北京都市区就业空间分异与职住空间错位行业识别
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摘要
城市就业空间分异与职住空间错位是反映城市空间结构特征且存在密切联系的两项重要议题。分析了北京都市区就业空间分异特征,识别了对职住空间错位影响显著的行业。结果表明:(1)从城市中心向外延伸,分布产业高度具有显著的梯度性和圈层结构特征;(2)就业行业空间分布可分为四种类型:中心城区集中就业的高端商业和生产性服务业,中心城区为主近郊区集聚就业的文化科技型服务业,近郊就业为主的传统服务业和生活服务业,远郊就业为主的保障性服务业和生产制造业;(3)批发和零售业,信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业,金融业,居民服务、修理和其他服务业及教育业等五大行业对北京都市区职住空间错位影响显著。
Different industries choose different locations in the city and accommodate different kinds of employment population. Many researchers studied the link between employment spatial differentiation and jobshousing spatial mismatch, and found the diversity of jobs-housing spatial mismatch in people engaged in different industries. Thus, employment spatial differentiation and jobs-housing spatial mismatch are not only closely related to each other, but also two important issues for studying urban spatial structure and urban development problems such as traffic congestion, housing difficulties etc. However, there was a gap in how to establish the logical relationship between urban employment spatial differentiation and jobs-housing spatial mismatch. This study chose the Beijing Metropolitan Area as the research case, used Employment Location Entropy analyzed the employment spatial differentiation, combined Jobs-housing Deviation Index and innovatively built a linear regression model for identifying the industries affecting on jobs-housing spatial mismatch, then identified the industries which played significant roles in jobs-housing spatial mismatch in the Beijing Metropolitan Area.
Different industries choose different locations in the city and accommodate different kinds of employment population. Many researchers studied the link between employment spatial differentiation and jobshousing spatial mismatch, and found the diversity of jobs-housing spatial mismatch in people engaged in different industries. Thus, employment spatial differentiation and jobs-housing spatial mismatch are not only closely related to each other, but also two important issues for studying urban spatial structure and urban development problems such as traffic congestion, housing difficulties etc. However, there was a gap in how to establish the logical relationship between urban employment spatial differentiation and jobs-housing spatial mismatch. This study chose the Beijing Metropolitan Area as the research case, used Employment Location Entropy analyzed the employment spatial differentiation, combined Jobs-housing Deviation Index and innovatively built a linear regression model for identifying the industries affecting on jobs-housing spatial mismatch, then identified the industries which played significant roles in jobs-housing spatial mismatch in the Beijing Metropolitan Area.
引文
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[12]孙铁山,齐云蕾,刘霄泉.北京都市区就业结构升级与空间格局演化[J].经济地理,2014,34(4):97-104.[Sun Tieshan, Qi Yunlei, Liu Xiaoquan. Changing in tra-metropolitan spatial distribution of employment with economic restructuring in Beijing metropolitan area[J]. Economic Geography, 2014,34(4):97-104.]
[13]胡瑞山,王振波,仇方道.基于普查单位的北京市就业中心识别与功能定位[J].人文地理,2016,31(4):58-65.[Hu Ruishan, Wang Zhenbo, Qiu Fangdao. Identification and function orientation of employment centers in Beijing based on the census unit analyzing[J].Human Geography, 2016,31(4):58-65.]
[14]湛东升,孟斌.基于社会属性的北京市居民居住与就业空间集聚特征[J].地理学报,2013,68(12):1607-1618.[Zhan Dongsheng,Meng Bin. Spatial clustering analysis of residential and employment distribution in Beijing based on their social characteristics[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013,68(12):1607-1618.]
[15]孙铁山.北京市居住与就业空间错位的行业差异与影响因素[J].地理研究,2015,34(2):351-363.[Sun Tieshan. Spatial mismatch between residences and jobs by sectors in Beijing and its explanations[J]. Geographical Research, 2015,34(2):351-363.]
[16]马昕琳,柴彦威,张艳.基于GPS数据的北京郊区就业者工作与通勤行为特征研究——以上地信息产业园为例[J].人文地理,2018,33(2):60-67.[Ma Xinlin, Chai Yanwei, Zhang Yan. Study on features of work and commuting behavior of suburb workers:A case of Shangdi area in Beijing[J]. Human Geography, 2018,33(2):60-67.]
[17]冯健,周一星.北京都市区社会空间结构及演化(1982—2000)[J].地理研究,2003,22(4):465-483.[Feng Jian, Zhou Yixing. The social spatial structure of Beijing metropolitan area and its evolution:1982—2000[J]. Geographical Research, 2003,22(4):465-483.]
[18]刘碧寒,沈凡卜.北京都市区就业—居住空间结构及特征研究[J].人文地理,2011,26(4):40-47.[Liu Bihan, Shen Fanbu. A study on the spatial characteristics of jobs-housing structure in Beijing[J].Human Geography, 2011,26(4):40-47.]
[19]孙斌栋,潘鑫,宁越敏.上海市就业与居住空间均衡对交通出行的影响分析[J].城市规划学刊,2008(1):77-82.[Sun Bindong, Pan Xin, Ning Yuemin. Analysis on influence of job-housing balance on commute travel in Shanghai[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2008(1):77-82.]
[20]焦华富,胡静.芜湖市就业与居住空间匹配研究[J].地理科学,2011,31(7):788-793.[Jian Huafu, Hu Jing. Spatial match between employment and housing in Wuhu city, Anhui province of China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011,31(7):788-793.]
