude environment was mainly expressed by the winter ephemeral plant type and spring ephemeral plant type,and the high-altitude environment was expressed by the winter ephemeral plant type and summer ephemeral plant type. ③ The ephemeral plants in the study area belonged to the distribution patterns of northern temperate zone,the zone from Mediterranean-West Asia to Central Asia,Old World temperate zone,world temperate and Central Asia. Among them 15 species belonged to the distribution patterns of northern temperate zone and the zone from Mediterranean-West Asia to Central Asia,and they accounted for 51. 86% of the total in the study area. Accordingly,especially the newly recorded species,enriched the database of plant genetic diversity in the special habitat of south Xinjiang,and also were of the important scientific significance for researching the response of ephemeral plants to different ecological environments.
引文
[1]Risser P G,Cottan G.Carbohydrate cycle in the bulbs of some spring ephemerals[J].Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,1968,95(4):359-369.
[2]张立运.新疆莫索湾地区短命植物的初步研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1985,9(3):213-221.[Zhang Liyun.Apreliminary study on the ephemerals in the Mosowan District,Xinjiang[J].Acta Phytoecologica Et Geobotanica Sinica,1985,9(3):213-221.]
[3]Wilby A,Shachak M.Harvester ant response to spatial and temporal heterogeneity in seed availability:Pattern in the process of granivory[J].Oecologia,2000,125(4):495-503.
[4]Gutterman Y.Short communication:Phenotypic germination plasticity related to caryopsis size in Schismus arabicus[J].Seed Science Research,2001,11(2):173-178.
[5]Lu J J,Tan D Y,Baskin J M,et al.Fruit and seed heteromorphism in the cold desert annual ephemeral Diptychocarpus strictus(Brassicaceae)and possible adaptive significance[J].Annals of Botany,2010,105(6):999-1 014.
[6]袁素芬,唐海萍,张宏锋.短命植物层群落年内变化与水热条件的关系[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(5):941-946.[Yuan Sufen,Tang Haiping,Zhang Hongfeng.On the relationships between intra-annual variation of ephemeral synusia and hydrothermal conditions[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(5):941-946.]
[7]Telenius A.The demography of the short-lived perennial halophyte spergularia maritime in a sea-shore meadow in south-western Sweden[J].Journal of Ecology,1993,81(1):61-73.
[8]Baskin C C,Baskin J M,Elmoursey S A.Seasonal changes in germination responses of buried seeds of the weedy summer annual grass[J].Weed Research,2010,36(4):319-324.
[9]毛祖美,张佃民.新疆北部早春短命植物区系纲要[J].干旱区研究,1994,11(3):1-26.[Mao Zumei,Zhang Dianmin.The conspectus of ephemeral flora in Northern Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,1994,11(3):1-26.]
[10]黄培祐.准噶尔盆地荒漠生物类群与环境的关系[J].生态学杂志,1991,10(1):6-10.[Huang Peiyou.Relationship between living things and environment in desert of Zhungeer Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1991,10(1):6-10.]
[11]张立运.新疆天然草场上的短命和类短命植物及其饲用评价[J].中国草地学报,1983(2):28-32.[Zhang Liyun.Ephemeral and ephemeral plants in natural grasslands of Xinjiang and their feeding evaluation[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,1983(2):28-32.]
[12]王雪芹,蒋进,雷加强,等.古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物分布及其沙面稳定意义[J].地理学报,2003,58(4):598-605.[Wang Xueqin,Jiang Jin,Lei Jiaqiang,et al.The distribution of ephemeral vegetation on the longitudinal dune surface and its stabilization significance in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(4):598-605.]
[13]钱亦兵,吴兆宁,张立运,等.古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物的空间分布特征[J].科学通报,2007,52(19):2 299-2 306.[Qian Yibing,Wu Zhaoning,Zhang Liyun,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics of short-lived plants in Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(19):2 299-2 306.]
[14]马生军,谭敦炎.短命植物甘新念珠芥(Neotorularia korolkovii)和宽翅菘蓝(Isatis violascens)的物候与性表达特征[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):486-496.[Ma Shengjun,Tan Dunyan.Phenology and sex expression of Junggar desert ephemerals Neotorularia korolkovii and Isatis violascens(Brassicaceae)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(2):486-496.]
