马克思主义哲学道德观视域下的儒学义利之辨
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摘要
道德观是马克思主义哲学与儒学共同的重大基本问题,儒学道德观集中体现在其核心问题义利之辨。马克思主义哲学与儒学义利之辨在关于道德的本质和基础上,前者认为道德的本质为社会意识形态,而其决定于社会经济基础;后者认为道德本质在于合于"天理"的人之理性。关于道德与利益的关系,前者认为道德与利益密不可分,利益决定道德;后者则认为道德具有独立而超越的价值,虽然后世儒学越来越认识到道德与利益的统一,但基本都强调以公抑私。关于道德的发展与完善,前者认为道德必然随着整个社会历史发展的进步而进步;后者则认为需要通过人对"天道"的感悟和心性的修养。总体看来,马克思主义哲学的道德观坚持历史逻辑与伦理逻辑相统一,历史逻辑优先;儒学从先秦特别是孔子时历史逻辑与伦理逻辑并重,到后世越来越强调伦理逻辑。
Morality is a major basic problem shared by Marxist philosophy and Confucianism. Starting from this basic problem, it is helpful to see the similarities and differences between Marxist philosophy and Confucianism. Confucian ethics is embodied in its core issue of "the distinction between justice and interests". The difference between Marxist philosophy and Confucianism is based on the essence of morality. The former holds that the essence of morality is social ideology, which is determined by the basis of social economy. The latter holds that the essence of morality lies in the rationality of people conforming to the "natural reason". As for the relationship between morality and interest, the former holds that morality and interest are inseparable and that interest determines morality. The latter tends to believe that morality has independent and transcendental value. Although later Confucianism has increasingly recognized the unity of morality and interests, it basically emphasizes the suppression of private interests by public interests. On the development and perfection of morality, the former holds that morality must advance with the progress of the whole social and historical development. The latter believes that it is necessary to realize the "Tao of heaven" and cultivate one's mind. In general, the morality of Marxist philosophy insists on the unity of historical logic and ethical logic, and that historical logic takes precedence. Confucianism emphasized both historical logic and ethical logic in the Pre-Qin Period, especially in the period of Confucius. The distinction between justice and interests of Confucianism has played an important role in shaping the national spirit and is still of great social value at present.
Morality is a major basic problem shared by Marxist philosophy and Confucianism. Starting from this basic problem, it is helpful to see the similarities and differences between Marxist philosophy and Confucianism. Confucian ethics is embodied in its core issue of "the distinction between justice and interests". The difference between Marxist philosophy and Confucianism is based on the essence of morality. The former holds that the essence of morality is social ideology, which is determined by the basis of social economy. The latter holds that the essence of morality lies in the rationality of people conforming to the "natural reason". As for the relationship between morality and interest, the former holds that morality and interest are inseparable and that interest determines morality. The latter tends to believe that morality has independent and transcendental value. Although later Confucianism has increasingly recognized the unity of morality and interests, it basically emphasizes the suppression of private interests by public interests. On the development and perfection of morality, the former holds that morality must advance with the progress of the whole social and historical development. The latter believes that it is necessary to realize the "Tao of heaven" and cultivate one's mind. In general, the morality of Marxist philosophy insists on the unity of historical logic and ethical logic, and that historical logic takes precedence. Confucianism emphasized both historical logic and ethical logic in the Pre-Qin Period, especially in the period of Confucius. The distinction between justice and interests of Confucianism has played an important role in shaping the national spirit and is still of great social value at present.
引文
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[6] (宋)朱熹、吕祖谦编.近思录[M].上海.上海古籍出版社,2016.
[7] (宋)朱熹.四书章句集注[M].北京.中华书局,2011.
[8] 马克思恩格斯选集:第1卷[M].北京.人民出版社,2012.
[9] 马克思恩格斯文集:第5卷[M].北京.人民出版社,2009.
[10] 马克思恩格斯全集:第2卷[M].北京.人民出版社,1957.
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[14] (唐)房玄龄注.管子[M].上海.上海古籍出版社,2015.