太湖沉积物反硝化功能基因丰度及其与N_2O通量的关系
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摘要
温室气体N_2O的生成和排放与反硝化功能微生物关系密切,探讨沉积物反硝化微生物功能基因丰度及其与N_2O通量的关系有助于更好地理解沉积物N_2O生成与排放的微生物学机制。以太湖为研究对象,采用定量qPCR(Quantitative PCR)技术测定了太湖沉积物反硝化功能基因(nirK、nirS、norB和nosZ)丰度,阐明了太湖沉积物反消化功能基因丰度的季节变化规律,并分析了反硝化功能基因丰度与沉积物N_2O通量及其他环境因子的关系。结果表明:太湖沉积物反硝化功能基因丰度呈现夏秋季高冬春季低,具有明显的季节变化特征,norB基因丰度最高,均值为9.03×10~9 copies·g~(-1),其次为nir S基因(1.14×10~9copies·g~(-1)),nirK和nosZ基因丰度均值分别为3.04×10~8copies·g~(-1)和1.09×10~8copies·g~(-1)。沉积物TN和NO_2~-是影响反硝化功能基因丰度的重要环境因子。夏秋季沉积物N2O通量为-0.12-0.04nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1),均值为-0.05nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1),与反硝化功能基因(nir K、nir S和nir B)丰度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),表明反硝化过程消耗了N_2O。冬春季沉积物N_2O通量为-0.05-0.48 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1),均值为0.27 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1),与反硝化功能基因丰度不具显著相关性,表明反硝化作用可能不是N_2O产生的主要过程。
The formation and emission of greenhouse gas N_2O are closely related to denitrifying microorganisms. To explore the relationship between the functional gene abundance of denitrifying microorganisms and N_2O flux can better understand the microbiological mechanism of the formation and emission of N_2O in sediments. Taking the sediments from Taihu Lake as the research object, using quantitative q-PCR technique, we measured the denitrification gene(nirK, nirS, nirB and nosZ) abundance and clarified the seasonal variation of them in the sediments of Taihu Lake, we also analyzed the relationship between denitrification gene abundance and N_2O flux and other key environmental factors. The results showed that the abundance of denitrifying functional genes in sediment presented obviously seasonal variation, and were high in summer and autumn and low in winter and spring.The first and second largest abundance were nor B gene(mean 9.03×10~9 copies·g~(-1)) and nir S gene(1.14×10~9 copies·g~(-1)), respectively. The abundances of nirK and nos Z genes were averagely 3.04×10~8 copies·g~(-1) and 1.09×10~8 copies·g~(-1). TN and NO_2~--N contents were the most important factors affecting the abundance of denitrification genes. In summer and autumn the N_2O flux ranged from-0.12 to 0.04 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1), with a mean of -0.05 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1). N_2O flux had a significant negative correlation with denitrification gene(nirK,nir S, and nir B) abundance(P<0.05), which indicated that denitrification consumed N_2O. In winter and spring the N_2O flux ranged from -0.05 to 0.48 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1), with a mean of 0.27 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1). There was no significant correlation between N_2O flux and denitrification gene abundance, indicating that denitrification was not the main process of N_2O production.
The formation and emission of greenhouse gas N_2O are closely related to denitrifying microorganisms. To explore the relationship between the functional gene abundance of denitrifying microorganisms and N_2O flux can better understand the microbiological mechanism of the formation and emission of N_2O in sediments. Taking the sediments from Taihu Lake as the research object, using quantitative q-PCR technique, we measured the denitrification gene(nirK, nirS, nirB and nosZ) abundance and clarified the seasonal variation of them in the sediments of Taihu Lake, we also analyzed the relationship between denitrification gene abundance and N_2O flux and other key environmental factors. The results showed that the abundance of denitrifying functional genes in sediment presented obviously seasonal variation, and were high in summer and autumn and low in winter and spring.The first and second largest abundance were nor B gene(mean 9.03×10~9 copies·g~(-1)) and nir S gene(1.14×10~9 copies·g~(-1)), respectively. The abundances of nirK and nos Z genes were averagely 3.04×10~8 copies·g~(-1) and 1.09×10~8 copies·g~(-1). TN and NO_2~--N contents were the most important factors affecting the abundance of denitrification genes. In summer and autumn the N_2O flux ranged from-0.12 to 0.04 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1), with a mean of -0.05 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1). N_2O flux had a significant negative correlation with denitrification gene(nirK,nir S, and nir B) abundance(P<0.05), which indicated that denitrification consumed N_2O. In winter and spring the N_2O flux ranged from -0.05 to 0.48 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1), with a mean of 0.27 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1). There was no significant correlation between N_2O flux and denitrification gene abundance, indicating that denitrification was not the main process of N_2O production.
