在不同蓄水位下三峡库区春季水华特征及趋势分析
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摘要
基于2004—2015年三峡库区支流春季水华的监测数据,开展了三峡库区不同蓄水位下春季水华特征及趋势分析。结果表明:总共有26条支流发生春季水华,香溪河为水华发生概率最高的支流。水华藻类优势种主要是硅藻和甲藻,甲藻水华出现的概率随着蓄水位的增加而增加,但是在持续几年175 m蓄水之后,甲藻水华出现的频率下降,硅藻水华出现的频率增加。在175 m蓄水之前,水华发生期藻类密度、叶绿素a含量及水体营养盐水平相对较低,此后都有了较高的提升,但是在持续几年175 m蓄水之后,藻类密度、叶绿素a浓度以及营养盐浓度都有下降趋势。对藻密度及叶绿素a含量与主要环境因子进行主成分分析(Principal components analysis)发现,藻密度和叶绿素a与总磷、总氮、高锰酸盐指数聚类一簇,藻密度、叶绿素a浓度与总磷、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数显著正相关。在蓄水之后,三峡库区支流营养水平有所增加,随着蓄水位的增加,三峡库区支流断面的平均流速降低,在合适的温度下,三峡库区支流水华易发生。
This study analyzed the characteristics of algal blooms based on the spring algal blooms data collected from the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir from 2004 to 2015. Results showed that the algal blooms had occurred in 26 tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) with the highest rate in Xiangxi River. The dominant species of the algal blooms were Bacillariophyta and Dinophyta. The probability of Dinoflagellate blooms increased correspondently with the increased impounded level, but the occurrence rate of Diatom blooms increased after several years while reserving water level was up to 175 m. The concentrations of algae density, chlorophyll a and trophic state were low when the reservoir water level was below 175 meters, and then increased sharply when the reservoir water level raised to 175 meters with a trend of gradual decrease after years of reservoir impounding to 175 meters. The principal components analysis(PCA) showed that the algae density, chlorophyll a concentration, total phosphorus(TP), total nitrogen(TN)and permanganate index were classified into the same cluster. Algal density and chlorophyll a concentration were significantly positively correlated with TP, dissolved oxygen, permanganate index and pH. With the impounded level of Three Gorges Reservoir, the mean flow velocity of the tributaries decreased, which might result in the algal blooms at the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir under proper temperatures.
This study analyzed the characteristics of algal blooms based on the spring algal blooms data collected from the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir from 2004 to 2015. Results showed that the algal blooms had occurred in 26 tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) with the highest rate in Xiangxi River. The dominant species of the algal blooms were Bacillariophyta and Dinophyta. The probability of Dinoflagellate blooms increased correspondently with the increased impounded level, but the occurrence rate of Diatom blooms increased after several years while reserving water level was up to 175 m. The concentrations of algae density, chlorophyll a and trophic state were low when the reservoir water level was below 175 meters, and then increased sharply when the reservoir water level raised to 175 meters with a trend of gradual decrease after years of reservoir impounding to 175 meters. The principal components analysis(PCA) showed that the algae density, chlorophyll a concentration, total phosphorus(TP), total nitrogen(TN)and permanganate index were classified into the same cluster. Algal density and chlorophyll a concentration were significantly positively correlated with TP, dissolved oxygen, permanganate index and pH. With the impounded level of Three Gorges Reservoir, the mean flow velocity of the tributaries decreased, which might result in the algal blooms at the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir under proper temperatures.
