基于斜程传输模型的卫星激光测距在气溶胶中探测性能的研究
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摘要
基于大气气溶胶在空间的不均匀分布,提出并利用激光在大气气溶胶中的斜程传输模型开展卫星激光测距在气溶胶中探测性能的研究,即将气溶胶的分布分为水平及垂直方向,在垂直方向将其分为无穷多层,令每层气溶胶的水平方向浓度分布均匀,结合气溶胶粒子的散射截面、尺度分布函数,计算激光在每层气溶胶中的透过率,最后进行积分得到激光的大气传输透过率.结果表明,与Kim经验公式及Mie理论模型相比,由斜程传输模型计算得到的激光气溶胶透过率更接近实验值,其平均相对误差降低了一个数量级,仅为3.5%,表明该模型可准确地计算激光在气溶胶中的传输特性.结合激光雷达公式,利用该模型对气溶胶中不同轨道高度卫星探测成功率进行数值模拟仿真,发现在轻霾环境中低轨卫星的探测成功率可达40%以上,高轨卫星的探测成功率仅为15%,可利用高效率探测器与高能量激光器实现轻霾环境下的卫星激光测距.研究结果能合理解释已有的实验报道并有效地预估卫星激光测距系统探测性能,为系统的升级改造提供可靠的理论依据和技术保障.
Due to the uneven distribution of atmospheric aerosol,the detection performance of Satellite Laser Ranging in atmospheric aerosol is researched based on the Slanting Transmission Model of the laser transmitted in atmospheric aerosol.The distribution of aerosol is divided into horizontal and vertical directions.The vertical direction is divided into infinite layers and the horizontal direction of each layer is regarded as the uniform distribution.Combining the scattering cross section and the scale distribution function of the aerosol particles,calculates the transmittance of the laser in each layer of aerosol,and integrals the atmospheric transmission of the laser finally.Compared with the empirical formula and Mie theory model,the transmittance value of laser in atmospheric aerosol calculated by Slanting Transmission Model is closer to the experimental value and the average of relative errors is only 3.5%,reducing by an order of magnitude,which indicates that the Slanting Transmission Model is suitable for calculating the relationship between the laser transmittance in aerosol,aerosol visibility,and telescope elevation.Combined with the lidar formula,the Slanting Transmission Model is used to simulate the satellite detection probability of different orbital in aerosol,the results demonstrate that the detection probability of MEO and LEO satellites are more than 40%,but the GEO satellites is only 15%.And the Satellite Laser Ranging in light haze can be realized by the detector with high detection efficiency and the laser with high power.The results can give a reasonable interpretation for the previous experiment reports and show a certain reference value to the upgrading of SLR system in the future.
Due to the uneven distribution of atmospheric aerosol,the detection performance of Satellite Laser Ranging in atmospheric aerosol is researched based on the Slanting Transmission Model of the laser transmitted in atmospheric aerosol.The distribution of aerosol is divided into horizontal and vertical directions.The vertical direction is divided into infinite layers and the horizontal direction of each layer is regarded as the uniform distribution.Combining the scattering cross section and the scale distribution function of the aerosol particles,calculates the transmittance of the laser in each layer of aerosol,and integrals the atmospheric transmission of the laser finally.Compared with the empirical formula and Mie theory model,the transmittance value of laser in atmospheric aerosol calculated by Slanting Transmission Model is closer to the experimental value and the average of relative errors is only 3.5%,reducing by an order of magnitude,which indicates that the Slanting Transmission Model is suitable for calculating the relationship between the laser transmittance in aerosol,aerosol visibility,and telescope elevation.Combined with the lidar formula,the Slanting Transmission Model is used to simulate the satellite detection probability of different orbital in aerosol,the results demonstrate that the detection probability of MEO and LEO satellites are more than 40%,but the GEO satellites is only 15%.And the Satellite Laser Ranging in light haze can be realized by the detector with high detection efficiency and the laser with high power.The results can give a reasonable interpretation for the previous experiment reports and show a certain reference value to the upgrading of SLR system in the future.
引文
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[17]WU Zhi-bo,ZHANG Zhong-ping,YANG Fu-min,et al.Statistical analysis of successful detection probability of the returns in satellite laser ranging[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2006,31(3):28-29.吴志波,张忠萍,杨福民,等.卫星激光测距回波探测成功概率统计分析[J].测绘科学,2006,31(3):28-29.
[18]HUANG Ke,LI Song,MA Yue,et al.Detection probability model of single-photon laser altimetry and its range accuracy[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2016(11):229-234.黄科,李松,马跃,等.单光子模式激光测高探测概率模型与精度分析[J].中国激光,2016(11):229-234.