[21]英成龙,雷军,段祖亮,等.乌鲁木齐市职住空间组织特征及影响因素[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(4):462-475.[Ying Chenglong, Lei Jun, Duan Zuliang, et al. Characteristics of jobs-housing spatial organization in Urumqi city and influencing factors[J]. Progress in Geography, 2016,35(4):462-475.]
[2]陈小晔,孙斌栋.上海制造业就业格局的演化及影响因素[J].人文地理,2017,32(4):95-101.[Chen Xiaoye,Sun Bindong. Spatial structure and determinants of manufacturing employments in Shanghai metropolitan areae[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(4):95-101.]
[3] Arauzo Carod J M. Determinants of industrial location:An application for Catalan municipalities[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 2005,84(1):105-120.
[4] Smith T E, Zenou Y. Spatial mismatch, search effort, and urban spatial structure[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2003,54(1):129-156.
[5] Fernandez R M. Race, spatial mismatch, and job accessibility:Evidence from a plant relocation[J]. Social Science Research, 2008,37(3):953-975.
[6] Petersen T, Saporta I. The opportunity structure for discrimination[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 2004,109(4):852-901.
[7] Zenou Y. Urban search models under high-relocation costs. Theory and application to spatial mismatch[J]. Labour Economics, 2009,16(5):534-546.
[8]宋金平,王恩儒,张文新,等.北京住宅郊区化与就业空间错位[J].地理学报,2007,62(4):387-396.[Song Jinping, Wang Enru, Zhang Wenxin, et al. Housing suburbanization and employment spatial mismatch in Beijing[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007,62(4):387-396.]
[9] Boustan L P, Margo R A. Race, segregation, and postal employment:New evidence on spatial mismatch[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2009,65(1):1-10.
[10]盛明洁.北京低收入大学毕业生就业空间分异——来自史各庄地区的实证研究[J].城市规划,2016,40(10):52-58.[Sheng Mingjie.Spatial differentiation in employment of low-income graduates in Beijing:An empirical study on Shigezhuang area[J]. City Planning Review, 2016,40(10):52-58.]
[11]焦新颖,李伟,陶卓霖,等.北京城市扩展背景下产业时空演化研究[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(10):1332-1341.[Jiao Xinying, Li Wei,Tao Zhuolin, et al. Spatial and temporal evolutions of industries under the background of urban sprawl in Beijing[J]. Progress in Geography, 2014,33(10):1332-1341.]
[12]孙铁山,齐云蕾,刘霄泉.北京都市区就业结构升级与空间格局演化[J].经济地理,2014,34(4):97-104.[Sun Tieshan, Qi Yunlei, Liu Xiaoquan. Changing in tra-metropolitan spatial distribution of employment with economic restructuring in Beijing metropolitan area[J]. Economic Geography, 2014,34(4):97-104.]
[13]胡瑞山,王振波,仇方道.基于普查单位的北京市就业中心识别与功能定位[J].人文地理,2016,31(4):58-65.[Hu Ruishan, Wang Zhenbo, Qiu Fangdao. Identification and function orientation of employment centers in Beijing based on the census unit analyzing[J].Human Geography, 2016,31(4):58-65.]
[14]湛东升,孟斌.基于社会属性的北京市居民居住与就业空间集聚特征[J].地理学报,2013,68(12):1607-1618.[Zhan Dongsheng,Meng Bin. Spatial clustering analysis of residential and employment distribution in Beijing based on their social characteristics[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013,68(12):1607-1618.]
[15]孙铁山.北京市居住与就业空间错位的行业差异与影响因素[J].地理研究,2015,34(2):351-363.[Sun Tieshan. Spatial mismatch between residences and jobs by sectors in Beijing and its explanations[J]. Geographical Research, 2015,34(2):351-363.]
[16]马昕琳,柴彦威,张艳.基于GPS数据的北京郊区就业者工作与通勤行为特征研究——以上地信息产业园为例[J].人文地理,2018,33(2):60-67.[Ma Xinlin, Chai Yanwei, Zhang Yan. Study on features of work and commuting behavior of suburb workers:A case of Shangdi area in Beijing[J]. Human Geography, 2018,33(2):60-67.]
[17]冯健,周一星.北京都市区社会空间结构及演化(1982—2000)[J].地理研究,2003,22(4):465-483.[Feng Jian, Zhou Yixing. The social spatial structure of Beijing metropolitan area and its evolution:1982—2000[J]. Geographical Research, 2003,22(4):465-483.]
[18]刘碧寒,沈凡卜.北京都市区就业—居住空间结构及特征研究[J].人文地理,2011,26(4):40-47.[Liu Bihan, Shen Fanbu. A study on the spatial characteristics of jobs-housing structure in Beijing[J].Human Geography, 2011,26(4):40-47.]
[19]孙斌栋,潘鑫,宁越敏.上海市就业与居住空间均衡对交通出行的影响分析[J].城市规划学刊,2008(1):77-82.[Sun Bindong, Pan Xin, Ning Yuemin. Analysis on influence of job-housing balance on commute travel in Shanghai[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2008(1):77-82.]
[20]焦华富,胡静.芜湖市就业与居住空间匹配研究[J].地理科学,2011,31(7):788-793.[Jian Huafu, Hu Jing. Spatial match between employment and housing in Wuhu city, Anhui province of China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011,31(7):788-793.]
[21]英成龙,雷军,段祖亮,等.乌鲁木齐市职住空间组织特征及影响因素[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(4):462-475.[Ying Chenglong, Lei Jun, Duan Zuliang, et al. Characteristics of jobs-housing spatial organization in Urumqi city and influencing factors[J]. Progress in Geography, 2016,35(4):462-475.]