引文
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[5]Zhu A M,Li S X,Hu J,et al.The mechanism for occurrence of Peridiniopsis blooms in the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(11):3071-3080[朱爱民,李嗣新,胡俊,等.三峡水库支流拟多甲藻水华的形成机制.生态学报,2014,34(11):3071-3080]
[6]Wang L,Cai Q H,Zhang M,et al.Spatiotemporal dynamics and related affecting factors of summer algal blooms in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Chinese journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(8):1940-1946[王岚,蔡庆华,张敏,等.三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季藻类水华的时空动态及其影响因素.应用生态学报,2009,20(8):1940-1946]
[7]Hui Y,Zhang X H,Chen Z J.Present situation and strategy about the natural environment of the Xiangxi River basin[J].Resources and Enuironment in the Yangtza Basin,2000,(9):27-33[惠阳,张晓华,陈珠金.香溪河流域资源环境状况及开发策略探讨.长江流域资源与环境,2000,(9):27-33]
[8]Ye L,Ni D F,Tang T,et al.Spatial distribution of water quality in Xiangxi River[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,(14):1959-1962[叶麟,黎道丰,唐涛,等.香溪河水质空间分布特性研究.应用生态学报,2003,(14):1959-1962]
[9]Ye L.Studies on the eutrophication and the spring phytoplankton bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorge Reservoir[D].Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan.2006[叶麟.三峡水库香溪河库湾富营养化及春季水华研究.博士学位论文.中国科学院水生生物研究所,武汉.2006]
[10]Tang H B,Hu S,Hu Z Y,et al.Relationship between Peridiniopsis sp.and environmental factors in Lake Donghu,Wuhan[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2007,19(6):632-636[汤宏波,胡圣,胡征宇,等.武汉东湖甲藻水华与环境因子的关系.湖泊科学,2007,19(6):632-636]
[11]Qiu G S,Hu S,Ye D,et al.Investigation on the present situation of eutrophication and water bloom in the branches of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(3):311-316[邱光胜,胡圣,叶丹,等.三峡库区支流富营养化及水华现状研究.长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(3):311-316]
[12]Kim D K,Jeong K S,Whigham P,et al.Winter diatom blooms in a regulated river in South Korea:Explanations based on evolutionary computation[J].Freshwater Biology,2007,52(10):2021-2041
[13]Tan L,Cai Q H,Xu Y Y,et al.Survey of spring eutrophication status after 175 m experimental impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir and comparison[J].Wetland Science,2010,8(4):331-338[谭路,蔡庆华,徐耀阳,等.三峡水库175 m水位试验性蓄水后春季富营养化状态调查及比较.湿地科学,2010,8(4):331-338]
[14]Zhang Y,Zheng B H,Fu G,et al.On the assessment methodology and standards for nutrition status in channel type reservoirs based on zoning of eutrophication sensitivity[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2006,26(6):1016-1021[张远,郑丙辉,富国,等.河道型水库基于敏感性分区的营养状态标准与评价方法研究.环境科学学报,2006,26(6):1016-1021]
[15]Zheng B H,Zhang Y,Fu G,et al.On the assessment standards for nutrition status in the Three Gorge Reservoir[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2006,26(6):1022-1030[郑丙辉,张远,富国,等.三峡水库营养状态评价标准研究.环境科学学报,2006,26(6):1022-1030]
[16]Jeong K S,Kim D K,Joo G J.Delayed influence of dam storage and discharge on the determination of seasonal proliferations of Microcystis aeruginosa and Stephanodiscus hantzschii in a regulated river system of the lower Nakdong River(South Korea)[J].Water Research,2007,41(6):1269-1279
[17]Mitrovic S M,Chessman B C,Davie A,et al.Development of blooms of Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia spp.(Bacillariophyceae)in a shallow river and estimation of effective suppression flows[J].Hydrobiologia,2008,596:173-185
[18]Ganf G G,Rea N.Potential for algal blooms in tropical rivers of the Northern Territory,Australia[J].Marine and Freshwater Research,2007,58(4):315-326
[19]Jin X C,Tu Q Y.The Standard Methods in Lake Eutrophication Investigation[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.1990,2-3[金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范.北京:中国环境科学出版社.1990,2-3]