[19]MURPHYT W,ADELBERGER E G,STRASBURG J D,et al.Apollo:multiplexed lunar laser ranging[C].Washington,DC:In 13th International Workshop on Laser Ranging,2002.
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[2]APPLEBY G,RODIGUEZ J,ALTAMIMI Z.Assessment of the accuracy of global geodetic satellite laser ranging observations and estimated impact on ITRF scale:estimation of systematic errors in LAGEOS observations 1993-2014[J].Journal of Geodesy,2016,90(12):1-18.
[3]MUHAMMAD S S,FLECKER B,LEITGEB E,et al.Characterization of fog attenuation in terrestrial free space optical links[J].Optical Engineering,2007,46(6):066001.
[4]KHAN M S,AMIN M,AWAN M S,et al.Statistical modeling of optical attenuation measurements in continental fog conditions[J].Optical Engineering,2017,56(3):036113-036113.
[5]WU Xiao-jun,WANG Hong-xing,SONG Bo.Measurement of fog and haze extinction characteristics and availability evaluation of free space optical link under the sea surface environment[J].Applied Optics,2015,54(5):1015-1026.
[6]GRABNER M,KVICERA V.The wavelength dependent model of extinction in fog and haze for free space optical communication[J].Optics express,2011,19(4):3379-3386.
[7]WANG Hong-xia,ZU You-zhang,TIAN Tao,et al.Characteristics of laser transmission in different types of aerosols[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2013,62(2):316-325.王红霞,竹有章,田涛,等.激光在不同类型气溶胶中传输特性研究[J].物理学报,2013,62(2):316-325.
[8]YANG Yi-hong,MANDEHGAR M,GRISCHKOWSKY D R.Broadband THz signals propagate through dense fog[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2015,27(4):383-386.
[9]董健业.激光大气传输仿真系统的研究与应用[D].北京:北京邮电大学,2008:40-50.
[10]DAVE J V.Scattering of visible light by large water spheres[J].Applied Optics,1969,8(1):155-164.
[11]WISCOMBE W J.Improved Mie scattering algorithms[J].Applied Optics,1980,19(9):1505-1509.
[12]REN Hong-guang,YU Hai-shan,HUO Li-jun.Extinction characteristic of laser transmitted in fog[J].Acta Photonica Sinica,2015,44(11):1101001.任宏光,于海山,霍力君.激光在云雾中传输的消光特性[J].光子学报,2015,44(11):1101001.
[13]宋正方.应用大气光学基础[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.16-20
[14]ZHANG Guang-shun,WU Cheng-quan,WANG Guang-hua,et al.Measurement of infrared total atmospheric transmittance[J].Meteorological Monthly,1989,(11):47-50.张广顺,吴承权,王光华,等.红外长窗区大气透过率的测量[J].气象,1989,(11):47-50.
[15]BO Guang-yu,XIE Chen-bo,WANG Bang-xin,et al.Observational study of aerosol distribution over Jing-jin-ji area using airborne lidar[J].Acta Optica Sinca,2015,35(9):0901007.伯广宇,谢晨波,王邦新,等.机载激光雷达探测京津冀地区气溶胶的空间分布[J].光学学报,2015,35(9):0901007.
[16]YANG Zi-jian,CHEN Feng,LI Chao,et al.Transient effect of dead time of photon-counting in micro-pulse lidar[J].Optics and Precision Engineering,2015,23(2):408-414.杨子健,陈锋,李抄,等.微脉冲激光雷达中的光子计数死区时间瞬态效应[J].光学精密工程,2015,23(2):408-414.
[17]WU Zhi-bo,ZHANG Zhong-ping,YANG Fu-min,et al.Statistical analysis of successful detection probability of the returns in satellite laser ranging[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2006,31(3):28-29.吴志波,张忠萍,杨福民,等.卫星激光测距回波探测成功概率统计分析[J].测绘科学,2006,31(3):28-29.
[18]HUANG Ke,LI Song,MA Yue,et al.Detection probability model of single-photon laser altimetry and its range accuracy[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2016(11):229-234.黄科,李松,马跃,等.单光子模式激光测高探测概率模型与精度分析[J].中国激光,2016(11):229-234.
[19]MURPHYT W,ADELBERGER E G,STRASBURG J D,et al.Apollo:multiplexed lunar laser ranging[C].Washington,DC:In 13th International Workshop on Laser Ranging,2002.
[20]STRASBURG J D,MURPHY J T W,ADELBERGER E G,et al.The advantages of avalanche photodiode(APD)arrays in laser ranging applications[C].Washington,DC:In 13th International Workshop on Laser Ranging,2002.