碱对水泥基材料水化及水化产物的影响研究综述
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摘要
综述了碱以不同碱金属离子存在形式和结合不同阴离子存在形式对水泥基材料水化特性的影响,并基于水泥基材料水化产物微结构及组成,分析对比了碱与水泥基材料水化产物的相互作用。结果表明:根据碱存在形式的不同,碱对水泥基材料水化特性的影响表现出较大差异,而碱在改变水泥水化产物结构和组成的同时,水化产物也有选择性地对碱进行吸收固化,进而使水泥基材料表现出不同宏观性能。分析结果同时说明将水泥基材料中的碱含量以当量碱含量考虑存在一定不足,为精细化控制水泥基材料的性能,碱存在形式的影响不可忽略。
The effects of alkali as different alkali metal ions and as combined with different anions on the hydration characteristics of cement-based materials are reviewed. Besides,in the light of the microstructure and composition of hydration products of cement-based materials,the interaction between alkali and hydration products of cementbased materials are analyzed and compared. The effects of alkali on the hydration characteristics of cement-based materials are different according to different forms of alkali. Alkali changes the structure and composition of cement hydration products,and hydration products in turn absorb hydration products selectively,and thus the cementbased materials exhibit different macro-properties. Moreover,considering the equivalent weight of alkali content as the alkali content in cement-based material is of some deficiencies. Therefore,the effect of the alkali-based form cannot be neglected for the fine control of the performance of cement-based material.
The effects of alkali as different alkali metal ions and as combined with different anions on the hydration characteristics of cement-based materials are reviewed. Besides,in the light of the microstructure and composition of hydration products of cement-based materials,the interaction between alkali and hydration products of cementbased materials are analyzed and compared. The effects of alkali on the hydration characteristics of cement-based materials are different according to different forms of alkali. Alkali changes the structure and composition of cement hydration products,and hydration products in turn absorb hydration products selectively,and thus the cementbased materials exhibit different macro-properties. Moreover,considering the equivalent weight of alkali content as the alkali content in cement-based material is of some deficiencies. Therefore,the effect of the alkali-based form cannot be neglected for the fine control of the performance of cement-based material.
引文
[1]陈美祝.水泥基材料组分对早期水化及收缩开裂影响的研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
[2] BARLOW D F,JACKSON P J. The Release of Alkalis from Pulverized-fuel Ashes and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in the Presence of Portland Cements[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1988,18(2):235-248.
[3] BURROWS R W. The Visible and Invisible Cracking of Concrete[M]. Michigan,USA:American Concrete Institute,2012.
[4] ODLER I,WONNEMANN R. Effect of Alkalies on Portland Cement Hydration:I. Alkali Oxides Incorporated into the Crystalline Lattice of Clinker Minerals[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1983,13(4):477-482.
[5] JAWED I,SKALNY J. Alkalis in Cement:A Review:II.Effects of Alkalis on Hydration and Performance of Portland Cement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1978,8(1):37-51.
[6] HE Z,LI Z J. Influence of Alkali on Restrained Shrinkage Behavior of Cement-based Materials[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2005,35(3):457-463.
[7] THOMAS J J,ALLEN A J,JENNINGS H M. Structural Changes to the Calcium-silicate-hydrate Gel Phase of Hydrated Cement with Age,Drying,and Resaturation[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2008,91(10):3362-3369
[8] DOVE P M. The Dissolution Kinetics of Quartz in Aqueous Mixed Cation Solutions[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1999,63(22):3715-3727.
[9] GRUTZECK M W. A New Model for the Formation of Calcium Silicate Hydrate(C-S-H)[J]. Material Research Innovations,1999,3(3):160-170.
[10] MOUNANGA P,KHELIDJ A,LOUKILI A,et al. Predicting Ca(OH)2Content and Chemical Shrinkage of Hydrating Cement Pastes Using Analytical Approach[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34(2):255-265.
[11] BENSTED J,BARNES P. Structure and Performance of Cements[M]. Edition 2. USA:SPON Press,2002.
[12] NELSON E B,KALOUSEK G L. Effects of Na2O on Calcium Silicate Hydrates at Elevated Temperatures[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1977,7(6):687-694.
[13] XI Y,GLASSER L S D. Hydrothermal Study in the System Na2O-Ca O-Si O2-H2O at 300°C[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1984,14(5):741-748.
[14] NOCU`O-WCZELIK W. Effect of Na and Al on the Phase Composition and Morphology of Autoclaved Calcium Silicate Hydrates[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(11):1759-1767.
[15] PAGLIA C,WOMBACHER F,BOHNI H. The Influence of Alkali-free and Alkaline Shotcrete Accelerators within Cement Systems:Influence of the Temperature on the Sulfate Attack Mechanisms and Damage[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(3):387-395.