[20]Xu N,Chen J F,Wang Z H,et al.Dynamic analyses on algal bloom events in Daya Bay of Guangdong provinceⅡ.A study of relationship between algal bloom and nutrients[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2001,21(4):400-404[徐宁,陈菊芳,王朝晖,等.广东大亚湾藻类水华的动力学分析(II):藻类水华与营养元素的关系研究.环境科学学报,2001,21(4):400-404]
[21]Liu X A,Zhan M,Luo Y F,et al.Effects by P and N Pollution to Fluctuation Behavior/Bloom of Algae along the Three-Gorges Valley[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2006,27(8):1664-1559[刘信安,湛敏,罗彦凤,等.三峡水域氮磷污染对水华暴发/消涨行为的协同影响.环境科学,2006,27(8):1664-1559]
[22]Chen Q.The effect of elements N and P on water-bloom emergence[J].Bulletin of Biology,2006,41(5):12-15[陈琼.氮磷对水华发生的影响.生物学通报,2006,41(5):12-15]
[23]Niu X J.Research progress of eutrophication mechanism and breakout of water bloom[J].Sichuan Environment,2006,25(3):73-76[牛晓君.富营养化发生机理及水华暴发研究进展.四川环境,2006,25(3):73-76]
[24]Reynolds C S.Ecology of Phytoplankton[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2006,38-49
[25]Meguro H,Fukushima H,Matsuda T.Distribution of the two types of ice diatom communities in the Antarctic[J].Journal of Marine Systems,1992,3(1-2):163-168
[26]Bian G G,Chen N,Hu Z Y,et al.A river in Fujian algal dinoflagellate relationship with the pollution index[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2010,22(3):405-410[边归国,陈宁,胡征宇,等.福建某河流甲藻水华与污染物指标的关系.湖泊科学,2010,22(3):405-410]
[27]Vanstevenincked D,Vanzanten B,Admiraal W.Phases in the development of riverine plankton-Examples from the rivers Rhine and Meuse[J].Aquatic Ecology,1990,24(1):47-55
[2]Cai Q H,Hu Z Y.Studies on eutrophication problem and control strategy in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2006,30(1):7-11[蔡庆华,胡征宇.三峡水库富营养化问题与对策研究.水生生物学报,2006,30(1):7-11]
[3]Tang H B,Liu G X,Hu Z Y.Preliminary research on the algal bloom of Peridiniopsis sp.in Gaolan River of the Three Gorges Researvoir[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2006,30(1):47-51[汤宏波,刘国祥,胡征宇.三峡库区高岚河甲藻水华的初步研究.水生生物学报,2006,30(1):47-51]
[4]Huang Y N,Ji D B,Long L H,et al.The variance analysis of characteristics and blooms of the typical tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir in spring[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2017,26(3):461-470 [黄亚男,纪道斌,龙良红,等.三峡库区典型支流春季特征及其水华优势种差异分析.长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(3):461-470]
[5]Zhu A M,Li S X,Hu J,et al.The mechanism for occurrence of Peridiniopsis blooms in the tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(11):3071-3080[朱爱民,李嗣新,胡俊,等.三峡水库支流拟多甲藻水华的形成机制.生态学报,2014,34(11):3071-3080]
[6]Wang L,Cai Q H,Zhang M,et al.Spatiotemporal dynamics and related affecting factors of summer algal blooms in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Chinese journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(8):1940-1946[王岚,蔡庆华,张敏,等.三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季藻类水华的时空动态及其影响因素.应用生态学报,2009,20(8):1940-1946]
[7]Hui Y,Zhang X H,Chen Z J.Present situation and strategy about the natural environment of the Xiangxi River basin[J].Resources and Enuironment in the Yangtza Basin,2000,(9):27-33[惠阳,张晓华,陈珠金.香溪河流域资源环境状况及开发策略探讨.长江流域资源与环境,2000,(9):27-33]
[8]Ye L,Ni D F,Tang T,et al.Spatial distribution of water quality in Xiangxi River[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,(14):1959-1962[叶麟,黎道丰,唐涛,等.香溪河水质空间分布特性研究.应用生态学报,2003,(14):1959-1962]
[9]Ye L.Studies on the eutrophication and the spring phytoplankton bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorge Reservoir[D].Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan.2006[叶麟.三峡水库香溪河库湾富营养化及春季水华研究.博士学位论文.中国科学院水生生物研究所,武汉.2006]
[10]Tang H B,Hu S,Hu Z Y,et al.Relationship between Peridiniopsis sp.and environmental factors in Lake Donghu,Wuhan[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2007,19(6):632-636[汤宏波,胡圣,胡征宇,等.武汉东湖甲藻水华与环境因子的关系.湖泊科学,2007,19(6):632-636]