[15]艾沙江·阿不都沙拉木,谭敦炎,吾买尔夏提·塔汉.新疆郁金香营养生长、个体大小和开花次序对繁殖分配的影响[J].生物多样性,2012,20(3):391-399.[Aysajan Abdusalam,Tan Dunyan,Wumaierxiati Tahan.Effects of vegetative growth,individual size and flowering order on sexual reproduction allocation of Tulipa sinkiangensis[J].Biodiversity Science,2012,20(3):391-399.]
[16]丁俊祥,范连连,李彦,等.古尔班通古特沙漠6种荒漠草本植物的生物量分配与相关生长关系[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(5):1 323-1 330.[Ding Junxiang,Fan Lianlian,Li Yan,et al.Biomass allocation and allometric relationships of six desert herbaceous plants in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(5):1 323-1 330.]
[17]赵学杰,谭敦炎,李新蓉.两种鹤虱属短命植物的繁育系统及其对荒漠环境的适应[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(2):294-300.[Zhao Xuejie,Tan Dunyan,Li Xinrong.Breeding systems of two ephemeral plants of the genus Crane Louse and their adaptation to desert environments[J].Journal of Desert Research,2008,28(2):294-300.]
[18]吴雪莲,谭敦炎.异果芥的花部综合征及其繁育系统[J].植物分类学报,2007,45(4):538-550.[Wu Xuelian,Tan Dunyan.Floral characters and breeding systems in the dimorphic annual plant Diptychocarpus strictus(Cruciferae)[J].Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica,2007,45(4):538-550.]
[19]刘晓风,谭敦炎.24种十字花科短命植物的扩散体特征及其扩散对策[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(6):1 019-1 027.[Liu Xiaofeng,Tan Dunyan.Diaspore characteristics and dispersal strategies of 24 ephemeral species of Brassicaceae in the Junggar Desert of China[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2007,31(6):1 019-1 027.]
[20]李薇,唐海萍.准噶尔盆地荒漠区短命植物光合蒸腾特性及影响因素研究[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(12):2 517-2 522.[Li Wei,Tang Haiping.Photosynthetic and transpiration characteristics and their affecting factors of ephemeral plant in the desert area of the Junggar Basin[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2006,26(12):2 517-2 522.]
[21]邱娟,樊大勇,谭敦炎.准噶尔荒漠早春短命植物光合特性及生物量分配特点[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(5):883-891.[Qiu Juan,Fan Dayong,Tan Dunyan.Characteristics of photosynthesis and biomass allocation of spring ephemerals in the Junggar Desert[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2007,31(5):883-891.]
[22]李巧梅,曾勇,孙钦明,等.决定古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物分布的关键因子是5月降水[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(8):2 038-2 045.[Li Qiaomei,Zeng Yong,Sun Qinming,et al.Precipitation in May is a key factor to determinate the distribution of ephemeral plants in Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(8):2 038-2 045.]
[23]Pemadasa M A,Lovell P H.Factors controlling germination of some dune annuals[J].Journal of Ecology,1975,63(1):41-59.
[24]Mulroy T W,Rundel P W.Annual plants:Adaptations to desert environments[J].Bioscience,1977,27(2):109-114.
[25]陈灵芝,孙航,郭柯.中国植物区系与植被地理[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.[Chen Lingzhi,Sun Hang,Guo Ke.Chinese Flora and Vegetation Geography[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014.]
[26]新疆植物志编辑委员会.新疆植物志[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1988-2014.[Xinjiang Botanical Flora Editorial Committee.Flora Xinjiangensis[M].Urumqi:Xinjiang Science and Technology Health Publishing House,1988-2014.]
[27]毛祖美,冯惠兰.新疆短命植物区系的研究[C]//中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所.新疆植物学研究文集.北京:科学出版社,1991:93-101.[Mao Zumei,Feng Huilan.Studies on E-phemeral Flora in Xinjiang[C]//Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Collection of Botanical Studies in Xinjiang.Beijing:Science Press,1991:93-101.]
[28]吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,等.中国种子植物区系地理[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.[Wu Zhengyi,Sun Hang,Zhou Zhekun,et al.Floristics of Seed Plants from China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[29]李世英.北疆荒漠植被的基本特征[J].植物学报,1961,9(3-4):287-312.[Li Shiying.Basic characteristics of desert vegetation in North Xinjiang[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,1961,9(3-4):287-312.]