[16] POURCHET S,REGNAUD L,PEREZ J P,et al. Early C3A Hydration in the Presence of Different Kinds of Calcium Sulfate[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2009,39(11):989-996.
[17] MINARD H,GARRAULT S,REGNAUD L,et al. Mechanisms and Parameters Controlling the Tricalcium Aluminate Reactivity in the Presence of Gypsum[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2007,37(10):1418-1426.
[18]袁润章.胶凝材料学[M].武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,1996.
[19]冯乃谦,邢锋.混凝土与混凝土结构的耐久性[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009.
[20] MEHTA P K. Effect of Cement Composition on Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete[J]. ASTM Special Technical Publications,1977,264(11/12):1051-1058
[21] DIAMOND S. Chloride Concentrations in Concrete Pore Solutions Resulting from Calcium and Sodium Chloride Admixtures[J]. Cement Concrete and Aggregates,1986,8(2):97-102.
[22] SURYAVANSHI A K,SCANTLEBURY J D,LYON S B.The Binding of Chloride Ions by Sulphate Resistant Portland Cement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1995,25(3):581-592.
[23] BEN-YAIR M. The Effect of Chlorides on Concrete in Hot and Arid Regions[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1974,4(3):405-416.
[24]王小刚,史才军,何富强,等.氯离子结合及其对水泥基材料微观结构的影响[J].硅酸盐学报,2013,41(2):187-198.
[25]王绍东,黄煜镔,王智.水泥组分对混凝土固化氯离子能力的影响[J].硅酸盐学报,2000,28(6):570-574.
[26] JONES M R,MACPHEE D E,CHUDEK J A,et al.Studies Using27Al MAS NMR of AFm and AFt Phases and the Formation of Friedel’s Salt[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(2):177-182.
[27]邓敏,唐明述,兰祥辉,等.国外关于混凝土碱含量限定的规范与我国应采取的措施[J].混凝土与水泥制品,1994,(4):8-14.
[28] MORI H,SUDOH G. Some Properties of C-S-H Gel Formed by C3S Hydration in the Presence of Alkali[C]//Proceedings of 6thInternational Congress on the Chemistry of Cements,Moscow. September 21-28,1974:2-12.
[29] RICHARDSON I G. Tobermorite/jennite and Tobermorite/calcium Hydroxide-based Models for the Structure of C-S-H:Applicability to Hardened Pastes of Tricalcium Silicate,β-dicalcium Silicate, Portland Cement, and Blends of Portland Cement with Blast-furnace Slag,Metakaolin,or Silica Fume[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34(9):1733-1777.
[30] RAMACHANDRAN V S,BEAUDOIN J J,SARKAR S L,et al. Physico-chemical and Microstructural Investigations of the Effect of Na OH on the Hydration of 3CaO·Si O2[J]. Cement,1993,90:73.
[31] WAY S J,SHAYAN A. Early Hydration of a Portland Cement in Water and Sodium Hydroxide Solutions:Composition of Solutions and Nature of Solid Phases[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1989,19(5):759-769.
[32] MARTINEZ-RAMIREZ S,PALOMO A. OPC Hydration with Highly Alkaline Solutions[J]. Advances in Cement Research,2001,13(3):123-129.
[33]陈美祝,周明凯.水泥水化产物对混凝土收缩开裂的影响[J].中国水泥,2007,(1):56-58.
[34] BU Y,WEISS J. The Influence of Alkali Content on the Electrical Resistivity and Transport Properties of Cementitious Materials[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,2014,51:49-58.
[35] LODEIRO I G,FERNNDEZ-JIMENEZ A,PALOMO A,et al. Effect on Fresh C-S-H Gels of the Simultaneous Addition of Alkali and Aluminium[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2010,40(1):27-32.
[36] JENNINGS H M. A Model for the Microstructure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate in Cement Paste[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2000,30(1):101-116.
[37] JENNINGS H M. Refinements to Colloid Model of C-S-H in cement:CM-II[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2008,38(3):275-289.
[38] BROUWERS H J H,VANEIJK R J. Alkali Concentrations of Pore Solution in Hydrating OPC[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(2):191-196.
[39] STADE H. On the reaction of C-S-H(di,poly)with Alkali Hydroxides[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1989,19(5):802-810.
[40] RICHARDSON I G. The Calcium Silicate Hydrates[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2008,38:137-158
[41] RICHARDSON I G,GROVES G W. Models for the Composition and Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate(C-SH)Gel in Hardened Tricalcium Silicate Pastes[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1992,22:1001-1010.
[42] RICHARDSON I G,GROVES G W. The Incorporation of Minor and Trace Elements into Calcium Silicate Hydrate(C-S-H)Gel in Hardened Cement Pastes[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1993,23:131-138.