[11]Qiu G S,Hu S,Ye D,et al.Investigation on the present situation of eutrophication and water bloom in the branches of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(3):311-316[邱光胜,胡圣,叶丹,等.三峡库区支流富营养化及水华现状研究.长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(3):311-316]
[12]Kim D K,Jeong K S,Whigham P,et al.Winter diatom blooms in a regulated river in South Korea:Explanations based on evolutionary computation[J].Freshwater Biology,2007,52(10):2021-2041
[13]Tan L,Cai Q H,Xu Y Y,et al.Survey of spring eutrophication status after 175 m experimental impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir and comparison[J].Wetland Science,2010,8(4):331-338[谭路,蔡庆华,徐耀阳,等.三峡水库175 m水位试验性蓄水后春季富营养化状态调查及比较.湿地科学,2010,8(4):331-338]
[14]Zhang Y,Zheng B H,Fu G,et al.On the assessment methodology and standards for nutrition status in channel type reservoirs based on zoning of eutrophication sensitivity[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2006,26(6):1016-1021[张远,郑丙辉,富国,等.河道型水库基于敏感性分区的营养状态标准与评价方法研究.环境科学学报,2006,26(6):1016-1021]
[15]Zheng B H,Zhang Y,Fu G,et al.On the assessment standards for nutrition status in the Three Gorge Reservoir[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2006,26(6):1022-1030[郑丙辉,张远,富国,等.三峡水库营养状态评价标准研究.环境科学学报,2006,26(6):1022-1030]
[16]Jeong K S,Kim D K,Joo G J.Delayed influence of dam storage and discharge on the determination of seasonal proliferations of Microcystis aeruginosa and Stephanodiscus hantzschii in a regulated river system of the lower Nakdong River(South Korea)[J].Water Research,2007,41(6):1269-1279
[17]Mitrovic S M,Chessman B C,Davie A,et al.Development of blooms of Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia spp.(Bacillariophyceae)in a shallow river and estimation of effective suppression flows[J].Hydrobiologia,2008,596:173-185
[18]Ganf G G,Rea N.Potential for algal blooms in tropical rivers of the Northern Territory,Australia[J].Marine and Freshwater Research,2007,58(4):315-326
[19]Jin X C,Tu Q Y.The Standard Methods in Lake Eutrophication Investigation[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.1990,2-3[金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范.北京:中国环境科学出版社.1990,2-3]
[20]Xu N,Chen J F,Wang Z H,et al.Dynamic analyses on algal bloom events in Daya Bay of Guangdong provinceⅡ.A study of relationship between algal bloom and nutrients[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2001,21(4):400-404[徐宁,陈菊芳,王朝晖,等.广东大亚湾藻类水华的动力学分析(II):藻类水华与营养元素的关系研究.环境科学学报,2001,21(4):400-404]
[21]Liu X A,Zhan M,Luo Y F,et al.Effects by P and N Pollution to Fluctuation Behavior/Bloom of Algae along the Three-Gorges Valley[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2006,27(8):1664-1559[刘信安,湛敏,罗彦凤,等.三峡水域氮磷污染对水华暴发/消涨行为的协同影响.环境科学,2006,27(8):1664-1559]
[22]Chen Q.The effect of elements N and P on water-bloom emergence[J].Bulletin of Biology,2006,41(5):12-15[陈琼.氮磷对水华发生的影响.生物学通报,2006,41(5):12-15]
[23]Niu X J.Research progress of eutrophication mechanism and breakout of water bloom[J].Sichuan Environment,2006,25(3):73-76[牛晓君.富营养化发生机理及水华暴发研究进展.四川环境,2006,25(3):73-76]
[24]Reynolds C S.Ecology of Phytoplankton[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2006,38-49
[25]Meguro H,Fukushima H,Matsuda T.Distribution of the two types of ice diatom communities in the Antarctic[J].Journal of Marine Systems,1992,3(1-2):163-168
[26]Bian G G,Chen N,Hu Z Y,et al.A river in Fujian algal dinoflagellate relationship with the pollution index[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2010,22(3):405-410[边归国,陈宁,胡征宇,等.福建某河流甲藻水华与污染物指标的关系.湖泊科学,2010,22(3):405-410]
[27]Vanstevenincked D,Vanzanten B,Admiraal W.Phases in the development of riverine plankton-Examples from the rivers Rhine and Meuse[J].Aquatic Ecology,1990,24(1):47-55