[30]庄伟伟,张元明.生物结皮对荒漠草本植物群落结构的影响[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(6):1 338-1 344.[Zhuang Weiwei,Zhang Yuanming.Effect of soil microbiotic crust on plant community in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(6):1 338-1 344.]
[2]张立运.新疆莫索湾地区短命植物的初步研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1985,9(3):213-221.[Zhang Liyun.Apreliminary study on the ephemerals in the Mosowan District,Xinjiang[J].Acta Phytoecologica Et Geobotanica Sinica,1985,9(3):213-221.]
[3]Wilby A,Shachak M.Harvester ant response to spatial and temporal heterogeneity in seed availability:Pattern in the process of granivory[J].Oecologia,2000,125(4):495-503.
[4]Gutterman Y.Short communication:Phenotypic germination plasticity related to caryopsis size in Schismus arabicus[J].Seed Science Research,2001,11(2):173-178.
[5]Lu J J,Tan D Y,Baskin J M,et al.Fruit and seed heteromorphism in the cold desert annual ephemeral Diptychocarpus strictus(Brassicaceae)and possible adaptive significance[J].Annals of Botany,2010,105(6):999-1 014.
[6]袁素芬,唐海萍,张宏锋.短命植物层群落年内变化与水热条件的关系[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(5):941-946.[Yuan Sufen,Tang Haiping,Zhang Hongfeng.On the relationships between intra-annual variation of ephemeral synusia and hydrothermal conditions[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(5):941-946.]
[7]Telenius A.The demography of the short-lived perennial halophyte spergularia maritime in a sea-shore meadow in south-western Sweden[J].Journal of Ecology,1993,81(1):61-73.
[8]Baskin C C,Baskin J M,Elmoursey S A.Seasonal changes in germination responses of buried seeds of the weedy summer annual grass[J].Weed Research,2010,36(4):319-324.
[9]毛祖美,张佃民.新疆北部早春短命植物区系纲要[J].干旱区研究,1994,11(3):1-26.[Mao Zumei,Zhang Dianmin.The conspectus of ephemeral flora in Northern Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,1994,11(3):1-26.]
[10]黄培祐.准噶尔盆地荒漠生物类群与环境的关系[J].生态学杂志,1991,10(1):6-10.[Huang Peiyou.Relationship between living things and environment in desert of Zhungeer Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1991,10(1):6-10.]
[11]张立运.新疆天然草场上的短命和类短命植物及其饲用评价[J].中国草地学报,1983(2):28-32.[Zhang Liyun.Ephemeral and ephemeral plants in natural grasslands of Xinjiang and their feeding evaluation[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,1983(2):28-32.]
[12]王雪芹,蒋进,雷加强,等.古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物分布及其沙面稳定意义[J].地理学报,2003,58(4):598-605.[Wang Xueqin,Jiang Jin,Lei Jiaqiang,et al.The distribution of ephemeral vegetation on the longitudinal dune surface and its stabilization significance in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(4):598-605.]
[13]钱亦兵,吴兆宁,张立运,等.古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物的空间分布特征[J].科学通报,2007,52(19):2 299-2 306.[Qian Yibing,Wu Zhaoning,Zhang Liyun,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics of short-lived plants in Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(19):2 299-2 306.]
[14]马生军,谭敦炎.短命植物甘新念珠芥(Neotorularia korolkovii)和宽翅菘蓝(Isatis violascens)的物候与性表达特征[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):486-496.[Ma Shengjun,Tan Dunyan.Phenology and sex expression of Junggar desert ephemerals Neotorularia korolkovii and Isatis violascens(Brassicaceae)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(2):486-496.]
[15]艾沙江·阿不都沙拉木,谭敦炎,吾买尔夏提·塔汉.新疆郁金香营养生长、个体大小和开花次序对繁殖分配的影响[J].生物多样性,2012,20(3):391-399.[Aysajan Abdusalam,Tan Dunyan,Wumaierxiati Tahan.Effects of vegetative growth,individual size and flowering order on sexual reproduction allocation of Tulipa sinkiangensis[J].Biodiversity Science,2012,20(3):391-399.]