[43] TAYLOR H. A Method for Predicting Alkali Ion Concentrations in Cement Pore Solutions[J]. Advances in Cement Research,1987,1(1):5-17.
[44] HONG S Y,GLASSER F P. Alkali Binding in Cement Pastes:Part I. The C-S-H Phase[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(12):1893-1903.
[45] CHAPPEX T,SCRIVENER K. Alkali Fixation of C-S-H in Blended Cement Pastes and Its Relation to Alkali Silica Reaction[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2012,42(8):1049-1054.
[46] CHEN W,BROUWERS H J H. Alkali Binding in Hydrated Portland Cement Paste[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2010,40(5):716-722.
[47]刘崇熙,文梓芸.混凝土碱-骨料反应[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,1995.
[48] BODDY A M,HOOTON R D,THOMAS M D A. The Effect of Product form of Silica Fume on Its Ability to Control Alkali-silica Reaction[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2000,30(7):1139-1150.
[49] BODDY A M,HOOTON R D,THOMAS M D A. The Effect of the Silica Content of Silica Fume on Its Ability to Control Alkali-silica Reaction[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(8):1263-1268.
[2] BARLOW D F,JACKSON P J. The Release of Alkalis from Pulverized-fuel Ashes and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in the Presence of Portland Cements[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1988,18(2):235-248.
[3] BURROWS R W. The Visible and Invisible Cracking of Concrete[M]. Michigan,USA:American Concrete Institute,2012.
[4] ODLER I,WONNEMANN R. Effect of Alkalies on Portland Cement Hydration:I. Alkali Oxides Incorporated into the Crystalline Lattice of Clinker Minerals[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1983,13(4):477-482.
[5] JAWED I,SKALNY J. Alkalis in Cement:A Review:II.Effects of Alkalis on Hydration and Performance of Portland Cement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1978,8(1):37-51.
[6] HE Z,LI Z J. Influence of Alkali on Restrained Shrinkage Behavior of Cement-based Materials[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2005,35(3):457-463.
[7] THOMAS J J,ALLEN A J,JENNINGS H M. Structural Changes to the Calcium-silicate-hydrate Gel Phase of Hydrated Cement with Age,Drying,and Resaturation[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2008,91(10):3362-3369
[8] DOVE P M. The Dissolution Kinetics of Quartz in Aqueous Mixed Cation Solutions[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1999,63(22):3715-3727.
[9] GRUTZECK M W. A New Model for the Formation of Calcium Silicate Hydrate(C-S-H)[J]. Material Research Innovations,1999,3(3):160-170.
[10] MOUNANGA P,KHELIDJ A,LOUKILI A,et al. Predicting Ca(OH)2Content and Chemical Shrinkage of Hydrating Cement Pastes Using Analytical Approach[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34(2):255-265.
[11] BENSTED J,BARNES P. Structure and Performance of Cements[M]. Edition 2. USA:SPON Press,2002.
[12] NELSON E B,KALOUSEK G L. Effects of Na2O on Calcium Silicate Hydrates at Elevated Temperatures[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1977,7(6):687-694.
[13] XI Y,GLASSER L S D. Hydrothermal Study in the System Na2O-Ca O-Si O2-H2O at 300°C[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1984,14(5):741-748.
[14] NOCU`O-WCZELIK W. Effect of Na and Al on the Phase Composition and Morphology of Autoclaved Calcium Silicate Hydrates[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(11):1759-1767.
[15] PAGLIA C,WOMBACHER F,BOHNI H. The Influence of Alkali-free and Alkaline Shotcrete Accelerators within Cement Systems:Influence of the Temperature on the Sulfate Attack Mechanisms and Damage[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(3):387-395.
[16] POURCHET S,REGNAUD L,PEREZ J P,et al. Early C3A Hydration in the Presence of Different Kinds of Calcium Sulfate[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2009,39(11):989-996.
[17] MINARD H,GARRAULT S,REGNAUD L,et al. Mechanisms and Parameters Controlling the Tricalcium Aluminate Reactivity in the Presence of Gypsum[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2007,37(10):1418-1426.
[18]袁润章.胶凝材料学[M].武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,1996.
[19]冯乃谦,邢锋.混凝土与混凝土结构的耐久性[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009.
[20] MEHTA P K. Effect of Cement Composition on Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete[J]. ASTM Special Technical Publications,1977,264(11/12):1051-1058
[21] DIAMOND S. Chloride Concentrations in Concrete Pore Solutions Resulting from Calcium and Sodium Chloride Admixtures[J]. Cement Concrete and Aggregates,1986,8(2):97-102.
[22] SURYAVANSHI A K,SCANTLEBURY J D,LYON S B.The Binding of Chloride Ions by Sulphate Resistant Portland Cement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1995,25(3):581-592.