引文
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BURGIN A J,GROFFMAN P M,2015 Soil O2 controls denitrification rates and N2O yield in a riparian wetland[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,117(G1):1010.
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HENRY S,BAUDOIN E,L PEZGUTI RREZ J C,et al.,2004.Quantification of denitrifying bacteria in soils by nirK gene targeted real-time PCR[J].Journal of Microbiological Methods,59(3):327-335.
HOU J,CAO X,SONG C,et al.,2013.Predominance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and nirK-gene-bearing denitrifiers among ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying populations in sediments of a large urban eutrophic lake(Lake Donghu)[J].Canadian Journal of Microbiology,59(7):456-464.
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LISA J A,SONG B,TOBIAS C R,et al.,2014.Impacts of freshwater flushing on anammox community structure and activities in the New River Estuary,USA[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology,72:17-31.
LIU D H,ZHONG J C,ZHENG X L,et al.,2018.N2O flux and rate of nitrification and denitrification at the sediment-water interface in Taihu Lake,China[J].Water,10(7):911.
LIU X,CHEN C R,WANG W J,et al.,2013.Soil environmental factors rather than denitrification gene abundance control N2O fluxes in a wet sclerophyll forest with different burning frequency[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,57(10):292-300.
MISHRA R R,SWAIN M R,DANGAR T K,et al.,2012.Diversity and seasonal fluctuation of predominant microbial communities in Bhitarkanika,a tropical mangrove ecosystem in India[J].Revista De Biología Tropical,60(2):909-924.
MYRSTENER M,JONSSON A,BERGSTR M A K,2016.The effects of temperature and resource availability on denitrification and relative N2Oproduction in boreal lake sediments[J].Journalof Environmental Sciences,47(9):82-90.
NOGALES B,TIMMIS K N,NEDWELL D B,et al.,2002.Detection and diversity of expressed denitrification genes in estuarine sediments after reverse transcription-PCR amplification from m RNA[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,68(10):5017-5025.
PENG L,NI B J,YE L,et al.,2015.The combined effect of dissolved oxygen and nitrite on N2O production by ammonia oxidizing bacteria in an enriched nitrifying sludge[J].Water Res 73:29-36
RICH J J,HEICHEN R S,BOTTOMLEY P J,et al.,2003.Community composition and functioning of denitrifying bacteria from adjacent meadow and forest soils[J].Applied Environmental Microbiology,69(10):5974-5982.
SINGH H B,SALAS L J,SHIGEISHI H,2010.The distribution of nitrous oxide(N2O)in the global atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean[J].Tellus,31(4):313-320.
SOUZA V F,SANTORO A L,WEERELT M V,et al.,2017.Sediment denitrification,DNRA and anammox rates in tropical floodplain lake(Pantanal,Brazil)[J].Oecologia Australis,16(4):734-744.
VIETEN B,CONEN F,SETH B,et al.,2008.The fate of N2O consumed in soils[J].Biogeosciences,5:129-132
XU X B,YANG G S,TAN Y,et al.,2016.Ecological risk assessment of ecosystem services in the taihu lake basin of china from 1985 to 2020[J].Science of the Total Environment,554-555:7-16.
YAO L,JIANG X,CHEN C,et al.,2016.Within-lake variability and environmental controls of sediment denitrification and associated N2Oproduction in a shallow eutrophic lake[J].Ecological Engineering,97:251-257.
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