[16]丁俊祥,范连连,李彦,等.古尔班通古特沙漠6种荒漠草本植物的生物量分配与相关生长关系[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(5):1 323-1 330.[Ding Junxiang,Fan Lianlian,Li Yan,et al.Biomass allocation and allometric relationships of six desert herbaceous plants in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(5):1 323-1 330.]
[17]赵学杰,谭敦炎,李新蓉.两种鹤虱属短命植物的繁育系统及其对荒漠环境的适应[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(2):294-300.[Zhao Xuejie,Tan Dunyan,Li Xinrong.Breeding systems of two ephemeral plants of the genus Crane Louse and their adaptation to desert environments[J].Journal of Desert Research,2008,28(2):294-300.]
[18]吴雪莲,谭敦炎.异果芥的花部综合征及其繁育系统[J].植物分类学报,2007,45(4):538-550.[Wu Xuelian,Tan Dunyan.Floral characters and breeding systems in the dimorphic annual plant Diptychocarpus strictus(Cruciferae)[J].Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica,2007,45(4):538-550.]
[19]刘晓风,谭敦炎.24种十字花科短命植物的扩散体特征及其扩散对策[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(6):1 019-1 027.[Liu Xiaofeng,Tan Dunyan.Diaspore characteristics and dispersal strategies of 24 ephemeral species of Brassicaceae in the Junggar Desert of China[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2007,31(6):1 019-1 027.]
[20]李薇,唐海萍.准噶尔盆地荒漠区短命植物光合蒸腾特性及影响因素研究[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(12):2 517-2 522.[Li Wei,Tang Haiping.Photosynthetic and transpiration characteristics and their affecting factors of ephemeral plant in the desert area of the Junggar Basin[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2006,26(12):2 517-2 522.]
[21]邱娟,樊大勇,谭敦炎.准噶尔荒漠早春短命植物光合特性及生物量分配特点[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(5):883-891.[Qiu Juan,Fan Dayong,Tan Dunyan.Characteristics of photosynthesis and biomass allocation of spring ephemerals in the Junggar Desert[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2007,31(5):883-891.]
[22]李巧梅,曾勇,孙钦明,等.决定古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物分布的关键因子是5月降水[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(8):2 038-2 045.[Li Qiaomei,Zeng Yong,Sun Qinming,et al.Precipitation in May is a key factor to determinate the distribution of ephemeral plants in Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(8):2 038-2 045.]
[23]Pemadasa M A,Lovell P H.Factors controlling germination of some dune annuals[J].Journal of Ecology,1975,63(1):41-59.
[24]Mulroy T W,Rundel P W.Annual plants:Adaptations to desert environments[J].Bioscience,1977,27(2):109-114.
[25]陈灵芝,孙航,郭柯.中国植物区系与植被地理[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.[Chen Lingzhi,Sun Hang,Guo Ke.Chinese Flora and Vegetation Geography[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014.]
[26]新疆植物志编辑委员会.新疆植物志[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1988-2014.[Xinjiang Botanical Flora Editorial Committee.Flora Xinjiangensis[M].Urumqi:Xinjiang Science and Technology Health Publishing House,1988-2014.]
[27]毛祖美,冯惠兰.新疆短命植物区系的研究[C]//中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所.新疆植物学研究文集.北京:科学出版社,1991:93-101.[Mao Zumei,Feng Huilan.Studies on E-phemeral Flora in Xinjiang[C]//Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Collection of Botanical Studies in Xinjiang.Beijing:Science Press,1991:93-101.]
[28]吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,等.中国种子植物区系地理[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.[Wu Zhengyi,Sun Hang,Zhou Zhekun,et al.Floristics of Seed Plants from China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[29]李世英.北疆荒漠植被的基本特征[J].植物学报,1961,9(3-4):287-312.[Li Shiying.Basic characteristics of desert vegetation in North Xinjiang[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,1961,9(3-4):287-312.]
[30]庄伟伟,张元明.生物结皮对荒漠草本植物群落结构的影响[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(6):1 338-1 344.[Zhuang Weiwei,Zhang Yuanming.Effect of soil microbiotic crust on plant community in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(6):1 338-1 344.]