[23] BEN-YAIR M. The Effect of Chlorides on Concrete in Hot and Arid Regions[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1974,4(3):405-416.
[24]王小刚,史才军,何富强,等.氯离子结合及其对水泥基材料微观结构的影响[J].硅酸盐学报,2013,41(2):187-198.
[25]王绍东,黄煜镔,王智.水泥组分对混凝土固化氯离子能力的影响[J].硅酸盐学报,2000,28(6):570-574.
[26] JONES M R,MACPHEE D E,CHUDEK J A,et al.Studies Using27Al MAS NMR of AFm and AFt Phases and the Formation of Friedel’s Salt[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(2):177-182.
[27]邓敏,唐明述,兰祥辉,等.国外关于混凝土碱含量限定的规范与我国应采取的措施[J].混凝土与水泥制品,1994,(4):8-14.
[28] MORI H,SUDOH G. Some Properties of C-S-H Gel Formed by C3S Hydration in the Presence of Alkali[C]//Proceedings of 6thInternational Congress on the Chemistry of Cements,Moscow. September 21-28,1974:2-12.
[29] RICHARDSON I G. Tobermorite/jennite and Tobermorite/calcium Hydroxide-based Models for the Structure of C-S-H:Applicability to Hardened Pastes of Tricalcium Silicate,β-dicalcium Silicate, Portland Cement, and Blends of Portland Cement with Blast-furnace Slag,Metakaolin,or Silica Fume[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34(9):1733-1777.
[30] RAMACHANDRAN V S,BEAUDOIN J J,SARKAR S L,et al. Physico-chemical and Microstructural Investigations of the Effect of Na OH on the Hydration of 3CaO·Si O2[J]. Cement,1993,90:73.
[31] WAY S J,SHAYAN A. Early Hydration of a Portland Cement in Water and Sodium Hydroxide Solutions:Composition of Solutions and Nature of Solid Phases[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1989,19(5):759-769.
[32] MARTINEZ-RAMIREZ S,PALOMO A. OPC Hydration with Highly Alkaline Solutions[J]. Advances in Cement Research,2001,13(3):123-129.
[33]陈美祝,周明凯.水泥水化产物对混凝土收缩开裂的影响[J].中国水泥,2007,(1):56-58.
[34] BU Y,WEISS J. The Influence of Alkali Content on the Electrical Resistivity and Transport Properties of Cementitious Materials[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,2014,51:49-58.
[35] LODEIRO I G,FERNNDEZ-JIMENEZ A,PALOMO A,et al. Effect on Fresh C-S-H Gels of the Simultaneous Addition of Alkali and Aluminium[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2010,40(1):27-32.
[36] JENNINGS H M. A Model for the Microstructure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate in Cement Paste[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2000,30(1):101-116.
[37] JENNINGS H M. Refinements to Colloid Model of C-S-H in cement:CM-II[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2008,38(3):275-289.
[38] BROUWERS H J H,VANEIJK R J. Alkali Concentrations of Pore Solution in Hydrating OPC[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(2):191-196.
[39] STADE H. On the reaction of C-S-H(di,poly)with Alkali Hydroxides[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1989,19(5):802-810.
[40] RICHARDSON I G. The Calcium Silicate Hydrates[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2008,38:137-158
[41] RICHARDSON I G,GROVES G W. Models for the Composition and Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate(C-SH)Gel in Hardened Tricalcium Silicate Pastes[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1992,22:1001-1010.
[42] RICHARDSON I G,GROVES G W. The Incorporation of Minor and Trace Elements into Calcium Silicate Hydrate(C-S-H)Gel in Hardened Cement Pastes[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1993,23:131-138.
[43] TAYLOR H. A Method for Predicting Alkali Ion Concentrations in Cement Pore Solutions[J]. Advances in Cement Research,1987,1(1):5-17.
[44] HONG S Y,GLASSER F P. Alkali Binding in Cement Pastes:Part I. The C-S-H Phase[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(12):1893-1903.
[45] CHAPPEX T,SCRIVENER K. Alkali Fixation of C-S-H in Blended Cement Pastes and Its Relation to Alkali Silica Reaction[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2012,42(8):1049-1054.
[46] CHEN W,BROUWERS H J H. Alkali Binding in Hydrated Portland Cement Paste[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2010,40(5):716-722.
[47]刘崇熙,文梓芸.混凝土碱-骨料反应[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,1995.
[48] BODDY A M,HOOTON R D,THOMAS M D A. The Effect of Product form of Silica Fume on Its Ability to Control Alkali-silica Reaction[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2000,30(7):1139-1150.
[49] BODDY A M,HOOTON R D,THOMAS M D A. The Effect of the Silica Content of Silica Fume on Its Ability to Control Alkali-silica Reaction[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(8):1263-1268.